GB2557893A

GB2557893A - Method and apparatus for transmitting data from a transmitter device to one or more receiver devices

Info

Publication number: GB2557893A
Application number: GB1616591.2A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Al Rawi Anas; Humphrey Leslie
Original assignee: British Telecommunications PLC
Current assignee: British Telecommunications PLC
Priority date: 2016-09-29
Filing date: 2016-09-29
Publication date: 2018-07-04
Anticipated expiration: 2036-09-29
Also published as: GB2557893B; GB201616591D0

Abstract

A transmitter 16 transmits data, preferably using a discrete multi-tone modulation technique, to receiver devices 51, 52, 53, each of which is connected to the transmitter device 16 via at least one respective pair of wires 21, 22, 23. The transmitter device transmits signals onto the wires extending between the transmitter device and the one or more receiver devices in different modes, such as phantom and differential modes, and over different channels including a first set of phantom channels. The transmitter selects a subset of phantom channels from the first set such that some of the phantom channels in the subset are not mutually orthogonal to one another. Each receiver device may preferably receive signals detected as a change over time in the potential difference across the local ends of each respective pair of wires extending between the receiver and the transmitter device. The transmitter may further comprise a connector 1670 for connecting the selected phantom channels of the subset to the transmitter and may transmit signals from the transmitter onto the phantom channels of the subset of phantom channels via the connector.

Description

I, INSPEC (54) Title ofthe Invention: Method and apparatus for transmitting data from a transmitter device to one or more receiver devices

Abstract Title: Selecting a subset of phantom channels carried over pairs of wires such that some of the subset of channels are not mutually orthogonal to one another (57) A transmitter 16 transmits data, preferably using a discrete multi-tone modulation technique, to receiver devices 51, 52, 53, each of which is connected to the transmitter device 16 via at least one respective pair of wires 21, 22, 23. The transmitter device transmits signals onto the wires extending between the transmitter device and the one or more receiver devices in different modes, such as phantom and differential modes, and over different channels including a first set of phantom channels. The transmitter selects a subset of phantom channels from the first set such that some of the phantom channels in the subset are not mutually orthogonal to one another. Each receiver device may preferably receive signals detected as a change over time in the potential difference across the local ends of each respective pair of wires extending between the receiver and the transmitter device. The transmitter may further comprise a connector 1670 for connecting the selected phantom channels of the subset to the transmitter and may transmit signals from the transmitter onto the phantom channels ofthe subset of phantom channels via the connector.

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METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING DATA FROM A

TRANSMITTER DEVICE TO ONE OR MORE RECEIVER DEVICES

FIELD

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for transmitting data from a transmitter device to one or more receiver devices, and in particular to a method and apparatus foi transmitting and leceivmg data signals ovei pairs of wires Such methods include all of the various Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) methods as specified in various International Telecommunications Union (ITU) standards and as being further developed in the ITU at present. Typically each such pair of wires comprises a twisted metallic pair (usually copper) as commonly found within telephone access networks throughout the world

BACKGROUND

DSL technology takes advantage of the fact that although a legacy twisted metallic pair (which was originally installed to provide merely a Plain Old Telephone Services (POTS) is telephony connection) might only have been intended to carry signals using differential mode at frequencies of up to a few Kilohertz, m fact such a line can often reliably carry signals at much greater frequencies Moreover, the shorter the line, the greater is the range of frequencies over which signals can be leliably transmitted (especially with the use of technologies such as Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), etc ) Thus as access networks have 2o evolved, telecommunications network providers have expanded their fibie optic infrastructure outwards towards the edges of the access network, making the lengths of the final portion of each connection to an end user subscriber (which is still typically provided by a metallic twisted pair) shorter and shorter giving, rise to correspondingly gieater and greater bandwidth potential over the increasingly shoit twisted metallic pair connections-without having to bear the expense of installing new optic fibre connections to each subscriber However, a problem with using high frequency signals is that a phenomenon known as ciosstalk can cause significant interference reducing the effectiveness of lines to carry high bandwidth signals m situations where there is more than one metallic pair carrying similar high frequency signals m close proximity to one another In simple terms, the signals from one pair can ’leak onto a nearby line (which may be carrying similar signals) and appear as noise to the other line Although cross talk is a known problem even at relatively low frequencies, the magnitude of this effect tends to increase with frequency to the extent that at frequencies in excess of a few tens of Megahertz (depending on the length of the lines m question), the indirect coupling (e g from a near end of a second lme to a remote end of a first line) can be as great as the direct coupling (e.g from the near end of the first lme to the remote end of the first lme)

In order to alleviate the problems caused by cross talk (especially Far End Cross Talk is or FEXT as it is known) a technology known as vectoring has been developed m which knowledge of the signals sent over crosstalking lines is used to reduce the effects of the crosstalk In a typical situation a single DSLAM acts as a co-generator of multiple downstream signals over multiple cross-talking lines and also as a co-receiver of multiple upstream signals from the same multiple cross-talking lines, with each of the lines terminating at a 20 single Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) modem such that no common processing is possible at the CPE ends of the lines. In such a case, downstream signals are pre-distorted to compensate for the expected effects of the cioss-talking signals being sent over the neighbouring cross-talking lines such that at reception at the CPE devices the received signals aie similar to what would have been received had no cross-talking signals been transmit25 ted on the cross-talking lines. Upstream signals on the other hand are post-distorted (or detected m a manner equivalent to their having been post-distorted) aftei being received at the co-ieceiver (the DSLAM) m order to account for the effects of the cross-talk which has leaked into the signals during their transmission

WO2013026479 applied for by Ericsson proposes a method of transmitting signals, m such a situation (1 e where an indirect coupling is comparable to a direct coupling for a given line), which involves transmitting signals intended for reception by a single CPE device (a first CPE device) onto both the line directly coupled to the first CPE device and onto a crosstalkmg line coupled only indirectly to the first CPE device (it being directly coupled to a second CPE device) A Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) method is used to enable data to be sent (in different time slots) to the two respective CPE devices (with data being sent over both wires at the same time to only one of the CPE devices at a time). In order to ensure that the two signals constructively interfere at the receiving CPE device, the same signal as sent over one line is pre-distorted (e g to introduce a delay and/or phase change) befoie being sent over the other to account for differences m the directly vs the indirectly coupled paths

In addition, transmission mode uniqueness is not guaranteed when multiple conductors are in close proximity. In fact, it has been demonstrated that multi-mode co-existence is is inevitable m multi-conductor environments Intuitively, the average voltage potentials of the pairs at a specific frequency are very unlikely to be equal Due to this, the voltage potential between pairs starts to move in additional differential circuits formed from multiple pairs in a similar fashion to those in twisted metallic wires pans These additional modes/circuits are known as phantom modes Additionally, it is possible for signals to 20 travel over one or more wires with refeience to a fixed common ground (earthed) potential, and such modes are referred to as common modes of transmission The presence of additional modes, e g common/phantom or mixed modes, allows mode conversion continuously coupling signals (often destructively) m each mode Unlike crosstalk between pairs, signals over mode conversion crosstalk cannot be corrected or controlled without a physical 25 access to these interfering modes Moreover, it is worth noting that phantom modes propagate ovei untwisted pairs Hence, phantoms radiate (cross-couple) higher ciosstalk levels than in ordinary pairs (which are twisted) Therefore, the differential mode suffers from energy dissipation under uncontrolled multi-mode channel environment especially at high frequencies

EP2091196 by Alcatel-Lucent provides a method to mject signals into the phantom mode formed between two Twisted Metallic Pairs (TMPs) The injected signals are the same as those sent onto one of the TMPs, but phase-rotated so that when converted and coupled into the differential mode, they interfere constructively with the signals sent directly over the respective one of the TMPs m the normal differential mode However, EP2091196 does not consider how to exploit this technique m more general circumstances where there is more than one possible phantom mode available (1 e where there are more than two TMPs) Furthermore, EP 2091196 does not address any power constraint implications of io the arrangement

Co-pendmg International patent application No PCT/EP2016/054167, the contents of which are hereby incorporated into the present application, describes an improvement over the above described approaches m which a phantom channel connector device is used to enable any set of up to (n-1) possible phantom channels, associated with a set of n pairs is of wires, to be selected such as to enable desired transmission signals to be connected onto those phantom channels In particular, if there are n pairs of wires, m general it is possible to select up to Q) possible first order phantoms (i.e the phantom between pair 1 and pair 2, the phantom between pair 1 and pair 3, , the phantom between pair 1 and pair n, the phantom between pair 2 and pair 3, the phantom between pair 2 and pair 4, 20 , the phantom between pair 2 and pair n, the phantom between pair 3 and pair 4, , the phantom between pair n-1 and pair n), even though only mutually orthogonal, first order phantom channels out of these can be chosen so that all J selected phantoms aie mutually orthogonal to each other Thus for example if there are 8 pairs, there exist 28 different ordinary first order phantom modes but only up to 4 can be chosen which 25 are all mutually orthogonal to one another For this reason, m PCT/EP2016/054167, the phantom channel connector provides inputs and includes a controllable switching mechanism for connecting the inputs to a selected set of | ^J phantoms selected from the possible (”) ordinary first order phantom channels The selection of the phantom channels to be connected is controlled with a phantom channel selection signal issued by a suitable controller The phantom channel connectoi device is an analogue device operating in the time domain and cannot therefore distinguish between (or operate differently m respect of) different tones In preferred embodiments of the invention of PCT/EP2016/054167, the selection signal is constructed so as to select a mutually orthogonal subset of the possible (”) ordinary first order phantoms so as to minimise interference between signals carried over the selected phantoms

SUMMARY

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of transmitting, using a Discrete Multi-Tone modulation (DMT) technique, data from a transmitter device to one or moie receiver devices, each of which is connected to the transmitter device via at least one respective pair of wires, each receiver device being operable to receive signals detected as a change over time m the potential difference across the local ends of each respective pair of wires extending between the receivei and the transmitter device, the transmitter device being operable to transmit signals onto the wires extending between the transmitter device and the plurality of receiver devices in a plurality of different modes, over a plurality of different channels, the different modes including phantom and differen20 tial modes and the different channels including a first set of phantom channels, the method comprising selectrng a second set of phantom channels from the first set, the second set being a subset of the first set comprising some or all of the phantom channels of the first set such that at least some of the phantom channels rn the second set are not mutually orthogonal to one another, connectrng the selected phantom channels to the transmitter and transmitting signals from the transmitter onto the (thus selected and connected) phantom channels of the second set of phantom channels

Preferably the method further comprises performing additional steps to compensate for the resulting interference effects caused by the use of non-mutually orthogonal phantom channels Thus m a most preferred embodiment, the method further comprises, m respect of each of a plurality of different tones employed by the transmitter, which is using a DMT technique, selecting a tertiary set of phantom channels, each tertiary set being a proper subset of the second set (comprising some but not all of the second set) and being selected so as to be mutually orthogonal to each other, generating m a digital frequency domain a set of signals including at least one signal for each phantom channel m the second set of phantom channels, wherein for each respective tone, data is encoded only into phantom channels in the respective tertiary set of phantom channels for that tone, with signals associated with phantom channels not m the respective tertiary subset being set to a lowmterference-causing value for that tone

In tins way different phantom channels can be exploited at different tones on a tone by tone basis achieving extended- diversity and enabling different levels of cross talk coupling at 15' different frequencies to be efficiently exploited A low-interference-causing value may simply be a zeroed value (i e one with zero or very small magnitude in the normal case where the modulating value is expressed as a complex number having a magnitude and phase) or alternatively, it may be chosen to be one which matches another phantom channel with which it strongly cross-talks so as to interfere constructively or partially constructively with the other phantom channel (being one which is m the tertiary subset for that tone).

As a simple concrete example in order to illustrate the above, consider a system with 4 pairs (pairs 1-4) Each of these is driven m a diffeiential mode In addition, a phantom channel connector device provides access to 4 first order phantom channels, pc.12, pc34, pcl3 and pc24, being a phantom channel formed between paiis 1 and 2, a phantom channel 25 between pairs 3 and 4, a phantom channel between pairs 1 and 3 and a phantom channel between pairs 2 and 4 Note that only two phantom channels can be selected from these four to form a mutually orthogonal subset, and there are only two different possible subsets of two phantom channels which contain mutually orthogonal channels, namely either pcl2 and pc34 or pcl3 and pc24 Thus for example pcl2 and pcl3 are not mutually orthogonal and neither are say pcl2 and pc24, etc According to the termmologu employed above, pcl2, pc34, pcl3and pc24 constitute both the first set and second set pcl2 and pc34 constitute a first tertiary subset and pcl3 and pc24 constitute a second tertiary subset For some tones the first tertiary subset is selected and signals transmitted over pcl2 and pc34 carry data, whilst signals over channels pcl3 and pc24 are set to a low-mterference-causmg signal/value, in other tones the second tertiary subset is selected and data is encoded into signals transmitted over pcl3 and pc24 whilst low-mtereference-causmg signals are transmitted over pcl2 and pc34 The selection of which tertiary subset to select and use for each tone is preferably made based on an assessment of the extent of crosstalk to/from each of the possible phantom channels at the frequency associated with each tone

It will be apparent to the skilled reader that where it says operable to receive signals at each of the receivers detected as a change over time m the potential difference across the is local ends of the (or each) respective pair of wires extending between the respective receiver and the ’transmitter it is clearly conveying the idea that the signals aie leceived at each receiver in the normal differential mode Although the first aspect of the invention does not exclude the possibility that the determination of which phantom channels to employ is based upon other more complex considerations (in addition to the simpler consideration 20 of the crosstalk coupling strengths between the various possible phantom channels and the various differential mode channels as detected at the receivers), by basing the analysis at least upon this latter type of coupling, it is possible for conventional receivers, which are only capable of receiving signals via the differential mode m respect of a single twisted metallic pair, to be used m the fiist aspect of the invention. This is important because it 25 means that all of the complex functionality for implementing ceitam preferred embodiments of the invention can reside m the access network (e g at an Access Network Node (ANN) or Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexor (DSLAM), etc ) rather than requiring any special Customer Premises Equipment (CPE), in certain preferred embodiments of the invention

In certain preferred simple embodiments, a special training procedure m which signals are transmitted into only a single phantom channel (at any one time) for a given set of receiveis (the given set of receivers being typically chosen based on some assessment of their likelihood to crosstalk interfere with one another at frequencies of interest for DSL (including G FAST) communications with one another - i e frequencies which the transmitter and receiver are capable of using successfully and which the transmitter and receiver (or at least one or some of the given set of receivers) are permitted to use under local regulations) Each receiver can then measure properties of the received training signals and feed these back to the transmitter m the normal manner to thus obtain information about the crosstalk coupling between the single used phantom channel on which the training signals were transmitted and each of the normal differential mode channels as detected at each respective receiver By repeating this training procedure multiple times using different single phantom mode channels it is possible to obtain comprehensive information about the is crosstalk coupling between each such phantom mode channel and each direct differential mode channel terminating at the receivers of the given set of receivers This information can then be used to assist m the appropriate selection of which phantom mode channels to use duung showtime operation of the transmitter and receivers duung normal DSL communications

Throughout this specification reference will be made to modes of communication In this specification the term “mode* is used to indicate the nature of the manner m which signals are transmitted between transmitter and receiver In particular, as will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art, there are three principal such modes of communication differential mode, phantom mode and common mode In all three of these modes the sig25 nal is transmitted (excited) and received (observed) as the (changing) potential difference (voltage differential) between two voltages (or equivalently between one live voltage and one reference voltage) In the differential mode, the signal is transmitted/observed as the difference m potential between two wires (typically between two wires of a twisted metallic pair) In the phantom mode at least one of the voltages is the average voltage of a pair of wires (note that such average can vary without impacting on a signal earned m the differential mode across that same pair of wires - in this sense the phantom mode can be orthogonal to signals carried m the differential mode if carefully chosen), the term pure phantom mode may be used to specify that both voltages being compared with each other are average voltages, each average voltage being the average or common voltage of at least one pair of wires Second and higher order phantom modes can also be obtained by using the average voltage of two or more average voltages as one of the voltages to be compared, etc Finally, the common mode refeis to the case where one of the voltages being compared is the Earth or ground reference voltage (or something substantially similar for telecommunications purposes) Naturally, it is possible for various mixed modes to also be used for carrying signals -eg one reference voltage could be a common ground and the other could be the average between the voltages of two wires in a twisted metallic pair (to generate a is mixed mode of phantom and common modes) - however, m general, reference to a differential mode in this specification is used to refer to a pure differential mode - i.e. it does not include any phantom or common mode component so a mode comprising a comparison between the voltage on a single wire and the average voltage between the voltages of two other wires may be referred to as an impure phantom mode rather than a mixed phantom and differential mode, etc. Preferred embodiments of the present invention are primarily concerned with the intelligent usage of pure phantom modes, and so m general reference to a phantom mode will mean such a pure phantom mode be it first or second or higher order etc unless explicitly specified otherwise

Reference is also made throughout this specification to direct and indirect coupling and direct and indirect channels A direct channel is one m which the same physical medium and the same mode of transmission is used for both the transmission of the signal and for the reception of the signal Thus a normal differential mode transmission across a single twisted metallic pair from transmitter to receiver would constitute a direct (differential mode) channel between the transmitter and the receiver By contiast, a channel m which the transmitter transmitted a signal onto a second twisted metallic pair m differential mode but was received by a receiver from a first twisted metallic pair in differential mode (the signal having crosstalked across from the second to the first pair) is an example of an indirect channel, as is a case in which a signal is transmitted by a transmitter m a phantom mode across the averages of the voltages of the wires m each of a first and second TMP and received (having crosstalked/mode converted) by a receiver connected to just the first TMP m differential mode

Moreover, where there are multiple pairs emanating from a single transmitter (e g an 10 Access Node (AN) or DSLAM, etc.) m such a way that multiple direct and indirect channels are formed between the transmitter and multiple receivers, the set of twisted metallic channel pairs and their derivative channels (direct and mdnect and of various different modes) can be considered as forming a unified dynamic shared or composite channel over which a number of virtual channels may be overlaid (i e the virtual channels are overlaid over the underlying common shared channel). In this context, a virtual channel can be considered as an overlay channel by which data can be directed to individual receivers even though a single common underlying signal is transmitted onto the underlying common channel, this can be achieved for example by means of a suitable multiple access technique such as Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time

2o Division Multiple Access (TDMA) or simply be using suitable encryption techniques, etc It is interesting to obseive, however, that this common shared channel is comprised of several different sub-channels which combine together at each receiver/transmitter device (for example a single direct path channel over a twisted metallic pair directly connecting the transmitter to the respective receiver, and one or more indirect, cross-talk paths (possibly also involving mode conversions) of both the differential and the phantom modes from the transmitter to the receiver via at least one twisted metallic pair which is connected between the transmitter and another of the receivers) For this reason, the dynamic unified shared channel is henceforth termed a composite channel comprising a composition of single-mode direct/indirect couplings/sub-channels and mixed-mode indirect couplings/sub-channels

European patent application No 14 250 116 2 filed by the present applicant on 30/09/2014 (BT ref A32607), the contents of which are hereby incorporated, by way of reference, into the present application in their entirety, describes a technique for efficiently exploiting such a common unified channel using virtual overlay channels Some embodiments of the present invention combine the teachings of the present application with the teachings of the earlier application In particular, the techniques of the second aspect of the present invention are utilised to determine which phantom mode channels to use and then these are used together with other channels to form a common unified channel (including the selected io phantom modes) over which a single common signal is transmitted with a suitable multiple access technique being used to provide overlaid virtual channels

This composite channel (generally) consists of at least two modes differential and phantom modes In special scenarios, the common mode can be harnessed and treated m a similar fashion to form additional sub-channels. In the differential mode, the twisted pairs is are made of differential electrical circuits to enable the direct physical link between a transmitter (DPU/DSLAM) and a receiver modem The co-existence of multiple twisted pairs m the binder ignites mutual coupling which results in immediate and continuous energy dissipation from one pair into others.

Phantom channels can be constructed from different combinations of twisted pairs For 20 instance, a first and a second TMP can together geneiate a single unique phantom channel which has a similar behaviour to that of each directly coupled differential mode channel formed across each pair in terms of channel directivity However, phantom modes, as mentioned earlier, are due to the variation of the average voltages of the pairs. For more than two coupled pairs, the paiis may couple to each other m the phantom mode m various 25 orthogonal and non-orthogonal manners, eg 2 distinct (but non-orthogonal) phantom mode channels may be exploited which share one common pair Preferred embodiments of the invention select and construct only orthogonal phantom channels. This minimises complex interference effects between the lines whilst still providing significant improvements to the lines being targeted for improvement

Embodiments of the present invention are based on modelling (so that it can also be solved) the problem of phantom selection and connection to a transmitter (which combined process may hereinafter be referred to as phantom construction) as a multi-objective optimisation problem (hereinafter refeired to as PC-MOP standing for Phantom Construction - Multi-objective Optimisation Problem) The target of this optimisation problem is to obtain an optimal (or at least good) set of orthogonal phantom combinations to maximise the mode conversion crosstalk onto all pairs Moreover, embodiments of the present m10 vention permit such selection of which phantoms to use (and to operatively connect to the transmitter) to be performed on a tone by tone (or group of tones by group of tones) basis. In some preferred embodiments, a Pareto method is employed to determine the Pareto front which contains the best (or at least good or close to the best) phantom tree access strategy The optimisation pioblem can also be biased or weighted to benefit a specific pair, e g worst pairs In DSL environments, the Pareto front can be calculated only once (or at least relatively infrequently) since the channel behaviour is considered stationery (or almost stationary) Once the phantom channels have been selected, an analysis is preferably performed to determine an exploitation strategy m time, frequency and space which achieves a certain predetermined objective which, m a preferred embodiment, may include (or consist of) maintaining fairness constraints between active users This approach is advantageous because it gives the network operator a degree of flexibility over how to improve the performance of certain lines (e g to improve lines operating relatively poorly with high errors or high latency or low data rates, etc , or to accomodate surges in demand from certain users, etc )

Single mode crosstalk exploitation (e g from TMP 2 differential mode (at transmitter 2) to TMP 1 differential mode at receiver 1) is less complex than exploiting a phantom mode to differential mode indirect channel because the single mode crosstalk channels do not need to be constructed in the way that phantom mode channels must be The fundamental issue with single mode crosstalk channels (e g. from TMP2 to TMP1) is that once a differential mode crosstalk channel is occupied foi data transmission at a specific spectrum, e g. vectored spectrum, the user associated with the direct path of that crosstalk channel (e g user 2 at the receiver end of TMP2) becomes inactive, meaning that the vectored spectrum is neglected (even though it might in fact be m demand) Therefore crosstalk channel allocation can be carried out m a time/frequency division multiple access (F/TDMA) fashion when lines are not m use as m WO2013026479 In certain preferred embodiments of the present invention however, the crosstalk transmission knowledge is capable of being ex10 ploited m multiple different ways, depending upon circumstances and the desired outcome, using techniques such as the prior art techniques known from WO0213026479 in addition to the techniques taught m the present specification For example crosstalk channels can be exploited at some frequencies using a TDMA approach whilst at other frequencies a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technique could be employed instead Moreover, is the frequencies at which such different techniques are employed can also be changed over time to suit differing requirements, etc This provides great flexibility to the system and gives the ability to network operators to dynamically adjust the properties of connections to respond to changes m demand or external noise environments etc

In addition, some preferred embodiments of the invention employ a method to share a crosstalk channel spatially to benefit multiple (or all) active lines (crosstalk coupled to each other) at a given frequency, simultaneously This may be done by employing the phantom optimisation framework for crosstalk channels except that phantom channels are allowed to be exploited over any frequency without any restriction while crosstalk channels are only exploited m the diversity region of the channel above a critical frequency (at which it becomes more efficient to use methods such as those described in EP 14 250 116 2 referred to above by which the connections between transmitter and receivers are treated as a single common unified channel) except for unused/mactive lines (which are exploited without restriction m the same way as phantom mode channels) Therefore, some embodiments of the invention provide a complete utilisation framework for indirect channels over distinct different spectrum regions, i e vectored, crosstalk and phantom mode transmissions, to enable simultaneous dynamic access (Also note that direct paths may also be optimised m some preferred embodiments of the present invention ) This approach again provides great flexibility of the system to the network operator to adjust the operation of the lines to account for changes m demand or changes in the noise environment within which the system is operating, etc

Furthei aspects of the invention relate to a transmitter for carrying out the method of the first aspect of the invention In particular, a second aspect of the present invention provides a transmitter for transmitting data, using a DMT technique, to one or more receiver devices, each of which is connected to the transmitter device via at least one respective pair of wires, each receiver device being operable to receive signals detected as a change over time m the potential difference across the local ends of each respective pair of wires extending between the receiver and the transmitter device, the transmitter device being operable to transmit signals onto the wires extending between the transmitter device and the plurality of receiver devices m a plurality of different modes, over a plurality of different channels, the different modes including phantom and differential modes and the different channels including a first set of phantom channels, the transmitter being further operable to select a second set of phantom channels from the first set, the second set being a subset of the first set comprising some or all of the phantom channels of the fiist set such that at least some of the phantom channels m the second set are not mutually orthogonal to one another, the transmitter further comprising a connector for connecting the selected phantom channels of the second set to the transmitter, and the transmitter being further opeiable to transmit signals from the transnutter onto the (thus selected and connected) phantom channels of the second set of phantom channels

Preferably, the transmitter is further operable (according to the second aspect), m respect of each of a plurality of diffeient tones employed by the transmitter to select a plurality of tertiary sets of phantom channels, each tertiary set being a proper subset of the second set (comprising some but not all of the second set) and being selected so as to comprise phantom channels which are mutually orthogonal to each other, the transmitter being further operable to generate, m a digital frequency domain, a set of signals including at least one signal for each phantom channel in the second set of phantom channels, wherein, for each respective tone, data is encoded into signals for transmission over the phantom channels m the respective tertiary set of phantom channels for that tone and signals associated with phantom channels not m the respective tertiary subset being set to a low-mterfeiencecausmg value for that tone.

It should be noted that the described embodiments are couched m terms of the downstream direction of data only (i.e from an Access Node/DSLAM to Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) devices) - eg. by referring to a transmitter rather than a transceiver, etc However, in a practical implementation the transmitter of the second aspect of the present invention also, naturally, functions as a receiver for upstream transmissions from the is various CPE devices (which are also therefore m practice operating as transceivers rather than just receivers) However, present embodiments of the invention may operate in an entirely conventional manner m the upstream direction and not exploit phantom channels m the transmission or reception of upstream signals Further embodiments, however, ιelate to situations m which a point to point architecture is involved m which two transceiver de20 vices are connected to each other via multiple twisted metallic pairs with multiple analogue front end units for driving signals over the respective TMPs

A third aspect of the present invention relates to a phantom channel connector for connecting a transmitter device to a selected set of phantom channels carried over a plurality of pairs of wires extending between the transmitter and a plurality of receiver devices, the 25 phantom channel connector comprising, a phantom channel selection signal receiver for receiving a phantom channel selection signal specifying a set of one or more selected phantom channels, the set of selected phantom channels comprising a subset of the total number of possible phantom channels to which the connector is operable to connect to the transmitter and including at least some phantom channels which are not mutually orthogonal to one another, a switch arrangement comprising a plurality of pairs of input terminals, each pair of input terminals being operable to receive a transmission signal for transmission over an associated selected phantom channel and a plurality of output terminals, and a plurality of phantom mode driving couplers for applying a voltage output from the switching arlangement to a pair of wires m a manner suitable for driving a component voltage of a phantom mode signal over the pair of wires, wherein the switching arrangement is operable to selectively couple each input terminal to any one of the output terminals m dependence upon the received phantom channel selection signal such that, m use, a transmission signal applied to a pair of input terminals is capable of being transmitted over a selected phantom channel m dependence upon the received phantom channel selection signal, and wherein the switching airangement comprises more input terminals than output terminals.

By having more input terminals than output terminals it is possible to simultaneously receive more input signals than can be connected to mutually orthogonal first order phantom channels. It will be seen from a brief glance at figures 3 and 4 (discussed m detail below) that the switching arrangements of embodiments of the present invention are wider than they are tall as a result of this property (of having more input than output terminals) of the switching arrangement (since inputs arrive along the longer bottom edge whilst outputs leave across the shorter left-hand edge) The output terminals of the embodiments shown in Figures 3 and 4 can be considered to be any part of the horizontal lines to the left of the switches in the figures and the input terminals of the switches can be considered to be any part of the vertical lines below the switches (one may consider the portions above the transformeis to be the input terminals of the switch airangement and the portions below the transformers to be input terminals to the MPAD arrangement, the MPAD arrangement providing tiansformeis - according to the preferred embodiments of figuies 3 and 4 - to couple the MPAD inputs to the switch inputs m a safe and clean manner, the input terminals being arranged m pairs for receiving differential signals across the input terminals of a pair of terminals).

The phantom channel connector of the thud aspect of the present invention not only permits a selected phantom channel or channels to be exploited for the benefit a particular CPE device or devices, additionally, it allows different such phantom channels to be selected quickly and easily based on a received phantom channel selection signal. This not only assists in selecting an appropriate phantom channel to use m any particulai given circumstance, but also enables phantom channels to be selected individually for training purposes as well as m sets for use once training has completed, etc

Preferably the driving couplers comprise centre tap connections to an inductor or trans10 former connected to a pair of wires at the transmitter end of the wires This provides a simple and robust manner of accessing the phantom channels

A fourth aspect of the present invention relates to a phantom channel selectoi device, forming part of a transmitter device, the phantom channel selector device being operable to select a plurality of phantom channels carried ovei a plurality of pairs of wires extending is between the transmitter and a plurality of receiver devices on to which to transmit a transmission signal or signals, the phantom channel selector device comprising: a coupling data receiver for receiving receiver signal reception data and/or cross channel coupling data, a selection interface for communicating a phantom channel selection signal and/or message to a phantom channel connector (such as the phantom channel connector according to the 20 third aspect of the piesent invention), and a processor arranged to generate a phantom channel selection, for selecting a second subset of phantom channels, the second subset comprising some or all of the total number of phantom channels which the phantom channel connector is operable to connect to and including at least some phantom channels which are not mutually orthogonal to one anothei, for communication to the phantom channel 25 connector within the phantom channel selection signal and/or message, m dependence upon the received signal reception data and/or cross channel coupling data Preferably, the processor is further operable to additionally select a plurality of tertiary subsets of phantom channels, each tertiary subset comprising a proper subset of the second subset (comprising some but not all of the phantom channels m the second subset) wherein all of the phantom channels m each tertiary subset are mutually orthogonal to one another. Preferably, the phantom channel selector device further comprises a multi-objective problem processing unit for performing a determination of which phantom channels to select (either for the second subset or for each tertiary subset, 01 for all such subsets) as the solution of a multi-objective problem m which a solution is sought to simultaneously benefit two or more of the receivers.

In all these aspects, orthogonal means theoretically orthogonal, it being understood that m practice no real phantom channels will ever be perfectly orthogonal to one another because of natural imperfections, but for the purposes of the present invention such imperfections are reasonably ignored In particular, if the phantom channels do not use a single common wire or pan of wires then they will be considered to be mutually orthogonal to one another is Further aspects of the present invention relate to processor implementable instructions for causing a processor to carry out the method of the first aspect of the present invention and/or for causing a processor to operate as a phantom channel selector device m accordance with the fourth aspect of the present invention, aspects of the invention also relate to earner media, preferably non-transient, tangible media such as volatile or non-volatile solid state storage media (e g USB thumb drives etc ), magnetic storage media such as a hard drive, or optical storage media such as a CD or DVD, etc , carrying such processor implementable instructions as mentioned above.

In some embodiments, m which a transmitter device is connected to a first and a second receiver device (the receivei devices being connected to the transmitter device via a first 25 and a second pair of wires respectively, and each receiver device being operable to receive signals detected as a change over time m the potential difference across the local ends of each respective pair of wires extending between the receiver and the transmitter device), the transmitter device may preferably be operable to transmit signals onto the wires extending between the transceiver device and the receiver devices m order to transmit signals via the direct differential mode to each respective receiver, and to additionally be operable to transmit signals to both receivers via a single common phantom channel, wherein the transmitter is further operable to measure the extent of coupling between the phantom channel and each of the receiver devices, to deteimme a plurality of weighting values m dependence upon the measured extent of the couplings, to transmit a first signal via the diiect differential mode over the first pair and a second signal via the direct differential mode over the second pair and to transmit a combined signal onto the indirect phantom channel, the combined signal comprising a weighted sum of the first and second signals, the weighting being done m accordance with the determined weighting values In this way, it is possible for a single common indirect channel to be used to benefit both receivers simultaneously by using weighting values between 1 and 0. It is also possible to use different weighting values for different tones. In this way the different extent of the couplings at different frequencies is can be taken into account and exploited to maximise the total benefit to the two receivers (e g for tones where a stronger coupling is in place for the first receiver compared to the second a bigger weighting can be given to the first signal (possibly even a weighting of 1 - implying that the signal for such tones is composed entirely of the first signal) whilst for tones where the coupling is stronger with the second receivei the weightings can be reversed to give a greater weighting to the second signal, etc ) Moreover, the weighting can be determined in order to satisfy a number of different objectives - e.g to provide greater assistance to a poorly performing line, or to maximise the total performance of both lines in combination, etc.

Preferably, the weighting values are additionally determined m dependence upon the instantaneous level of demand for data to be transmitted to a respective receiver It is most pieferred if the transmitter devices and the receiver devices are operating m accordance with a physical layer letransmission scheme whereby a receiver i equests retransmission of received data which is irreparably damaged because of errors m the received sig20 nals/detected/recovered data upon receipt In such a case, it is preferred if the demand used m determining the weighting values reflects the demand for physical layer re-transmission of data caused by errors m transmitting usei data In this way, higher layers (e g. data link, network, transport, application layer protocols) can be offered higher consistent data rates with less overhead (and less potential buffering) required for physical layer retransmissions (to be built into the offered consistent rate to higher layers) because the bandwidth needed for these physical layer retransmissions can be allocated from the extra capacity associated with the use of the phantom cross-talk path on an on-demand basis

Preferably the weighting values are re-determined on a relatively frequent basis such as of the order of between once every few seconds to several times per second This enables changes m demand for bandwidth for the transmission of data to the different receivers to be accommodated in a short period of time and consequently enables buffers at the transmitter associated with retransmission protocols to be cleared as quickly as possible.

Preferably, the weighting values are used not only to affect the signal which is transmitted is onto the phantom channel, but are also used to affect the first and second signals since the extent of precodmg required to accommodate distortion caused by cross-talk varies m dependence upon these weighting values In other words, it is preferred if the first signal is generated m dependence upon (at least) user data to be transmitted to the first receiver, channel estimations of the respective direct channel between the transmitter and the first 20 receiver, channel estimations of the indirect channel between the direct channel between the transmitter and the second receiver on the one hand and the first receiver on the other hand, channel estimations between the common indirect channel on the one hand and the first receiver on the other hand, and on the determined weighting values The second signal is preferably similarly dependent upon corresponding factors mutatis mutandis

Some biief discussion of what is meant by a common indirect channel may be useful As per embodiments described below, this can include an untermmated phantom channel formed across centre tap voltages of two different twisted metallic pairs Since this channel is untermmated (since it is not possible to measure and co-process the centre tap voltages of the respective TMP’s at the customer premises ends receivers in general (since in general these will be m quite distinct geographical locations)) the 'common channel is m fact only common for part of the channel since it terminates at different locations for the different receivers, nonetheless it is common in the sense that at least one end of the channel is common between different receivers and the same (combined) signal is propagated onto that common part of the channel Moreover, m general, where it states above (and elsewhere m the present description) that a channel is between a first channel and a second channel, what is actually meant of course is the channel between the transmission from the transmitter onto the transmitter end of the first channel and the reception at the receiver at the receiver end of the second channel, and similarly where reference is made to a channel between a first channel and a receiver what is actually meant is the channel from the transmitter via the transmitter end of the first channel to the receiver, etc

The method can of course be extended to more than two receivers where there is a is common, indirect channel which cross-couples onto all of the respective lines Additionally, the method can be used such that say receivers one and two benefit simultaneously from a common transmission over a first indirect channel and receivers two and three benefit simultaneously from a transmission over a second indirect channel, such that the second receiver benefits simultaneously from two separate indirect channels, etc Other manners of using embodiments of this fifth aspect of the present invention will occur to persons skilled m the art based on the above examples.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order that the present invention may be better understood, embodiments thereof will 25 now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings m which

Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of an example broadband connection deployment show22 ing a Distribution Point Unit (DPU) and two customer premises having associated Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) modems connected to the DPU via respective Twisted Metallic Pail (TMP) connections,

Figure 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the principal components m a mo5 dem to modem connection operating m accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention,

Figure 3 is a schematic block diagram of the Multiple Phantom Access Device (MPAD) of Figure 2, illustrating the device m greater detail,

Figure 4 is a schematic block diagram similar to Figure 3, illustrating an alternative io Multiple Phantom Access Device (MPAD) which is suitable for use with four rather than three wire pairs, and

Figure 5 is a graph illustrating an example pareto front for a simple case concerning selecting optimal phantom channels for use in assisting two different wire pairs/receivers is SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Figure 1 illustrates in overview an example broadband deployment in which embodiments of the present invention could be employed As shown m Figure 1, the example deployment comprises a Distribution Point Unit (DPU) 10 which is connected to three user premises 31,32, 33 (which m this example are flats within a single house 30) via respective Twisted 2o Metallic Pair (TMP) connections 21, 22, 23 which connect between an Access Node (AN) 16 (e g a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexor (DSLAM)) within the DPU 10 and respective Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) modems 51, 52 via respective network termination points 41, 42 within the respective customer premises 31, 32 The DPU 10 additionally includes an Optical Network Termination (ONT) device 14 which provides a 25 backhaul connection from the DPU 10 to a local exchange building via an optical fibre connection such as a Passive Optic-fibre Network (PON) and a controller 12 which coordinates communications between the AN 16 and the ONT 14 and which may perform some management functions such as communicating with a remote Persistent Management Agent (PMA)

As will be apparent to a person skilled m the art, the illustrated deployment involving an optical fibre backhaul connection from a distribution point and a twisted metallic pair connection from the distribution point to the customers premises is exactly the sort of deployment for which the G.FAST standard is intended to be applicable In such a situation, the TMP connections may be as short as a few hundred metres or less, for example possibly io a few tens of metres only and because of this it is possible to use very high frequency signals (e.g. up to a few hundred Megahertz) to communicate over the short TMP’s because the attenuation of high frequency signals is insufficient to prevent them from carrying useful information because of the shortness of the lines. However, at such high frequencies crosstalk becomes a significant issue. This is clearly especially going to be the case where the is cross-talking lines travel alongside each other for part of their extent (as in the situation illustrated m Figure 1), however, cross-talk is still an issue at high frequencies (e g over 80 MHz) even where the lines only lie close to one another for a very small portion of their total extent (e g just when exiting the DPU 10) G FAST currently proposes simply using vectoring techniques at all frequencies where there are cross-talking lines m order to

A mitigate against the cross-talk effects

In addition, m this scenario, by accessing at the DPU 10 (m particular at the Access Node (AN) 16) phantom channels, it is possible to exploit signals transmitted onto phantom channels which will crosstalk onto the conventional differential mode channels associated with each of the end user receivers (the termination point and CPE modem combinations 25 41/51, 42/52, 43/53) and change the signals received (compared to a conventional case where the phantom channels are not exploited m this way) Since there are three TMP connections 21-23, there are 3 possible (first order, pure) phantom channels which could be exploited in this way, formed by using the differential voltage signal between the average voltage of TMP 21 and that of TMP 22, the average voltage of TMP 21 and that of TMP 23; and the average of TMP 22 and that of TMP 23 However, since there is no possible set of two of these possible (first order, pure) phantom channels which does not include at least one common TMP, only one of these can be used at the same time without having non-orthogonal (and hence complexly interfering) phantom channels being used simultaneously Thus the present embodiment includes a Phantom Channel - Multiple Optimisation Problem device (PC-MOP) which, as is explained m greater detail below, acts to choose a single one out of the three possible phantom channels to use - the selection io being performed such as to try to achieve a particular set of two (or more) objectives (e g to try to obtain the maximum benefit for two of the three receivers)

Referring now to Figure 2, there is shown a schematic illustration of the principal components within the AN 16 and CPE modems 51, 52, 53 allowing the indirect phantom channels to be utilised according to a first simple embodiment chosen to illustrate the basic is principles of the approach

As shown, the AN 16 according to the embodiment illustrated in Figure 2 comprises first, second and third Data Source, Data Encoder and Serial to Parallel converter (DSDESP) modules 1611, 1612 and 1613. These are essentially conventional functions within a DSL modem and will not be further described here except to point out that each one’s output 20 is a set of data values d\ - d^j each of which can be mapped to both a set of one or more bits and to a point within a modulation signal constellation associated with a respective tone on which the data value is to be transmitted For example if a tone ίχ is determined to be able to carry 3 bits of data a corresponding data value will be set to one of 2³ = 8 different rallies (eg to a decimal number between 0 and 7) each of which corresponds to 25 a different constellation point within an associated signal constellation having 8 different constellation points. The data values for a single symbol can be thought of as forming a vector of data values (one for each data-carrymg tone) and together carry the user data to be transmitted to the end user associated with a respective end user modem 51, 52, 53 together with any overhead data (e g Forward Error Correction data etc ) (Ν B. It is worth noting that the assessment of the number of bits which any particular tone for any particular receiver may carry (per symbol) should be done with the benefit of the usage of any assisting phantom mode channels (as discussed below) and the benefit of vectoring taken into account Thus it should be borne m mind that the present discussion relates to Showtime operation of the system once all training procedures have been completed In overview the training involves firstly determining which phantom channel (or channels in embodiments m which more than one phantom channel can be exploited at the io same time -eg for embodiments m which more than 3 lines are connected to a common AN and are sufficiently closely cross-talk coupled to make exploitation of the phantoms worthwhile) to use and then setting parameters for its usage Having determined how to best exploit the phantom channels, then the training continues by performing vectoring training to determine the vectoring parameters to use and then determining the number is of bits which can be used with both assistance from the phantom channel(s) and from vectoring )

The data values leaving each DSDESP module 1611, 1612, 1613 are then passed (in an appropriate order) to respective Multiple bit level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM) modulatois 1621, 1622, 1623 which convert each input data value to a respective 2o complex number x[ to x^, x% to x^ and x'f to x^ each of which represents a complex point within a complex number constellation diagram. For example a data value = 7 (=111 in binary) might be mapped by the M-QAM modulator 1621 to the complex number l-i for tone 1 where tone 1 has been determined (by say modern 51) to be able to carry 3 bits of data each

Each of these complex numbers rcj to x^, x± to and xf to is then entered into a vectoring precoder module 1630 (which in the present embodiment is a single common vectoring precoder module 1630) which performs a largely conventional vectoring operation in order to precode the transmissions to be sent using a combination of predetermined vectoring coefficients and information about the signals to be transmitted onto the other lines within the relevant vector group m a manner, which is well known to those skilled m the art, to compensate for the expected effects of cross-talk from the other lines m the vector group The vectoring precoder module differs from a conventional vectoring precoder module m that it is operable to additionally precode the transmissions m such a way as to cause them to be pre-compensated for the expected crosstalk effects produced not only by the neighbouring lines operating in a direct differential mode (as per standard vectoring), but also for the effects of crosstalk coming from any signals being transmitted onto one or moie phantom channels (or other channels which are not direct differential mode channels) In order to do this (as will become apparent from the detailed description below) it is necessary for the vectoring precoder module 1630 to receive information about channel estimations of the respective phantom channel(s) (or other channels which are not direct differential mode channels) and also information about any weighting values used to is combine signals to be transmitted over the phantom channel(s) (or other channels which are not direct differential mode channels). The output from the vectoring precoder module

1630 is thus a set of further modified complex numbers .τ) to xj^, a;² to and xf to £^

The ability of the vectoring precoder module 1630 to receive the weighting values and channel estimation values which it needs to perform its precoding functions is illustrated m 20 Figure 2 by the line between the PC-MOP fe MICOP & MRC & Management entity module 1690 (which performs general management functions in addition to its specific functions described in greater detail below and for brevity may hereinafter be referred to either as the management entity’ oi the 'PC-MOP module - m Figure 2 it is labelled simply as PC-MOP 1690) and the vectoiing precoder module 1630. In the present embodiment, the 25 PC-MOP module 1690 calculates appropriate values for the channel estimations and the weighting values required by the vectoring precoder module 1630 and for the MICOP & MR.C precoder module 1640 (as indicated m Figure 2 by the line between the PC-MOP 1690 and the module 1640 as well as the line between modules 1690 and 1630) In order to do this, it (the PC-MOP module 1690) needs data reported back to it from the end user modems The processes and procedures for achieving this are largely conventional and well known to peisons skilled in the art and so they are not discussed m great detail herein except to note that it relies on a backward path from the receivers 51,52,53 to the transmittei 16 This is achieved m practice, of Course, m that the receivers 51,52,53 are in practice transceivers capable of receiving and transmitting signals over the TMP’s 51,52,53 as is the transmitter 16 - the receiver parts of the transmitter 16 and the transmitter parts of the receivers 51,52,53 have simply been omitted from the drawings to avoid unnecessary complication of the figures because these parts are entirely conventional and not directly io pertinent to the present invention Moreover, each of the receivers additionally contains a management entity responsible for performing various processing and communication functions Any of a number of suitable techniques can be employed for obtaining data useful m generating channel estimations For example, known training signals can be transmitted onto selected channels by the transmitter 16 during a special training procedure and the is results of detecting these by the leceivers 51,52,53 can be sent back to the transmitter m a conventional manner Additionally, special synchronisation symbols can be transmitted, mteispersed with symbols carrying user data, at predetermined locations within a frame comprising multiple symbols (e g at the beginning of each new frame) and the results of attempting to detect these synchronisation symbols can also be sent back to the transmitter 20 to generate channel estimation values As is known to peisons skilled m the art, different synchronisation signals/symbols can be sent over different channels simultaneously and/or at different times etc so that different channel estimations (including importantly indirect and phantom channels) can be targeted and evaluated, etc

As will be appreciated by those skilled m the art, the output of the vectoring precoder 25 module 1630 is a set of modified (or predistorted) complex numbers to 5% to xf and i,'( to x^AM as mentioned above These complex numbers are then passed to the MICOP& MRC pre-coder module 1640; note that MICOP stands for Mixed-Integer Convex Optimisation Problem and MRC here stands for Maximal Ratio Combiner which, m the piesent embodiment, uses weighting values together with channel estimation values provided to it by the PC-MOP module 1690 to calculate, from the modified complex numbers received from the vectoring pre-coder module 1640 (and the weighting values and channel estimation values from the PC-MOP module 1690), further modified (or further pre-distorted) values for the complex numbers to be passed to the IFFTs 1651-1652 Note that m addition to further modifying the received numbers to x2_M, xl to xjj and xf to x^ to generate corresponding fuither modified complex numbers a;} to x^rM, x% to xf_/f and xf to which are to form (ultimately) the signals to be used m driving the respective TMPs 21, 22, 23 in direct differential mode, the MICOP and MRC precoder module 1640 additionally io generates two new sets of complex numbers x) to and xf to x^ which are to form (ultimately) the signals to be used to drive two (single ended) phantom mode channels to be accessed via the MPAD module 1670 described below The precise way m which this is done is described below with reference to appropriate equations Once these values have been calculated by the MICOP and MRC precoder 1640 they are passed to the respective

IFFT modules 1651-1654 (super-script 1 values going to IFFT 1651, superscript 2 values going to IFFT 1652, etc ) and the next two steps of the processing are conventional and not relevant to the present invention Thus each set of generated values (e.g x$ to xj^ is formed by the respective IFFT module into a quadrature time domain signal m the normal manner m Orthogonal Ftequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)/DMT systems) Then the time domain signals are processed by a suitable Analogue Front End (AFE) module 1661 to 1664 again m any suitable such manner including any normal conventional manner. After processing by the AFE module 1650, the resulting analogue signals are passed to the MPAD module 1670 (note MPAD stands for Multiple Phantom Access Device)

The MPAD module is described m greater detail below, but m overview it provides switchable access to centre taps of any of the TMPs such that any of the possible phantom channels associated with the connected lines can be driven by the incoming signals arriving from AFE’s 1664 and 1665 as well as directly passing on the signals from AFE’s 1661-1663 dnectly to TMPs 21-23 for driving m the normal direct differential mode

During transmission over the TMP connections 21, 22, 23 the signals will be modified m the normal way according to the channel response of the channel and due to external noise impinging onto the connections In particular there will be cross-talking (and most particularly far-end cioss-talking) between the three direct channels (the direct channels being one from the transmitter 16 to the modems 41-43 via the TMPs 21-23 and the phantom channel. However, the effect of the precoding is to largely precompensate for the effects of the cross talk. Additionally, the targeted receivers additionally benefit from increased SNR of the received signal destined for them arriving via cross talk from the phantom channel io After passing over the TMP connections 21, 22, 23 the signals are received by the modems 41-43 at a respective Analogue Front End (AFE) module 5150, 5250, 5350 which performs the usual analogue front end processing. The thus processed signals are then each passed to a respective Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) module 5140, 5240, 5340 which performs the usual conversion of the received signal from the time domain to the frequency domain The signals leaving the FFT modules 5140, 5240, 5340, yf to y\_}, y( to yfj and yf to y^ are then each passed, m the present embodiment, to a respective Fiequency domain EQualiser (FEQ) module 5130, 5230, 5330 The operation of such frequency domain equaliser modules is well-known m the art and will not therefore be further desciibed herein It should be noted however, that any type of equalisation could be performed here, such as using a simple

2o time-domain linear equalizer, a decision feedback equaliser, etc For further information on equalisation m OFDM systems, the reader is referred to· “Zero-Forcing FrequencyDomain Equalization for Generalized DMT Transceivers with Insufficient Guard Interval, ” by Tanja Karp, Steffen Trautmann, Norbert J Fliege, EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing 2004 10, 1446-1459

Once the received signal has passed through the AFE, FFT and FEQ modules, the resulting signals, y} to y^, ifi to and y'\ to should be similar to the complex numbers x( to Xm, x% to x^/· and to xf^ originally output by the M-QAM modulatois 1621-1623 except that there will be some degree of error resulting from imperfect equalisation of the channel and the effect of external noise impinging onto the lines during transmission of the signals between the AN and the modems 41-43. This error will m general differ from one receiving modem to the next This can be expressed mathematically as yf = xf + ef etc Provided the error however is sufficiently small the signal should be recoverable m the normal way after proceesmg by the M-QAM demodulator modules 5120-5320 where a corresponding constellation point is selected for each value m dependence on its value (e g by selecting the constellation point closest to the point represented by the value y^ unless trellis coding is being used, etc ) The resulting data values dj to d^lM, d/ to io and d'( to should mostly (apart from some small number of incorrectly detected values resulting from errors) correspond to the data values, d[ to d^, d/ to d^_M and d/ to d/_M originally entered to the corresponding M QAM modules 1621,1622, 1623 respectively within the AN/transmitter 16 These values are then entered into a respective decoder (and received data processing) module 5110, 5210 and 5230 which reassembles the detected data is and performs any necessary forward error correction etc and then presents the recovered user data to whichever service it is addressed to m the normal manner, thus completing the successful transmission of this data

As mentioned above, following now from the above overview of Figure 2, a more detailed explanation is provided of the non-conventional elements within the embodiment illustrated 20 in Figure 2 and described briefly above Thus, the MPAD 1670 is a component which provides access to different combinations of phantom channels MPAD 1670 tries all the possible combinations without repetition, e.g phantom of pair 1 and pair 2 is equivalent to the phantom of pair 2 and pair 1 and so will not be repeated) Herein, MPAD (1670) selects a specific phantom and it allows the transmitter 16 and each respective receiver 51, 52, 53 25 to tram up with each other and obtain the phantom channel as well as the direct differential mode pairs’ channel coefficients at any given specific time slot At this stage the receivers 51, 52, 53 report either the overall combined channel or the phantoms only to the PC-MOP module 1690 depending on what signals are transmitted by the transmitter 16 which is done under the control of the PC-MOP module so that it knows what data is being reported back to it by the receivers At the same tune the Interface 1680 confirms the identification of the selected and currently operational phantom channel to PC-MOP module 1690 (which is also selected by the interface 1680 under instruction from the PC-MOP module) so that all channel gains and theii identifications are capable of being ascertained by PC-MOP 1690 for subsequently passing to the vectoring precoder module 1630 and the MICOP & MRC precoder module 1640 for use m performing their precoding functions The operation continues until all the phantom channels’ combinations are tested Once the phantom tree is completed, PC-MOP 1690 decides the optimal phantom channels to be exploited to io benefit specific pairs, all the pairs or to maximise the rate equilibrium of the users The decision is then forwarded to the MPAD module 1670 via the Interface 1680 to execute the decision and enable the access to the selected optimal phantom channes

Once the optimum phantom channel is constructed and ready to be accessed, MICOPMRC module 1640 then decides the optimal strategy to steer the constructed phantoms is This is done by selecting appropriate weighting values as described m greater detail below The steering objective can be modified to maximise a specific pair or the rate equilibrium or any other desired objective

It should be noted here that, in the present embodiment, the MICOP-MRC module 1640 selects two non-mutually orthogonal phantom channels for the MPAD to connect to and then ensures that the complex numbers x) to xV and x± to for passing to the IFFT modules 1654 and 1655 are such that for any particular subscript value, j, at least one of x* and Xj is set to zero In other words, for any given tone or range of tones, it will not be the case that both signals are carrying data because at least one will have been set to a zero value - indicating that the signal (energy or strength)l at that tone or range of tones is to be zero As noted above, in other more sophisticated (and complex) embodiments it may be advantageous to set one of the values to a non-zero value (instead of to a zero value) with a view to obtaining some benefit from the lesultmg cross talk In theory various alternative approaches can be considered (e g applying a signal to constructively interfere with another wanted signal once it has cross-talked across to the other wanted signal, applying a signal which will destructively interfere with an unwanted noise-causing signal on another line once the applied signal has cross-talked to that other line so as to reduce the noise on that line, etc ) but m practice at present it is difficult to achieve significant gains from such approaches

It should also be noted that if there are unused lines, or if a particular receiver becomes inactive such that its dedicated line becomes subsequently inactive, such auxiliary lines can be activated and optimised to interfere coherently with a specific target line to maximise its data late The optimisation decides the signal array configuration (amplitude and phase) based on the full/partial knowledge of the active channel components Additional parameters can be incorporated into the optimisation problem such as traffic demands, traffic types, quality of service tolerance, fairness sharing conditions, . etc

If a larger number of pairs (larger than the three pairs 21, 22, 23 in the above described is illustrative embodiment) were involved it would be possible to have a greater number of mutually orthogonal phantom channels used to carry (non-redundant) data simltaneously In any such embodiments, the MPAD may preferably be operable to permit a greater number than 2 phantom channels to be accessible at any single time, but the precoders may ensure that non-zero signals are transmitted only on to a subset of the phantom channels chosen such that all of the phantom channels in such a sub-set are mutually orthogonal to one anothei, thus if, for example, there were five twisted metallic pairs, the MPAD might arrange for 3 phantom channels to be connected at any point m time even though only up to two of these can be mutually orthogonal to one another at any point m time (e g the MPAD might connect pl2, p34 and p35 to the transmitter arrangement, p34 and p35 are not mutually orthogonal to one another although both the pair pl2 and p34 and the pair pl2 and p35 are mutually orthogonal, thus the transmitter m such a case may arrange that non zero signals are transmitted only on to one of p34 and p35 at any given time in lespect of any given tone) In general, m embodiments, the MPAD concurrently connects a number of phantom channels which is greater than the number of phantom channels which can form a mutually orthogonal group for the given number of twisted metallic pairs and then only a subset of these is actively transmitted over (e g using non-zero, non-redundant, data representing driving complex numbers) at any given point m time on any given tone (point in frequency).

' There now follows a mathematical explanation of the functioning of the various elements In some cases the equations deal only with two direct differential mode signals and one phantom mode signal, however, it will be apparent to a person skilled m the art how to expand this to cover multiple different direct differential signals and multiple phantom signals based on the following example expositions Thus, considering a system with K twisted pairs, each pair denoted by tp_; where u c K is the pair’s index, there are M = [-J first, order orthogonal phantoms, where d is the required number of pans to constiuct a single phantom channel Similar rule applies for second order phantoms and so on until the is orthogonal phantom tree is fully obtained The total number of the first ordei orthogonal phantom candidates can be calculated by (_d) = _di^l_d)i and we will consider this as the feasible domain for the PC-MOP problem, denoted by Φ. The standard conventional channel is given as

		h-1,2	hl,?
_r	1*2,1	h-2,2	h2,K
H =
	<^hK,l	h_K,2	hK.K/
20 where indicates the channel trai	isfer function	for the

onto the j^th TMP (or phantom channel when extended as described immediately below) to the 'i^th receiver as received at the i^th receiver over the i^th TMP or tp (= twisted pair)

A phantom channel (0_m, Vm e M) is derived fiom a pair of tp, ι e |tp_;, tpj

^ΧΦτη
{1,2}	{1,3}	{1,4}	{1,5}	{2,3}	{2,4}	{2,5}	{3,4}	{3,5}	{4,5}
	05	0 3	04	0.45	0.25	0.1	03	02	03	0.2
^4, φ„·,	03	03	02	0.4	0 52	06	03	03	04	0 5

Table 1 First order phantom mode candidates , V i & j t K when d is 2 Hence the extended channel becomes· [Η|Η_Φ] = Ηψ =

hi,i	hl,2	hi,K
112,1	h2,2	• ^2,K	^h2,Ai
Ιΐκ,ι	hK,2	hK,K
^h«h,l	h^,2	' ^h<h,K	^1,01
<^Η,1	^h<A<,2 ·	^h4«,K	1Μή,0ι

^φΐ,φκ ^φκ,φκ ) where H$ is the phantom channel, H is the unextended channel (excluding phantom channels) and H_T is the mixed mode channel Herein, the PC-MOP can be formulated as follows:

max H$, (1) subject to (2)

To illustrate the selection strategy of Pareto, we provide the following example Assume io a 5 pair cable m which pairs 5 and 4 are performing poorly m comparison to pairs 1, 2 and 3 Therefore, the phantoms may be derived and steered to maximise the performance of pairs 4 and 5 Maximum number of the fiist order orthogonal phantoms is }|J = 2 and the maximum number of combinations is (®) = = 10 Table 1 shows all the orthogonal phantom candidates and their mode-conversion crosstalk coefficient with is the targeted pairs To obtain Pareto front, we must determine the non-dominant solution, i e Pareto front To examine the dominance of a set, it must contain at least one element greater than an element m another set if the objective function is set to maximisation

In this particular example, {1,2} dominates {1,3}, {1,4}, {2,5} and {3,4} Similarly, candidates {1,5}, {2,3} and {2,4} dominant {1,3}, {1,4}, {2,5} and {3,4} Hence {1,2}, {1,5}, {2,3} and {2,4} are the non-dominant solution and known as the Pareto front, see the example Figure below

In a similar way, the objective function can include more pairs to benefit from the phantoms, also the phantom directivity can be altered to optimise the direct paths of the phantom mode if they are accessible at the receiving end, ι e direct phantom channels This remains the choice of the network operator Since predicting the phantom coupling strength from first principles is an arduous task, m the present embodiment, PC-MOP 1690 proceeds io by simply initialising all possible phantom channels randomly m a non-repetitive pattern Alternatively, however, one could also model the phantoms and predict their performance m advance and select the optimal combination without the random training m alternative embodiments

Once the phantoms are defined, it is advantageous to try to determine the optimal strat15 egy to steer and split the indirect channels to maximise the overall binder capacity whilst fairness constraints between the users are kept satisfied. To achieve this, the indirect (phantom/crosstalk) channel utilisation problem is formulated as a Mixed-Integer Convex Optimisation (MICOP) model m order to enable the PC-MOP 1690 to then derive a solution

In order to simplify the problem, to illustrate the operation of the PC-MOP 1690, consider a single phantom to be shared among K users to transmit N tones for a period of time T Power level per tone is denoted by p* _i)Tl and the channel condition is yk,t,n which is the ratio of power coupling coefficient to the noise level ) The tone allocation factor is Pk,t,n ^anfi finally the optimal capacity of the m^th phantom is C^_m max C,_;

- Τ? Pk,t,nl°&2 (l + Pfc,i,nT*,i,n) (3) subject to

ΣΖρε/,7ϊ T P^,„,Vi Ε T (4a) k,n

Pk,t,n ^lo&2 (l + Ρι,ί,Λη) < Ra, VA: g K (4b) t,n ^PfeAn^T.pGfO.lj.VneN, (4c) k,t

Equation (3) is the objective function in which its limit is subject to the maximum transmitting power in 4a and the tone sharing criteria m 4c

The optimisation problem in its curient form is non-linear with no known analytical io solution However, a simple modification has been applied to 3 maxC^

Pk,t,n 1°82 k,t,n ^sk,t,n'yk,t,n

Pk,t,n (5) subject to ^sk,t,n < T k,n (6a)

Pfd,n log₂ (1 + ^SM,ra7M,n < Rfc, Vfc e K (6b) t,n \ Pk,t,n J

Pk,n < 1, Vra G M, Vf G T (6c) k

The modified problem m 5 is concave and hence it is solvable as a convex problem This problem as it stands provide the optimal TDM A and I'D MA access to the phantoms The analytical solution proceeds with the Lagrangian as follows

z. \ , /, ^sk,t,n3k,t,n | £ = X Pfe,i,nlo&2 1 + —-~ k^n V ^,ί.» J

Σ/^ί IΣ j Σ (Σ, Ρλ-,ί,π ι ί \ Α.,/λ / t,n \ k

-Σ k

Σ Ρ>Φ> ^{Pk, * 1o}82 ( !

l.n ^k,t,n3k,t,n

Pk,t,n

-ik (7)

To solve 7 and prove its optimality, Karush Kuhn Tucker (KKT) conditions must be satisfied The conditions are

1 Feasibility of the primal constraints as well as the multipliers, i e (Ω & μ)

The gradient of 7 must become zero with respect to 6a and 4c

Starting by differentiating 7 with respect to Sfc,_n, i.e = 0, then rearrange to obtain the optimal power formula·

Pk,t,n = λί (1 - 3k) (8) io where X_t = , To guarantee feasible 8 and 4a, —4— < \_t < ———— t Ύλ,ί,τι '

A)

The sharing factor can be used simply to guarantee that a single tone can only be assigned to a single user, e g tone 1 assigned to user 1 is represented by pij = 1 and elsewhere Ρκ^ι,ι ⁼ 0 Hence constraint 4c is relaxed to:

Pk,n — if the n^th tone is assigned to the fc^th user, elsewhere

In a similar fashion to 8, we differentiate 7 with respect ρ^_η, rearrange and substitute 8 to obtain the following

Pt,n = log₂ [Ai (1 - Pk) 'p.jf

Ϊη2

At (1 /¾ )7/:,1,71

The user which maximises 9 for tone n represents the optimal user by ,VneN (9)

Hence k is obtained k = arg max Pt,nNt e T, Vra e N (10) and therefore, by assessing which k (i e which end CPE receiver) to select for each tone, n, a weighting value, of (in this embodiment) zero or one, is determined for each line, at each tone, m dependence upon the measured extent of the couplings between a phantom mode io channel, and each differential mode channel k as determined by a receiver receiving signals m the differential mode (recall that ()

Similarly to section 1, the method can be applied to the differential lines except that the k domain is limited to each line itself Hence, the binder capacity in total, becomes ^binder — Σ2 + ΣΖ ^C*/>

ph dif (11) once the phantom sharing and power allocation policies are obtained The power allocation per line needs to be re-configured to ensure that the phantom gam results m (or at least does not exceed) the capacity gam The optimisation problem is similar to 5 excluding 4c Line’s channel gam m the presence of phantom gam thus becomes

(12)

Τλ,ί,ϊΐ \,k ^maxCfc,t - Σ^1ο&2 (¹ M6T (13) subject to ^p^_n<P_kykeKyteT, (14a) n

£ - Σ^1ο&2 (l + Pk,t,nLk,t.n) ~ ^Ω* ΣΡ/',ϊ,η “ ^Ρ*

Pk,t,n “ ^λί ’ (15) (16) ^{lf n}k,k = ⁿk^ Pk,t,n becomes:

₌ X_t- V.....-_Γ2- (17)

Τ Στη Pk,t,ruk,rp,„ I Ρφη,ί,η Note Tone/subcarner spacing is excluded from the optimisation problems because it is a io constant and hence the units of the current capacity are bandwidth-normalised (known as bandwidth or spectrum efficiency) m

An alternative formulation to the above described embodiment allows the exploitation of indirect (phantom/crosstalk) channels over the same spectrum and simultaneously for all or plural existing line users at any one or more tones, n, subject to a power constraint for is the entire spectrum To illustrate how this is achieved, the problem is decomposed; firstly, the power allocation per tone/carner is determined and then the distribution of tone power between the active users is optimized To enable this, the problem becomes max

Σ^1ο&2 ( 1+Ρ„Σ% η \ λ ,η (18) subject to

ΣΡη^^ρτ. (19a)

Applying the Lagrangian:

^£ = Σ^lo&2 |ΐ+ΡηΣ^η) ”^λ (ΣΡη- Ρτ η \ k J \ η (20)

Take and then rearrange to obtain

Ρ« = ^{λ X}Σ3ί;7λ-,η (21)

Equation (21) is substituted into (19a) to calculate the multiplier, λ, and then again into (21) to calculate the optimal spatial frequency power level

Now the distribution of p„ between K users is optimised.

max 52 ^lo&2 (l + Pfc,_n7fc,n) (22) io subject to

Ρλ,η — Pn>

k (23a)

Applying the Lagrangian

52^1o82 (l + Pfc.n/fc.n) - λ„ 52 Pk,_n - Pr k \ k (24)

Similarly to previous steps, the optimal power equation is obtained.

Pk,n

7k,n (25)

Example-01: Assume two users to share a p_n The optimisation problem can be simplified to max [(l + Ρι,ηΤι,η) (l + Pafofo subject to (26)

Pl,n P2,n P«>

(27)

The problem m (26) is easily solvable, two equations and two unknowns One can prove the optimal power allocation from both problem (22) and (26) is

Pi/

Pn (Πχ₌ΐ7λ,η) + 71,n - Mr,

2Π²=17&,η (28)

Finally p₂ „ is equal to p„ - p j.

⁵ Example-02 In terms of signal precodmg and real signal injection for a given MPAD (1670) settings, consider the following • The data, [di da], are first modulated, e g using M-QAM, at a given subcamer (n) to produce the original data symbols.

io · The precoded data symbols (using MICOP-MRC) are calculated as follows ^xiiq i \ /

|Ri!

Pl*¹*,3 V i^hl,₃| ^h2,2 l^h2,2|

P2^2 3

A
w

l*n,il ^x2*^,2 1^2,2 | ^xlPl^hl,3 , ^x2P2^ll2,3 l*U,3| |^h2,3| ) where _Pl + p₂ = 1 Note that p_n = |qg^|² + Ιη£ρ|² where = Pi,„ and

1² = P2,n Hence, = and p₂ = ^³^¾^. see Example-01. Index n dropped from the matrices for clarity · Non-vectored received signals (,.. .. Λ

IS hi,i hi,2 hi,3 \/*2,l h-2,2 1*2,3 y ^xl*d,i

Kil x₂hi 2 l^h2,2| ^xlPl^hl,3 , ^X2P2h^,₃\ |hl,₃| 1^2,31 / • To remove the unwanted coupling after combining, the new channel coefficients must be calculated using the MRC coefficients since that the 1630 sees include the MICOP-MRC part of the channel

^1,1	hl,2	hi,Λ	/ ^hi,i lM.il o	0 *2,2	/ \|hi,i\| + Pi\|hi,₃j	1,25,2 \| P2l,32,₃ \ 12,2 \| \|2,31
(/*2,1	h2,2	h₂,3/	Pi^hi,3	\|h2,2\| P^2h2,3	2,114,1 1 P12,3I,₃ \ \|l,l\| 1*1,31	\|ll2,21 + P2 \|h-2,31 j
			\ l^hl,3\|	1*2,31 /

• The vectonng precoder in 1630 becomes |hi,i | + Pi|hi,31 hl,2^ _ P2hl,3h2,3 |ll2,2| 1^2,31

Α,21 + ^2^2,31 J

2,2 |hl,l| + Pl |hl,3| 0 |h-2,21 + P‘21^2,31 y

Note that the right hand matrix above represents a normalisation to prevent the channel inverse (which is the left hand matnx) from excessively amplifying signal components before attempting to transmit them over the physical channels A corresponding de-normalisation is then performed by each receiver It should be noted that embodiments of the present invention are not limited to any particular type of vectoring or normalisation methodology io adopted, but rather can be used together with any appropriate form of vectoring and/or normalisation However, m the present embodiment, the full system thus becomes

				( Fl	0 5,2 112,2 [
H =	^1,1	hi,2		l*i,i\| 0
W	^h_2J	h-2,2	h2,₃y	Pl 1,3 \ 11,3 1	P22,3 12,31 /

^hl,2^h2,2 , P2hl,3h2,3 \ l^h2,2| 1^2,31 (h-2,2, + P2,h2,₃f /

lhi.il

Pi|hi,₃| l^hl,31

(h-2,21 + P2 |h2,31 is And finally, the transmitted X is estimated at FEQs by |hi,i| + Pi|hi,₃| θ |h2,2| + P2|h2,3iy

A) <^y2/

Xl

Signal tracking in Access Node / Transmitter 16 as shown in Figure 2

In the below analysis a simplification is made to consider only two indirect channels and one phantom channel (e g as if setting all other signals m Figure 2 to zero) It will of couise be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art how to expand the equations to consider all six signals actually appropriate for the system illustrated m Figure 2 (the original 3 data signals which are converted into 3 signals foi transmission in direct differential mode over the three TMPs and 3 additional signals for transmission over phantom channels via the

MPAD - such that only two of those signals are not set to low-mterfeung values, but rather to values which are chosen to assist one or more of the direct differential mode signals such that upon receipt by the targeted receiver the signals are combined with a view to providing an increased SNR of the received signal)

After data source (1611) io di

2. After M-QAM (1621)

After the vectoung unit (1630) |N,l| + Pl |Eli,3 ^L2,l^hl 1 ki.il

Expanded to ^h2,l^hll I |hl,t| l^hl,3| ^1,2^2,2 , 12^1,3^2,3 '

1^2,21 l^h2,3| |N,2|+/52K,3|

X =

K,i| +pi|hi₎₃| 0 , o K,2| + P2|N,3|

(K,i| +Pi|N,o|) * (Kai + P2KoD - + ⁺ ¥¥

In,21 + />2 |n,31 ^1,2^2,2 _ ^2^1,3^2,3 l^h2,2| (^2,3 | ^h2,lhi_tl Plh2,3hi,3 ' l^hl,l| |kl,3|

K.il+piK.ol , and hence,

X = [(IM+PilM) * (Ih₂₎₂| +p₃|h₂,₃|) - + , (¾^ ₊ ^)] (l^hl,l| + Pl |Ai,3|) * (lil-2,21 + p₂|ll2,3|) (|hi,i| + Pl]h_1;3|) * ((fe^M*^-^) (|h₂,₂|+p₂|h_2i3|) * (Ihijl+pi|hi_i3|) _/

Finally / ^xl(l^hl,l |+Pl|hl,3 I)*(|h2,2|+P2 |h2,3 |)+X2(|hl,l [+Pl[hi53 I)* .....Y~ ^P1 |hy_3| ^1,3^ A (^hl,2^h2,2 , ^p2^hl,3^h2,3 , ([ ++,3^,.

(|hl,l|+Pl|lll,3|)*(|h2,2|+P2|]l2,3|)-| -+1,11 +1,31

Xl(|h2,2|+P2|ll2,3|)*i--1 +^X2(|h2,2|+P2|h2,3 |)*(|lll,l |+P1 |hl,₃|) ., j ϊ ., .. . i ,, /^1,2^2 2 +^hl,3^h2 3 A /+,ι Pl+,3^i ₃ (l^hl ,11+Pl l^hl,3 l)*(|h₂,2l+P2 |h₂,31)- f _|h2Y Η--_{|h2 3|} '³ |*( —;.......7<--l--4 After MICOP-MRC (1640)

Xih*!

N,il

X2&

2,2 +i,il +1,31 or equivalently

x.=

1^2,21 *lPl^hl,3 , ^f2P2h^₃\ |hl,₃| |h2,3| / ( A+L lM.il

Pl **1,3 \ l^hl,3| ^h2,2

1+2,2 | P2^h2,3 1^2,31 / ^Xl(|^hl,l|+Pl (n.1,3 1)^=(1^2,2 |-FP2|ll2,3 |)+X2 (ln.1,1 |-|-pi 3 I)* (|hl,l|+Pl|hl,3|)*(|h2,21+^2^2,31)-^-^ ₂V ⁺ + ,1+,1 Pl+,3+,3 +1,11 +1,3 ^h2.1^hi,l | ++,3+,3 +1,11 +1,31

Xl(|ll2,2|+P2|il2,3|)*(--|h2,2i²-~²'K+|²’³' +^X2d^h2.2|+P21+2,3 |)*(|hl,l |+Pl |hl,31) +2,31 (|+l,l|+Pl |h₁,3|)*(|h2,2|+P2lh2,3|)- |_h,, g ~l-(^h+2^h2,2 ++.3+,3 λ ( +.+1,1 ++,3+,3 +1,11 +1,3!

Finally the transmitted signal Y is modelled as

Ki|+/h|hi,3l ^hl,2k

2,2 +2,1+,3 P1+2,3+),3 \ |+i,i| l+i,3| _ P2hl,₃h2,3^ |n.2,2| 1+2,3 | |h2,2| + P2|h2,3| y

where n is the background noise

At the receiver end, the configuiation of the FEQ for a given line , eg k, is (|hk,k| +p_k|hk,3|) ¹

Generalisation of Above Equations to Cover Cases of Multiple Common Indirect Channels

It will be appaient to a person skilled m the art that the above equations may be modified m a straightforward manner to cover more complex situations including an arbitrarily large number of user data streams di, d2, , d_K, with a (generally) conespondmg number of direct differential mode channels over which to transmit corresponding streams of QAM constellation points xi, x₂, , xr, an arbitrarily laige number of common indirect channels

Φι, Φ₂₎ > Φικη where there are IDC indirect channels in total (e g made of M phantom channels </q, φ₂, , ψκ and IDC-M ciosstalk channels). In such a case, crosstalk channels can be handled in exactly the same way as phantom channels in terms of generating and using an extended channel model H_T as discussed above with particular leference to phantom channels Moreover, m such a case, a weighting value can be specified for each combination of an indirect channel and a user data stream, in respect of each tone, n, giving rise to K x IDC x N weighting values m total (although a large number of these may be set to 0)

Claims

is Summary of the methodology From the above discussion, it will be apparent to a peison skilled m the art that a suitable method of operation for selecting phantom channels to use may proceed along the following lines m which three sub-methods (1 1, 1.2 and 1 3) are employed consecutively Sub-method 1 is to score all possibly usable phantom channels (which forms a first set of channels) 2o this can be done m numerous ways, just one possibility of which is described below in steps 1 1 to 1 1 4, sub-method 2 is then to select a first subset of usable phantoms (forming a second set of channels) based on the scores obtained m sub-method 1 (just one possibility for doing this being described in 1 2 below) and sub-method 3 is then to select tertiary sets each of which is a proper subset of the second set, one tertiary set being selected for each tone (and a method for doing this is described below m 1.3 to 1 3 3 • 11 For each tone - 1.1 1 For each selectable phantom channel (the selectable phantom channels forming a first set of phantom channels) * 1.1 1 1 Identify receiver with maximum cross-talk coupling magnitude from phantom channel, * 1 1.1.2 IF cross-talk coupling magnitude exceeds a threshold THEN keep phantom channel as an option for that tone, otherwise discard from further consideration for that tone, * 1 1 1 3 Consider next selectable phantom channel until all considered, — 112 For remaining phantom channels (after each selectable phantom has been considered in steps 1111 and 1112) assign a per tone part score based on the magnitude of maximum cross-talk coupling to each remaining phantom channel - e.g. give a score of 3 to highest, 2 to second highest, 1 to third highest and 0 to any others, or use the cross talk coupling magnitude as a per tone part score and i ecord m an array, indexed by tone number, the phantom channel, its per tone part score and the receiver for which that per tone part score is applicable, -113 Add each per tone part score to a current total score for that phantom (which is initialised to zero for each phantom channel at step 1.1 or somewhere prior to starting 1 1 1 1) to keep a running total score for each selectable phantom channel -114 Consider next tone until all tones have been considered • 1 2 Once all tones have been considered a total score will have been obtained for each selectable phantom channel over all tones At this point a sub-method 2 can then be employed to choose the top scoring phantom channels up to the max number that the MPAD can simultaneously connect (to the transmitter) to form a second set of phantom channels being a proper subset of the first set of channels (including some which are not mutually orthogonal m almost all practical cases since the MPAD can simultaneously connect more phantom channels than can be selected so as to be mutually orthogonal to one another) and control the MPAD to connect its output terminals to these phantom channels, • 1 3 Then a sub-method 3 can be performed which may involve a second iteration through each tone such that for each tone, — 1 3 1 identify for each tone a teitiary set of mutually orthogonal phantom channels as a propei subset of the second set, such that the summation of the per tone part scoies of the phantom channels withm the tertiary set is maximised — 1 3 2 for each phantom channel m the tertiary set, look up the associated receiver for that channel m that tone and assign a weighting of 1 (for that tone) for the io signal derived from the signal to be sent to that receiver to go over that phantom channel; — 13 3 Once this has been done for each tone (thus generating (probably) a different tertiary set for each tone) end the method The effect of the above illustrative method is to obtain a second set of phantom channels is which are “good” m the sense that they have high crosstalk coupling and thus are good for injecting energy into differential mode neighbouring lines, and then to obtain tertiary sets which are formed of phantom channels taken from the second set (they are taken from the second set because only phantoms m the second set can be directly driven via the MPAD once it has connected to the phantoms m the second set) selected so as to be the 20 best” phantoms from the second set for each tone to which the tertiary set corresponds. Moreover it generates weightings which give the full benefit of each utilised phantom channel to the (single) direct differential mode channel which is likely to benefit most from using that channel (because it has the highest cross-talk coupling to that phantom channel) Of course if a different objective were desired, eg to benefit only specified receivers, then 25 a different approach would be more sensible (e g only considering the crosstalk coupling strength to the specified receivers who are to benefit from the additional energy provided by the phantom channels, or only setting non-zero weightings to signals intended to benefit those specified receivers, etc Similarly, in a pomt-to-pomt embodiment m which the phantom channels are directly accessible at both ends of the link, the above methodology could be altered to instead seek to identify tertiary sets of phantom channels per tone which have the least amount of cross-talk coupling to any other channels to be used oil that tone, and then to transmit distinct data over the phantom channels (1 e to use them as normal distinct channels) As an example only of an adapted methodology for a point-to-point arrangement where the objective is to identify a tertiary subset of phantom channels to use m a point-to-point case where the ideal is to have minimum crosstalk leakage from the selected phantom channels to other channels the following steps may be performed • 1 1 For each tone — 1 1 1 For each selectable phantom channel (the selectable phantom channels forming a first set of phantom channels) is * 1 1 1 1 measure crosstalk coupling magnitude fiom the current phantom channel to each other channel in the system (excluding channels where the crosstalk coupling is negligible (e g. below a predetermined threshold) or for which it cannot be readily measured or for which it is reasonably expected to be below a piedetermmed threshold from topology considerations, etc.) and for all such magnitudes which exceed a minimum threshold value, sum them together to foim a per tone, per phantom channel, aggregate crosstalk coupling value, * 1 1.1 2 IF aggregate crosstalk coupling value is below a maximum threshold, select phantom channel as an option, * 1.1 1 3 Consider next selectable phantom channel until all considered, — 1 1 2 For remaining phantom channels (after each selectable phantom has been considered in steps 1 1.1 1 and 1.1.1 2) assign a per tone part score based on the aggregate crosstalk magnitude -eg give a score of 3 to the phantom having the lowest aggregate crosstalk, 2 to second lowest, 1 to third lowest and 0 to any others, or use the aggregate cross talk coupling magnitude to identify a per tone part score more directly (e g by subtracting it from the maximum threshold used m 1.1.1.2 such that phantom channels with an aggregate magnitude close to the maximum threshold have a low score (close to zero) whilst those with an aggregate magnitude much less than the maximum threshold have a high score), and record m an array indexed by tone number the phantom channel and its per io tone part score, — 1 1 3 Add each per tone part score to a corresponding current total score for that phantom channel (initialised to zero prior to step 1 1 and the start of the iteration through all tones) to keep a running total score for each selectable phantom channel is — 1 1 4 Consider next tone until all tones have been considered • 1 2 Having obtained a set of total scores for each selectable phantom channel (over all tones), a sub-method 2 can then be employed to choose the top scoring phantom channels up to the max number that the MPAD can simultaneously connect (to the transmitter) to form a second set of phantom channels being a proper subset of the first set of channels (including some which are not mutually oithogonal m almost all practical cases since the MPAD can simultaneously connect more phantom channels than can be selected so as to be mutually orthogonal to one another) and control the MPAD to connect its output terminals to these phantom channels, • 1 3 Then a sub-method 3 can be performed which may involve a second iteration through each tone such that for each tone, — 1 3.1 identify for each tone a tertiary set of mutually orthogonal phantom channels as a proper subset of the second set, such that the summation of the per tone pait scores of the phantom channels within the tertiary set is maximised — 13 2 Once this has been done for each tone (thus geneiatmg (probably) a different tertiary set for each tone) end the method It will be apparent to persons skilled m the art that the above methods may be considered 5 a multi-objective optimisation problem (or a simpler single-objective simplification thereof) and can as such be earned out by the PC-MOP unit 1690 in some embodiments of the present invention as part of the method for generating the various precoding coefficients utilised by the MICOP and MRC precoder unit 1640 Note that the above discussion is concerned only with determining which phantom chan10 nels to use for each tone and then either a weighting of 1 is applied to one signal and 0 to all others for a particular phantom channel based on the receiver with the recorded strongest crosstalk coupling to that phantom channel for that tone (for the point-to-multipomt case) or (for the alternative point-to-point methodology) no weightings are assigned at all since each phantom channel operates as a direct channel and carnes it’s own signal For situi5 ations where energy is to be injected into crosstalk coupled direct differential modes by means of crosstalk coupling, it may, however, be desirable to share a phantom channel with two different crosstalk coupled (direct, differential mode) channels In such a case it may be beneficial to perform an algorithm to determine appropriate weighting values other than zero and (one) one m order to achieve some desired objective. Having performed the above method to determine tertiary sets per tone and weightings (possibly even weightings between zero and one), etc , it may be advantageous to perform training with these weightings, tertiary sets, etc m order to identify the optimum precoding values to use The amount of change required to trigger a redetermination of the tertiary sets (and possibly the weighting values, etc ), and thus m turn to trigger a redetermination of the associated precoding coefficients, can be tuned to ensure that changes m the system are tracked reasonably well without unduly burdening the system by requiring the large number of calculations which the system must perform to be carried out at veiy regular intervals (which might be taxing for less powerful processors) The above discussions have pnmaiily related to a pomt-to-multipoint use case in which a single transmitter can coordinate and generate pre-processed signals which all depend upon one another and m which phantom channels can be accessed at the transmitter side but not at the receiver side (because theie are multiple disparate receivers) and crosstalkmg is relied upon for transferring energy transmitted onto the phantom channels to a receiver Another important use case for the present invention is where a transceiver arrangement is connected in a point-to-point manner with another transceiver arrangement connected via multiple pairs of wires In such a case the phantom channels are accessible at both ends (e.g. via appropriate MPAD devices) and these phantom channels can carry their own sepaiate data (which may of couise then be combined - after having been separately received and detected etc - m higher layers) Naturally, the method of selecting tertiary sets of phantom channels on a per tone basis is can also be employed m a mixed point-to-pomt and point-to-multipoint anangement For example, a single Access Node may be m communication with some transceivers (e g other Access Nodes) via a pomt-to-pomt connection comprising multiple TMP’s as well as to multiple disparate transceivers (e g end user DSL modems) via single respective TMP’s In any arrangement wheie there are pomt-to-pomt connections with phantom channels 20 accessible at both ends of the link, tertiary sets of phantom channels to use pei tone are preferably selected based on bow little cross-talk coupling they have to other channels rather than being prefeiably selected based on how much crosstalk coupling they have to other channels (as is done when the aim is to inject signal energy into a crosstalk coupled direct differential mode channel) An example of this is given above m the (second) methodology with steps 1 1 to 1 3 2 (rathei than the first methodology with steps 1.1 to 1 3 3)

1. A method of transmitting, using a discrete multi-tone modulation technique, data from a transmitter device over a plurality of pairs of wires to one or more receiver devices, each of which is connected to the transmitter device via at least one respective pair of wires, the or each receiver device being operable to receive signals detected as a, change over time in the potential difference across the local ends of the or each respective pair of wires extending between the receiver and the transmitter device, the transmitter device being operable to transmit signals onto the wires extending between the transmitter device and the one or more receiver devices in a plurality of different modes, over a plurality of different channels, the different modes including phantom and differential modes and the different channels including a, first, set of phantom channels, the method comprising selecting a second set, of phantom channels from the first set, the second set being a subset of the first set comprising some or all of the phantom channels of the first set such that at, least, some of the phantom channels in the second set are not mutually orthogonal to one another, connecting the selected phantom channels to the transmitter and transmitting signals from the transmitter onto the phantom channels of the second set, of phantom channels,

2. A method according to claim 1 further comprising performing additional steps to compensate for the resulting interference effects caused by the use of iion-mntually orthogonal phantom channels.

3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2 further comprising, in respect of each of a plurality of different tones employed by the transmitter selecting a tertiary set of phantom channels, each tertiary set being a proper subset of tire second set and being selected so as to be mutually orthogonal to each other, generating in a digital frequency domain a set of signals including at least one signal for each phantom channel in tire second set of phantom channels, wherein for each respective tone, data is encoded only into phantom channels in the respective tertiary set of phantom channels for that tone, with signals associated with phantom channels not in the respective tertiary subset being set to a low-interference-causing value for that tone.

4. A transmitter for transmitting data, using a discrete multi-tone modulation technique, over a plurality of pairs of wires to one or more receiver devices, each of which is connected to the transmitter device via at least, one respective pair of wires, each receiver device being operable to receive signals detected as a change over time in the potential difference across the local ends of each respective pair of wires extending between the receiver and the transmitter device, the transmitter device being opera,ble to transmit signals onto the wires extending between the transmitter device and the one or more receiver devices in a plurality of different modes, over a plurality of different channels, the different inodes including phantom and differential modes and the different channels including a firs t set of phantom channels, the transmitter being fur ther operable to select, a, second set of phantom channels from the first set, the second set being a, subset of the first set comprising some or all of the phantom channels of the first, set, such that at least, some of the phantom channels in the second set are not mutually orthogonal to one another, the transmitter further comprising a connector for connecting the selected phantom channels of the second set to the transmitter, and the transmitter being further operable to transmit signals from the transmitter onto the phantom channels of the second set of phantom channels.

5. A transmitter according to claim 4 being further operable, in respect, of each of a plurality of different tones employed by the transmitter, to select, a tertiary set of phantom channels, each tertiary set being a proper subset of the second set and being selected so as to comprise phantom channels which are mutually orthogonal to each other, the transmitter being further operable to generate, in a digital frequency domain, a set of signals including at least one signal for each phantom channel in the second set, of phantom channels, wherein, for each respective tone, data is encoded into signals for transmission over the phantom channels in the respective tertiary set of phantom channels for that tone and each signal associated with a phantom channel which is not in the respective tertiary subset for any given tone is set to a low-interference-causing value for that tone.

6. A phantom channel connector for connecting a transmitter device to a selected set of phantom channels carried over a plurality of pairs of wires extending between the transmitter and one or more receiver devices, the phantom channel connector comprising: a phantom channel selection signal receiver for receiving a phantom channel selection signal specifying a. set of one or more selected phantom channels, the set of selected phantom channels comprising a subset of the total number of possible phantom channels to which the connector is operable to connect to the transmitter and including at least some phantom channels which are not mutually orthogonal to one another; a switch arrangement comprising a plurality of pairs of input terminals, each pair of input terminals being operable to receive a transmission signal for transmission over an associated selected phantom channel and a plurality of output terminals: and a plurality of phantom mode driving couplers for applying a vol tage output from tire switching arrangement to a pair of wires in a manner suitable for driving a component voltage of a phantom mode signal over the pair of wires; wherein the switching arrangement is operable to selectively couple each input terminal to any one of the output terminals in dependence upon the received phantom channel selection signal such that, in use, a transmission signal applied to a pair of input terminals is capable of being transmitted over a selected phantom channel in dependence upon the received phantom channel selection signal; and wherein the switching arrangement comprises more input terminals than output terminals.

7. A phantom channel connector according to claim 6 wherein the driving couplers comprise centre tap connections to an inductor or transformer connected to one of the plurality of pairs of wires at the transmitter end of the wires.

8. A phantom channel selector device, forming part of a transmitter device, the phantom bo channel selector device being operable to select a plurality of phantom channels carried over a plurality of pairs of wires extending between the transmitter and one or more receiver devices on to which to transmit a transmission signal or signals, the phantom channel selector device comprising: a coupling data receiver for receiving receiver signal reception data and/or cross channel coupling data; a selection interface for communicating a phantom channel selection signal and/or message to a phantom channel connector; and a processor arranged to generate a phantom channel selection, for selecting a, second subset of phantom channels, the second subset comprising some or all of the total number of phantom channels which the phantom channel connector is operable to connect to and including at least some phantom channels which are not mutually orthogonal to one another, for communication to the phantom channel connector within the phantom channel selection signal and/or message, in dependence upon the received signal reception data and/or cross channel coupling data,

9. A phantom channel selector device according to claim 8 wherein the processor is fur15 ther operable to additionally select a plurality of tertiary subsets of phantom channels, each tertiary subset comprising a proper subset of tire second subset wherein all of the phantom channels in each tertiary subset are mutually orthogonal to one another.

10. A phantom channel selector device according to claim 9 further comprising a multiobjective problem processing unit for performing a determination of which phantom channels to select as the solution of a multi-objective problem in which a solution is sought to simultaneously benefit two or more of the receivers or as a single-objective simplification thereof.

11. Processor implementable instructions for causing a processor to carry out the method of either one of claims 1 or 2 during execution of the instructions.

12. A carrier medium carrying the processor implementable instructions of claim 11.

Intellectual

Property

Office

Application No: GB1616591.2

Claims searched: 1 to 12

Examiner: Dan Hickery

Date of search: 16 March 2017

Patents Act 1977: Search Report under Section 17

Documents considered to be relevant:

Category Relevant to claims Identity of document and passage or figure of particular relevance A - EP 2383897 Al (ALCATEL LUCENT) whole document A - WO 2016/139156 Al (BRITISH TELECOMM) p.10 lines 8-18 A - WO 2011/061722 Al (ERICSSON TELEFON) whole document A - WO 02/25920 Al (SERCONET) abstract A Wim Foubert, Carine Neus, Leo Van Biesen, Yves Rolain; IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement; IEEE; Vol.61, No.4, April 2012; Pages 896-902; Exploiting the Phantom-Mode Signal in DSL Applications A Lafata P, Jares P; Telecommunication Systems; The IET; August 2015, Volume 59, Issue 4; Pages 429-436; Increasing the transmission capacity of digital subscriber lines with phantom circuit and crosstalk cancelation

Categories:

X Document indicating lack of novelty or inventive step A Document indicating technological background and/or state of the art. Y Document indicating lack of inventive step if combined with one or more other documents of same category. P Document published on or after the declared priority date but before the filing date of this invention. & Member of the same patent family E Patent document published on or after, but with priority date earlier than, the filing date of this application.

Field of Search:

Search of GB, EP, WO & US patent documents classified in the following areas of the UKCX :

Intellectual Property Office is an operating name of the Patent Office www.gov.uk/ipo

Intellectual

Property

Office

International Classification:

Subclass Subgroup Valid From H04L 0005/20 01/01/2006 H04B 0003/50 01/01/2006