GB2544884A

GB2544884A - Utilization of video see-through to make an occupant of a vehicle aware of an imminent event that will cause a sudden decrease in ride smoothness

Info

Publication number: GB2544884A
Application number: GB1618134.9A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Thieberger Gil; M Frank Ari
Original assignee: Active Knowledge Ltd
Current assignee: Active Knowledge Ltd
Priority date: 2015-10-26
Filing date: 2016-10-26
Publication date: 2017-05-31
Anticipated expiration: 2036-10-26
Also published as: GB201618133D0; DE102016120430A1; US20180154853A1; GB2545957A; GB2545074A; US10718943B2; GB2545957B; GB201618137D0; US9988008B2; GB2545958A; GB2545958B; US20170113641A1; US10717402B2; GB201618136D0; GB201618134D0; GB201618135D0; GB2544884B; CN108349455A; WO2017072679A1; GB2545073A

Abstract

A video system for an autonomous vehicle comprises: generating an indication of whether sudden decrease in ride smoothness (SDRS) event is imminent, based on the trajectory of the car and information about the road; a camera configure to capture images of outside of the automobile, a video see-through (VST) is generated from these images; when there is no indication a SDRS event is imminent video-unrelated-to-the-VST (VUR) is presented to the occupant in the foveal vision region at eye level; if a SDRS event is imminent the VST is presented to the user. The VST may cover at least 50% of the VUR. An SDRS may comprise hitting speed bump, driving over a pothole, climbing the curb, making a sharp turn, hard breaking, unusual acceleration, or movement after a full stop. The video may be presented to the passenger on a screen or by using a HMD, such as a VR headset.

Description

UTILIZATION OF VIDEO SEE-THROUGH TO MAKE AN OCCUPANT OF A VEHICLE AWARE OF AN IMMINENT EVENT THAT WILL CAUSE A SUDDEN

DECREASE IN RIDE SMOOTHNESS

BACKGROUND

[0001] When traveling in a vehicle, there are various work- and entertainment-related activities to engage an occupant of the vehicle. Many of these activities typically involve viewing content on displays. And while most of the time the occupant may be mostly be engaged in content presented on a display, there are times in which a lack of awareness of the divining environment can lead to undesired consequences. For example, if an unexpected driving event occurs, such as hitting a speed bump, making a sharp turn, or a hard breaking, this may startle the occupant. Thus, there is a need for a way to make the occupant aware of certain unexpected driving events, in order to make the driving experience less distressful when such events occur.

SUMMARY

[0002] In some embodiments, an occupant of a vehicle may have the opportunity to view video see-through (VST), which is video generated based on video of the environment outside the vehicle. VST can often replace the need to look out of a window (if the vehicle has windows). Some examples of scenarios in which VST may be available in a vehicle include a windowless vehicle, a vehicle with shaded windows having VLT below 30%, and/or when the occupant wears a VR headset. While traveling in such a vehicle, the occupant may benefit from gaining a view to the outside environment when an unexpected driving event occurs. By being made aware of the event, the occupant is less likely to be surprised, disturbed, and/or distressed by the event.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0003] The embodiments are herein described by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. No attempt is made to show structural details of the embodiments in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the embodiments. In the drawings: [0004] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of components of a system configured to combine video see-through (VST) with video-unrelated-to-the-VST (VUR); [0005] FIG. 2 illustrates an HMD tracking module that measures the position of the HMD relative to the compartment; [0006] FIG. 3 illustrates a vehicle in which an occupant wears an HMD; [0007] FIG. 4 illustrates an occupant wearing an HMD and viewing large VUR and smaller VST.

[0008] FIG. 5a illustrates how the VST moves to the upper left when the occupant looks to the bottom right; [0009] FIG. 5b illustrates how the VST moves to the bottom right when the occupant looks to the upper left; [0010] FIG. 6 illustrates HMD-video that includes both a non-transparent VST and video that shows the hands of the occupant and the interior of the compartment; [0011] FIG. 7 illustrates HMD-video that includes both a partially transparent VST and video that shows the hands of the occupant and the interior of the compartment; [0012] FIG. 8 illustrates HMD-video that includes a VST and partially transparent video that shows the hands of the occupant and the interior of the compartment; [0013] FIG. 9a illustrates HMD-video that includes a VUR in full FOV, a first window comprising compartment-video (CV) and a second smaller window comprising the VST; [0014] FIG. 9b illustrates HMD-video that includes VUR in full FOV, a first window comprising the CV and a second partially transparent smaller window comprising the VST; [0015] FIG. 10a illustrates HMD-video that includes VUR in full FOV, a first window comprising VST and a second smaller window comprising zoom out of the CV; [0016] FIG. 10b illustrates HMD-video that includes VUR and a partially transparent CV; [0017] FIG. 11a illustrates a FOV of a vehicle occupant when the occupant wears an HMD that presents HMD-video; [0018] FIG. 1 lb illustrates a FOV of a vehicle occupant when the vehicle occupant does not wear an HMD that presents the video, such as when watching an autostereoscopic display; [0019] FIG. 11c illustrates FOV of a 3D camera that is able to capture sharp images from different focal lengths; [0020] FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of components of a system configured to enable an HMD to cooperate with a window light shading module; [0021] FIG. 13a illustrates a first mode for a shading module where an occupant sees the outside environment through the optical see-through component; [0022] FIG. 13b illustrates a second mode for a shading module where the occupant sees the outside environment through a VST; [0023] FIG. 14 illustrates a VST over a curtain; [0024] FIG. 15 illustrates a light shading module that is unfurled from the inside of the compartment; [0025] FIG. 16 illustrates a light shading module that is unfurled from the outside of the compartment; [0026] FIG. 17 is a schematic illustration of components of a video system that may be used to increase awareness of an occupant of a vehicle regarding an imminent SDRS.

[0027] FIG. 18a illustrates presenting VUR to an occupant when there is no indication that an SDRS event is imminent; [0028] FIG. 18b illustrates presenting VST responsive to receiving an indication that an SDRS event is imminent (a pothole); [0029] FIG. 18c illustrates presenting VST responsive to receiving an indication that an SDRS event is imminent (a sharp turn); [0030] FIG. 19a illustrates presenting VUR and VST when there is no indication that an SDRS event is imminent; [0031] FIG. 19b illustrates presenting a larger VST responsive to receiving an indication that an SDRS event is imminent (a road bump); [0032] FIG. 19c illustrates presenting a partially transparent VST responsive to receiving an indication that an SDRS event is imminent; [0033] FIG. 20a illustrates a smart glasses shading module when there is no indication that an SDRS event is imminent; [0034] FIG. 20b illustrates the smart glasses shading module when there is an indication that an SDRS event is imminent; [0035] FIG. 21a and FIG. 21b illustrate vehicles with an SAEDP in their compartment were an occupant uses an HMD to receive a representation of the outside environment; [0036] FIG. 22 illustrates a vehicle with an SAEDP in the vehicle’s compartment with displays; [0037] FIG. 23 illustrates how an SAEDP protects the occupant in a side collision; [0038] FIG. 24a and FIG. 24b illustrate a vehicle with a motor configured to move a nontransparent SAEDP to cover a side window.

[0039] FIG. 25a illustrates an SAEDP mounted to the front of a vehicle at eye level of an occupant of the vehicle; [0040] FIG. 25b illustrates an outer SAEDP that includes two air bags; [0041] FIG. 26a and FIG. 26b illustrate a motorized external SAEDP that can move between first and second states multiple times; [0042] FIG. 27 illustrates a vehicle compartment in which an occupant may lay down; [0043] FIG. 28 illustrates a vehicle with a front mirror; and [0044] FIG. 29a and FIG. 29b are schematic illustrations of computers able to realize one or more of the embodiments discussed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0045] The following are definitions of various terms that may be used to describe one or more of the embodiments in this disclosure.

[0046] The terms “autonomous on-road vehicle” and “autonomous on-road manned vehicle” refer to cars and motorcycles designed to drive on public roadways utilizing automated driving of level 3 and above according to SAE International standard J3016 “Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems”. For example, the autonomous on-road vehicle may be a level 3 vehicle, in which within known, limited environments, drivers can safely turn their attention away from driving tasks; the autonomous on-road vehicle may be a level 4 vehicle, in which the automated system can control the vehicle in all but a few environments; and/or the autonomous on-road vehicle may be a level 5 vehicle, in which no human intervention is required and the automatic system can drive to any location where it is legal to drive. Herein, the terms “autonomous on-road vehicle” and “self-driving onroad vehicle” are equivalent terms that refer to the same. The term “autonomous on-road vehicle” does not include trains, airplanes, boats, and armored fighting vehicles.

[0047] An autonomous on-road vehicle utilizes an autonomous-driving control system to drive the vehicle. The disclosed embodiments may use any suitable known and/or to be invented autonomous-driving control systems. The following three publications describe various autonomous-driving control systems that may be utilized with the disclosed embodiments: (i) Paden, Brian, et al. "A Survey of Motion Planning and Control Techniques for Self-driving Urban Vehicles." arXiv preprint arXiv: 1604.07446 (2016); (ii) Surden, Harry, and Mary-Anne Williams. "Technological Opacity, Predictability, and Self-Driving Cars." Predictability, and Self-Driving Cars (March 14, 2016) (2016); and (iii) Gonzalez, David, et al. "A Review of Motion Planning Techniques for Automated Vehicles." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 17.4(2016): 1135-1145.

[0048] Autonomous-driving control systems usually utilize algorithms such as machine learning, pattern recognition, neural network, machine vision, artificial intelligence, and/or probabilistic logic to calculate on the fly the probability of an imminent collision, or to calculate on the fly values that are indicative of the probability of an imminent collision (from which it is possible to estimate the probability of an imminent collision). The algorithms usually receive as inputs the trajectory of the vehicle, measured locations of at least one nearby vehicle, information about the road, and/or information about environmental conditions. Calculating the probability of an imminent collision is well known in the art, also for human driven vehicles, such as the anticipatory collision system disclosed in US patent num. 8,041,483 to Breed.

[0049] In order to calculate whether a Sudden Decrease in Ride Smoothness (SDRS) event is imminent, the autonomous-driving control system may compare parameters describing the state of the vehicle at time ti with parameters describing the state of the vehicle at time Ϊ2 that is shortly after ti. If the change in one or more of the parameters reaches a threshold (such as deceleration above a certain value, change of height in the road above a certain value, and/or an angular acceleration above a certain value) then it may be determined that an SDRS event is imminent.

[0050] An “occupant” of a vehicle, as the term is used herein refers to a person that is in the vehicle when it drives. The term “occupant” refers to a typical person having a typical shape, such as a 170 cm tall human (herein “cm” refers to centimeters). An occupant may be a driver, having some responsibilities and/or control regarding the driving of the vehicle (e.g., in a vehicle that is not completely autonomous), or may be a passenger. When an embodiment refers to “the occupant of the vehicle”, it may refer to one of the occupants of the vehicle. Stating that a vehicle has an “occupant” should not be interpreted that the vehicle necessarily accommodates only one occupant at a time, unless that is explicitly stated, such as stating that the vehicle is “designed for a single occupant”.

[0051] Herein, a “seat” may be any structure designed to hold an occupant travelling in the vehicle (e.g., in a sitting and/or reclining position). A “front seat” is a seat that positions an occupant it holds no farther from the front of the vehicle than any other occupants of the vehicle are positioned. Herein, sitting in a seat also refers to sitting on a seat. Sitting in a seat is to be interpreted in this disclosure as occupying the space corresponding the seat, even if the occupant does so by assuming a posture that does not necessarily correspond to sitting. For example, in some vehicles the occupant may be reclined or lying down, and in other vehicles the occupant may be more upright, such as when leaning into the seat in a half standing half seating position similar to leaning into a Locus Seat by Focal Upright LLC.

[0052] The interchangeable terms “environment outside the vehicle” and “outside environment” refer to the environment outside the vehicle, which includes objects that are not inside the vehicle compartment, such as other vehicles, roads, pedestrians, trees, buildings, mountains, the sky, and outer space.

[0053] A sensor “mounted to the vehicle” may be connected to any relevant part of the vehicle, whether inside the vehicle, outside the vehicle, to the front, back, top, bottom, and/or to the side of the vehicle. A sensor, as used herein, may also refer to a camera.

[0054] The term “camera” refers herein to an image-capturing device that takes images of an environment. For example, the camera may be based on at least one of the following sensors: a CCD sensor, a CMOS sensor, a near infrared (NIR) sensor, an infrared sensor (IR), and a camera based on active illumination such as a LiDAR. The term “video” refers to a series of images that may be provided in a fixed rate, variable rates, a fixed resolution, and/or dynamic resolutions. The use of a singular “camera” should be interpreted herein as “one or more cameras”. Thus, when embodiments herein are described as including a camera that captures video and/or images of the outside in order to generate a representation of the outside, the representation may in fact be generated based on images and/or video taken using multiple cameras.

[0055] Various embodiments described herein involve providing an occupant of the vehicle with representation of the outside environment, generated by a computer and/or processor, based on video taken by a camera. In some embodiments, video from a single camera (e.g., which may be positioned on the exterior of the vehicle at eye level), may be sent to presentation to the occupant by the processor and/or computer following little, if any, processing. In other embodiments, video from a single camera or multiple cameras is processed in various ways, by the computer and/or processor, in order to generate the representation of the outside environment that is presented to the occupant.

[0056] Methods and systems for stitching live video streams from multiple cameras, stitching live video streams with database objects and/or other video sources, transforming a video stream or a stitched video stream from one point of view to another point of view (such as for generating a representation of the outside environment for an occupant at eye level, or for generating a compartment view for a person standing outside the compartment), tracking the position of an HMD relative to a compartment, and presenting rendered images that are perfectly aligned with the outside world - are all known in the art of computer graphics, video stitching, image registration, and real-time 360° imaging systems. The following publications are just a few examples of reviews and references that describe various ways to perform the video stitching, registration, tracking, and transformations, which may be utilized by the embodiments disclosed herein: (i) Wang, Xiaogang. "Intelligent multi-camera video surveillance: A review." Pattern recognition letters 34.1 (2013): 3-19. (ii) Szeliski, Richard. "Image alignment and stitching: A tutorial." Foundations and Trends® in Computer Graphics and Vision 2.1 (2006): 1-104. (iii)

Tanimoto, Masayuki. "FTV: Free-viewpoint television." Signal Processing: Image Communication 27.6 (2012): 555-570. (iv) Ernst, Johannes M., Hans-Ullrich Doehler, and Sven Schmerwitz. "A concept for a virtual flight deck shown on an HMD." SPIE Defense+ Security. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2016. (v) Doehler, H-U., Sven Schmerwitz, and Thomas Lueken. "Visual-conformal display format for helicopter guidance." SPIE Defense+ Security. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2014. (vi) Sanders-Reed, JohnN., Ken Bernier, and Jeff Giiell. "Enhanced and synthetic vision system (ESVS) flight demonstration." SPIE Defense and Security Symposium. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2008. And (vii) Bailey, Randall E., Kevin J. Shelton, and J. J. Arthur III. "Head-worn displays for NextGen." SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2011.

[0057] A video that provides “representation of the outside environment” refers to a video that enables the average occupant, who is familiar with the outside environment, to recognize the location of the vehicle in the outside environment from watching the video. In one example, the average occupant is a healthy 30 years old human who is familiar with the outside environment, and the threshold for recognizing a video as a “representation of the outside environment” is at least 20 correct recognitions of the outside environment out of 30 tests.

[0058] Herein, sentences such as “VST that represents a view of the outside environment from the point of view of the occupant”, or “VST representation of the outside environment, which could have been seen from the point of view of the occupant” refer to a video representing at least a portion of the outside environment, with a deviation of less than ±20 degrees from the occupant’s point of view of the outside environment, and zoom in the range of 30% to 300% (assuming the occupant’s unaided view is at 100% zoom level).

[0059] The VST may be generated based on at least one of the following resources: a video of the outside environment that is taken in real-time, a video of the outside environment that was taken in the past and is played/processed according to the trajectory of the vehicle, a database of the outside environment that is utilized for rendering the VST according to the trajectory of the vehicle, and/or a video that is rendered as function of locations of physical objects identified in the outside environment using detection and ranging systems such as RADAR and/or LIDAR.

[0060] Moreover, the term “video see-through (VST)” covers both direct representations of the outside environment, such as a video of the outside environment, and/or enriched video of the outside environment, such as captured video and/or rendered video of the outside environment presented together with one or more layers of virtual objects, as long as more than 20% of the average vehicle occupants, who are familiar with the outside environment, would be able to determine their location in the outside environment, while the vehicle travels, without using a map, and with a margin of error below 200 meters. However, it is noted that showing a map that indicates the location of the vehicle on the driving path (such as from the start to the destination) is not considered herein as equivalent to the VST, unless the map includes all of the following properties: the map shows images of the path, the images of the path capture at least 5 degrees of the occupant's FOV at eye level, and the images of the path reflect the dynamics of the vehicle and change in a similar manner to a video taken by a camera mounted to the vehicle and directed to the outside environment.

[0061] Herein, “field of view (FOV) of the occupant to the outside environment” refers to the part of the outside environment that is visible to the occupant of a vehicle at a particular position and orientation in space. In one example, in order for an occupant-tracking module to calculate the FOV to the outside environment of an occupant sitting in a vehicle compartment, the occupant-tracking module determines the position and orientation of the occupant’s head. In another example, in order for an occupant-tracking module to calculate the FOV of an occupant sitting in a vehicle compartment, the occupant-tracking module utilizes an eye tracker.

[0062] It is noted that sentences such as “a three dimensional (3D) video see-through (VST) that represents a view of the outside environment, which could have been seen from the point of view of the occupant had the FOV not been obstructed by at least a portion of the nontransparent element” cover also just one or more portions of the FOV, and are to be interpreted as “a three dimensional (3D) video see-through (VST) that represents a view of at least a portion of the outside environment, which could have been seen from the point of view of the occupant had at least some of the FOV not been obstructed by at least a portion of the nontransparent element”.

[0063] The term “display” refers herein to any device that provides a human user with visual images (e.g., text, pictures, and/or video). The images provided by the display may be two-dimensional or three-dimensional images. Some non-limiting examples of displays that may be used in embodiments described in this disclosure include: (i) screens and/or video displays of various devices (e.g., televisions, computer monitors, tablets, smartphones, or smartwatches), (ii) headset- or helmet-mounted displays such as augmented-reality systems (e.g., HoloLens), virtual-reality systems (e.g., Oculus rift, HTC Vive, or Samsung GearVR), and mixed-reality systems (e.g., Magic Leap), and (iii) image projection systems that project images on a occupant’s retina, such as: Virtual Retinal Displays (VRD) that creates images by scanning low power laser light directly onto the retina, or light-field technologies that transmit light rays directly into the eye.

[0064] Various embodiments may include a reference to elements located at eye level. The “eye level” height is determined according to an average adult occupant for whom the vehicle was designed, who sits straight and looks to the horizon. Sentences in the form of “an element located at eye level of an occupant who sits in a vehicle” refer to the element and not to the occupant. The occupant is used in such sentences in the context of “eye level”, and thus claims containing such sentences do not require the existence of the occupant in order to construct the claim.

[0065] Sentences such as “SAEDP located at eye level”, “stiff element located at eye level”, and “crumple zone located at eye level” refer to elements that are located at eye level, but may also extended to other levels, such as from sternum level to the roof level, from floor level to eye level, and/or from floor level to roof level. For example, an SAEDP located at an eye level can extend from sternum level to above the occupant’s head, such that at least a portion of the SAEDP is located at the eye level.

[0066] Herein, “normal driving” refers to typical driving conditions, which persist most of the time the vehicle is in motion. During normal driving the probability of a collision is below a threshold that when reached typically involves one or more of the following: deployment of safety devices that are not usually in place (e.g., inflating airbags), taking evasive action to avoid a collision, and warning occupants of the vehicle about an imminent event that may cause a Sudden Decrease in Ride Smoothness (SDRS).

[0067] A Shock-Absorbing Energy Dissipation Padding (SAEDP) is an element that may be used to cushion impact of a body during a collision or during SDRS events. Various types of SAEDPs may be used in embodiments described herein, such as passive materials, airbags, and pneumatic pads.

[0068] Some examples of passive materials that may be used to the SAEDP in one or more of the disclosed embodiments include one or more of the following materials: CONFOR® foam by Trelleborg Applied Technology, Styrofoam by The Dow Chemical Company, Micro-Lattice Materials and/or Metallic Microlattices (such as by HRL Laboratories in collaboration with researchers at University of California and Caltech), non-Newtonian energy Absorbing materials (such as D30® by D30 lab, and DEFLEXION™ by Dow Corning®), Sorbothane® by Sorbothane Incorporated, and padding that includes compression cells and/or shock absorbers of the Xenith LLC type (such as described in US patent num. 8,950,735 and US patent application num. 20100186150), and materials that include rubber such as a sponge rubber.

[0069] The term “stiff element”, together with any material mounted between an SAEDP and the outside environment, refers to a material having stiffness and impact resistance equal or greater than that of glazing materials for use in motor vehicles as defined in the following two standards: (i) “American National Standard for Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment Operating on Land Highways-Safety Standard” ANSI/SAE Z26.1-1996, and (ii) The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Recommended Practice J673, revised April 1993, “Automotive Safety Glasses” (SAE J673, rev. April 93). The term “stiff element” in the context of low speed vehicles, together with any material mounted between the SAEDP and the outside environment, refers to a material having stiffness and impact resistance equal or greater than that of glazing materials for use in low speed motor vehicles as defined in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 205 - Glazing Materials (FMVSS 205), from 49 CFR Ch. V (10-1-04 Edition). The stiff element may be transparent (such as automotive laminated glass, or automotive tempered glass) or nontransparent (such as fiber-reinforced polymer, carbon fiber reinforced polymer, steel, or aluminum).

[0070] Herein, a nontransparent element is defined as an element having Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) between 0% and 20%, which does not enable the occupant to recognize what lies on the other side of it. For example, a thick ground glass usually allows light to pass through it but does not let the occupant recognize the objects on the other side of it, unlike plain tint glass that usually lets the occupant recognize the objects on the other side of it, even when it features VLT below 10%. The nontransparent includes an opaque element having VLT of essentially 0% and includes a translucent element having VLT below 20%. VLT is defined as the amount of incident visible light that passes through the nontransparent element, where incident light is defined as the light that strikes the nontransparent element. VLT is also known as Luminous Transmittance of a lens, a light diffuser, or the like, and is defined herein as the ratio of the total transmitted light to the total incident light. The common clear vehicle windshield has a VLT of approximately 85%, although US Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 205 allows the VLT to be as low as 70%.

[0071] Sentence such as “video unrelated to the VST (VUR)” mean that an average occupant would not recognize the video as a representation of the outside environment. In some embodiments, the content of the VUR does not change as function of the position of the occupant’s head, which means that the point of view from which the occupant watches the VUR does not change essentially when the occupant’s head moves. Herein, stabilization effects, image focusing, dynamic resolution, color corrections, and insignificant changes to less than 10% of the frame as function of the position of the position of the occupant’s head occupant’s head - are still considered as content that does not change as function of the position of the occupant’s head. Examples of such content (common in the year 2016) include cinema movies, broadcast TV shows, standard web browsers, and Microsoft Office 2016 applications (such as Word, Excel and

PowerPoint).

[0072] Herein, a “crumple zone” refers to a structure designed to slow down inertia and absorb energy from impact during a traffic collision by controlled deformation. The controlled deformation absorbs some of the impact within the outer parts of the vehicle, rather than being directly transferred to the occupants, while also preventing intrusion into and/or deformation of the compartment. Crumple zone may be achieved by various configurations, such as one or more of the following exemplary configurations: (i) by controlled weakening of sacrificial outer parts of the vehicle, while strengthening and increasing the stiffness of the inner parts of the vehicle, such as by using more reinforcing beams and/or higher strength steels for the compartment; (ii) by mounting composite fiber honeycomb or carbon fiber honeycomb outside the compartment; (iii) by mounting an energy absorbing foam outside the compartment; and/or (iv) by mounting an impact attenuator that dissipates impact.

[0073] In one embodiment, a system configured to combine video see-through (VST) with video-unrelated-to-the-VST (VUR) includes at least the following components: a head-mounted display (HMD), such as HMD 15, a camera (e.g., camera 12), an HMD tracking module 27, and a computer 13. FIG. 1 provides a schematic illustration of at least some of the relationships between the components mentioned above.

[0074] The HMD 15 is configured to be worn by an occupant of a compartment of a moving vehicle and to present an HMD-video 16 to the occupant. In one embodiment, the HMD 15 is an augmented-reality (AR) HMD. In another embodiment, the HMD 15 is a virtual reality (VR) HMD. Optionally, in this embodiment, the system further comprises a video camera mounted to the VR HMD, and the VST video comprises video of the compartment received from the video camera mounted to the VR HMD. In yet another embodiment, the HMD 15 is a mixed reality HMD. The term “Mixed Reality” (MR) are used herein involves a system that is able to combine real world data with virtual data. Mixed Reality encompasses Augmented Reality and encompasses Virtual Reality that does not immerse its user 100% of the time in the virtual world. Examples of mixed reality HMDs include, but are not limited to, Microsoft HoloLens HMD and MagicLeap HMD.

[0075] The camera 12, which is mounted to the vehicle, is configured to take video of the outside environment (Vout) Optionally, the data captured by the camera comprises 3D data. For example, the camera may be based on at least one of the following sensors: a CCD sensor, a CMOS sensor, a near infrared (NIR) sensor, an infrared sensor (IR), and a camera based on active illumination such as a LiDAR.

[0076] The HMD tracking module 27 is configured to calculate position of the HMD 15 relative to the compartment, based on measurements of a sensor. In different embodiments, the HMD tracking module 27 may have different configurations.

[0077] In one embodiment, the sensor comprises first and second Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). In this embodiment, the first IMU is physically coupled to the HMD 15 and is configured to measure a position of the HMD 15, and the second IMU is physically coupled to the compartment and is configured to measure a position of the compartment. The HMD tracking module 27 is configured to calculate the position of the HMD 15 in relation to the compartment based on the measurements of the first and second IMUs.

[0078] In another embodiment, the sensor comprises an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and a location measurement system. In this embodiment, the IMU is physically coupled to the HMD 15 and is configured to measure an orientation of the HMD 15. The location measurement system is physically coupled to the compartment and is configured to measure a location of the HMD in relation to the compartment. The HMD tracking module 27 is configured to calculate the position of the HMD 15 in relation to the compartment based on the measurements of the IMU and the location measurement system. Optionally, the location measurement system measures the location of the HMD 15 in relation to the compartment based on at least one of the following inputs: a video received from a camera that captures the HMD 15, a video received from a stereo vision system, measurements of magnetic fields inside the compartment, wireless triangulation measurements, acoustic positioning measurements, and measurements of an indoor positioning systems.

[0079] FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment in which the HMD tracking module 27 is physically coupled to the compartment and is configured to measure the position of the HMD relative to the compartment. The HMD tracking module 27 may utilize a passive camera system, an active camera system that captures reflections of a transmitted grid, and/or a real-time locating systems based on microwaves and/or radio waves.

[0080] The computer 13 is configured to receive a location of a video see-through window (VSTW) in relation to the compartment, and to calculate, based on the position of the HMD relative to the compartment, a window-location for the VSTW on the HMD-video. The computer 13 is also configured to generate, based on the window-location and the Vout, the VST that represents a view of the outside environment from the point of view of the occupant. Optionally, the VST is rendered as a 3D video content. Additionally, the computer 13 is further configured to generate the HMD-video 16 based on combining the VTJR with the VST in the window-location. The computer 13 may use various know in the art computer graphics functions and/or libraries to generate the VST, transform the VST to the occupant’s point of view, render the 3D video content, and/or combine the VUR with the VST.

[0081] In one embodiment, the content of the VUR does not change when the occupant moves the head, and the content of the VUR is unrelated to the video taken by the camera. Additionally, the content of the VUR is generated based on data that is more than 2 seconds before the HMD-video 16 is displayed to the occupant. Some examples of the VUR include a video stream of at least one of the following types of content: a recorded television show, a computer game, an e-mail, and a virtual computer desktop.

[0082] FIG. 3 illustrates one embodiment in which the occupant 14 wears an HMD 15. The HMD 15 provides video to the occupant 14 through the display of the HMD 15. The vehicle includes a camera 12 that takes video of the outside environment 11a and processes it in a manner suitable for the location of the occupant. The output in the HMD 15 provides video to the occupant’s display in the HMD 15 as a VSTW and the position of the VSTW is calculated in relation to the compartment of the vehicle and moves with the compartment. While the vehicle is in motion, the VSTW change its content to represent the outside environment 1 la of the vehicle. Whereas the video-unrelated-to-the-VST doesn’t change when the occupant moves his head. The computer is configured to receive a location of a VSTW in relation to the compartment, and to calculate, based on the position of the occupant’s head, a window-location for the VSTW on the video.

[0083] FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment in which the occupant 44 wears HMD 45 and views large VUR 40 and smaller VST 41a. The VUR 40 does not change when the occupant’s head 44 moves. The VSTW presents video of the street based on video taken by the camera that is mounted to the vehicle. The location of the video-see-through window in relation to the compartment does not change when the occupant 44 moves his/her head in order to imitate a physical window that does not change its position relative to the compartment when the occupant’s head moves.

[0084] FIG. 5a illustrates how, in one embodiment, the VST moves to the upper left when the occupant 44 looks to the bottom right. FIG. 5b illustrates how the VST moves to the bottom right when the occupant 44 looks to the upper left, while the VUR moves with the head. In both cases, the VUR moves with the head while the location of the VST changes according to the movement of the head relative to the compartment as measured by the HMD tracking module 27.

[0085] In some embodiments, the content of the VUR may be augmented-reality content, mixed-reality content, and/or virtual-reality content rendered to correspond to the occupant’s viewing direction. In this embodiment, the VUR is unrelated to the video taken by the camera. In one example, the VUR may include a video description of a virtual world in which the occupant may be playing in a game (e.g., represented by an avatar). Optionally, in this example, most of the features of the virtual world are different from the view of the outside of the vehicle (as seen from the occupant’s viewing direction). For example, the occupant may be driving in a city, while the virtual world displays woods, a meadow, or outer space. In another example, the VUR may include augmented reality content overlaid above a view of the inside of the compartment.

[0086] In addition to the components described above, in some embodiments, the system may include a second camera that is mounted to the HMD and is configured to take video of the compartment (Vcomp)· In this embodiment, the computer is further configured to generate a compartment-video (CV), based on Vcomp and a location of a compartment-video window (CVW) in relation to the HMD-video (e.g., HMD-video 16), and to generate the HMD-video also based on the CV in the CVW, such that the HMD-video combines the VUR with the VST in the window-location with the CV in the CVW. There are various ways in which the CVW may be incorporated into the HMD-video. Some examples of these approaches are illustrated in the following figures.

[0087] FIG. 6 illustrates HMD-video that includes both a non-transparent VST 55 in the window-location and a CV 56 that shows the hands of the occupant and the interior of the compartment in the CVW. FIG. 7 illustrates HMD-video that includes both a partially transparent VST 57 in the window-location and the CV 56 that shows the hands of the occupant and the interior of the compartment in the CVW. FIG. 8 illustrates HMD-video that includes a VST 58 and partially transparent CV 59. The figure illustrates that the occupant sees the outside environment in full field-of-view (FOV), while on top of it there is a partially transparent image (illustrated as dotted image) of the compartment and the hands of the occupant, in order to help the occupant not to hit things in the compartment.

[0088] FIG. 9a illustrates HMD-video that includes a VUR 70 in full FOV, a first window comprising the CV 71 in the CVW and a second smaller window comprising the VST 72in the window-location.

[0089] FIG. 9b illustrates HMD-video that includes VUR 70 in full FOV, a first window comprising the CV 71 in the CVW and a second partially transparent smaller window comprising the VST 73 in the window-location.

[0090] FIG. 10a illustrates HMD-video that includes VUR 70 in full FOV, a first window comprising VST 75 in the window-location and a second smaller window comprising zoom out of the CV 76 in the CVW. Optionally, the cabin view in the zoom out is smaller than reality, and may enable the occupant to orient in the cabin. Optionally, the occupant may move the CVW, as illustrated in FIG. 10a where the zoom out of the CV in the CVW is somewhat above its location in reality.

[0091] FIG. 10b illustrates HMD-video that includes VUR 70 and a partially transparent CV 72. Here a first occupant sees the VUR in full field-of-view (FOV), and on top of it there is a partially transparent image of the compartment and a second occupant that sits to the left of the first occupant, which may help the first occupant not to hit the second occupant.

[0092] There may be various ways in which the system determines the location and/or size of the VSTW. In one embodiment, the VSTW is pinned to at least one of the following locations: a specific physical location and a location of an object in the compartment, such that the location of the VSTW in relation to the compartment does not change when the occupant moves his/her head with the HMD 15 as part of watching the HMD-video 16 and without commanding the VSTW to move in relation to the compartment.

[0093] In another embodiment, the system includes a user interface configured to receive a command from the occupant to move and/or resize the VSTW in relation to the compartment. In one example, the command is issued through a voice command (e.g., saying “move VST to the bottom”). In another example, the command may be issued by making a gesture, which is detected by a gesture control module in the compartment and/or on a device of the occupant (e.g., as part of the HMD). Optionally, in this embodiment, the computer is further configured to: update the window-location based on the command from the occupant, and generate an updated VST based on the updated window-location and the video taken by the camera. In this embodiment, the VST and the updated VST present different VSTW locations and/or dimensions in relation to the compartment. Optionally, the HMD is configured not to present any part of the VST to the occupant when the window-location is not in the field of view presented to the occupant through the HMD.

[0094] In yet another embodiment, the system may further include a video analyzer configured to identify an Object Of Interest (OOI) in the outside environment. For example, the OOI of interest may be a certain landmark (e.g., a building), a certain object (e.g., a store or a certain model of automobile), or a person. In this embodiment, the computer is further configured to receive, from the video analyzer, an indication of the position of the OOI, and to track the OOI by adjusting the window-location according to the movements of the vehicle, such that the OOI is visible via the VST. Optionally, the HMD is configured not to present any part of the VST to the occupant when the window-location is not in the field of view presented to the occupant through the HMD.

[0095] The VST that represents the view of the outside environment from the point of view of the occupant, in some embodiments, does not necessarily match the video taken by the cameras.

In one embodiment, the VST may utilize image enhancement techniques to compensate for outside lighting conditions, to give an occupant an experience similar to looking out through a conventional vehicle window but without the view being distorted by raindrops or dirt on the window, to improve the visual impression of the outside environment e.g. by showing background images which are different from those retrievable from the outside environment. Additionally or alternatively, the VST may mimic the outside environment, alter the outside environment, and/or be completely different from what can be seen on the outside environment. The VST may be focus on providing visual information that makes the travelling more fun. The vehicle may provide different styles of the outside environment to different occupants in the vehicle, such that a first VST provided to a first occupant may mimics the outside environment, while a second VST provided to a second occupant may alter the outside environment and/or be completely different from the outside environment optionally for comfort enhancement and/or entertainment.

[0096] In some embodiments, the VST is informative, and aids at least some of the occupants to determine the location of the vehicle in the environment. In one embodiment, at least some of those occupants could not determine their location without the VST. In one example, less than 20% of average vehicle occupants, who are familiar with the outside environment, are able to determine their real location in the outside environment by watching the VUR, without using a map, with a margin of error that is less than 100 meters, and while the vehicle travels; while more than 20% of the average vehicle occupants, who are familiar with the outside environment, are able to determine their real location in the outside environment by watching the VST, without using a map, and with a margin of error that is less than 100 meters, and while the vehicle travels.

[0097] FIG. 11a illustrates a FOV in the context of presented video and terminology used herein. The vehicle occupant 200 wears an HMD 201 that presents HMD-video (such as HMD-video 16). The HMD-video may be presented at a single focal plane, or at multiple focal planes, depending on the characteristics of the HMD 201 (when the occupant focuses on a certain focal plane, then his/her point of gaze is said to be on the certain focal plane). In addition, the presented objects may be two-dimensional (2D) virtual objects and/or three-dimensional (3D) virtual objects that may also be referred to as holographic objects. Element 204 represents the location of a nontransparent element fixed to the vehicle compartment. In one example, the HMD 201 is a holographic HMD, such as Microsoft HoloLens, which can present content displayed on a series of focal planes that are separated by some distance. The virtual objects may be presented before the nontransparent element (e.g., polygons 202, 203), essentially on the nontransparent element 204, and/or beyond the nontransparent element (e.g., polygons 205, 206). As a result, the occupant’s gaze distance may be shorter than the distance to the nontransparent element (e.g., distance to polygons 202, 203), essentially equal to the distance to the nontransparent element 204, and/or longer than the distance to the nontransparent element (e.g., distance to polygons 205, 206). Polygon 207 represents a portion of the presented video at eye level of the vehicle occupant, which in one example is within ±7 degrees from the horizontal line of sight. Although the figure illustrates overlapping FOVs of polygons 202, 203, 204, and 205, the HMD may show different objects, capturing different FOVs, at different focal planes. It is noted that the embodiments using a multi focal plane HMD are not limited to displaying content on a plane. For example, the HMD may project an image throughout a portion of, or all of, a display volume. Further, a single object such as a vehicle could occupy multiple volumes of space.

[0098] According to the terminology used herein, the nontransparent element 204 is said to be located on FOV overlapping the FOV of polygons 205 and 203 because polygons 203, 204, 205 share the same FOV. FOV of polygon 206 is contained in the FOV of polygon 204, and FOV of polygon 207 intersects the FOV of polygon 204. FOV of polygon 203 is before the nontransparent element 204 and therefore may hide the nontransparent element 204 partially or entirely, especially when utilizing a multi-focal plane HMD.

[0099] FIG. lib illustrates a FOV in the context of the presented video, where the vehicle occupant 210 does not wear an HMD that presents the video, such as when watching an auto stereoscopic display. The auto stereoscopic display is physically located on plane 214 and the presented video may be presented at a single focal plane, or at multiple focal planes, depending on the characteristics of the autostereoscopic display. In one example, the auto stereoscopic display is a holographic display, such as SeeReal Technologies holographic display, where the presented video may present virtual objects before the focal plane autostereoscopic display (e.g., planes 212, 213), essentially on the focal plane of the autostereoscopic display 214, and/or beyond the focal plane of the autostereoscopic display (e.g., planes 215, 216). As a result, the occupant’s gaze distance may be shorter than the distance to the autostereoscopic display (e.g., planes plans 212, 213), essentially equal to the distance to the autostereoscopic display 214, and/or longer than the distance to the autostereoscopic display (e.g., planes 215, 216). The term “autostereoscopic” includes technologies such as automultiscopic, glasses-free 3D, glassesless 3D, parallax barrier, integral photography, lenticular arrays, Compressive Light Field Displays, holographic display based on eye tracking, color filter pattern autostereoscopic display, volumetric display that reconstructed light field, integral imaging that uses a fly's-eye lens array, and/or High-Rank 3D (HR3D).

[0100] FIG. 11c illustrates FOV of a 3D camera that is able to capture sharp images from different focal lengths.

[0101] In some embodiments, the vehicle and/or the HMD utilize at least one Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and the system utilizes an Inertial Navigation System (INS) to compensate imperfections in the IMU measurements. An INS typically has one or more secondary navigation sensors that provide direct measurements of the linear velocity, position and/or orientation of the vehicle. These secondary navigation sensors could be anything from stereo vision systems, to GPS receivers, to digital magnetic compasses (DMCs) or any other type of sensor that could be used to measure linear velocity, position and/or orientation. In one example, the information from these secondary navigation sensors is incorporated into the INS using an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The EKF produces correction that are used to adjust the initial estimations of linear velocity, position and orientation that are calculated from the imperfect IMU measurements. Adding secondary navigation sensors into an INS can increase its ability to produce accurate estimations of the linear velocity, position and orientation of the vehicle over long periods of time.

[0102] In one embodiment, the system utilizes domain specific assumptions in order to reduce drift of an INS used to calculate the HMD spatial position in relation to the compartment. More specifically, the following methods may be used to reduce or correct drift. Such methods generally fall the categories of using sensor fusion and/or domain specific assumptions.

[0103] (i) Sensor fusion refers to processes in which signals from two or more types of sensors are used to update and/or maintain the state of a system. In the case of INS, the state generally includes the orientation, velocity and displacement of the device measured in a global frame of reference. A sensor fusion algorithm may maintain this state using IMU accelerometer and gyroscope signals together with signals from additional sensors or sensor systems. There are many techniques to perform sensor fusion, such as Kalman filter and particle filter.

[0104] One example of periodically correcting drift is to use position data from a triangulation positioning system relative to the compartment. Such systems try to combine the drift free nature of positions obtained from the triangulation positioning system with the high sampling frequency of the accelerometers and gyroscopes of the TMU. Roughly speaking, the accelerometer and gyroscope signals are used to ‘fill in the gaps’ between successive updates from the triangulation positioning system.

[0105] Another example of reducing the drift is using a vector magnetometer that measures magnetic field strength in a given direction. The IMU may contain three orthogonal magnetometers in addition to the orthogonal gyroscopes and accelerometers. The magnetometers measure the strength and direction of the local magnetic field, allowing the north direction to be found.

[0106] (ii) In some embodiments, it is possible to make domain specific assumptions about the movements of the occupant and/or the vehicle. Such assumptions can be used to minimize drift. One example in which domain specific assumptions may be exploited is the assumption that when the vehicle accelerates or decelerates significantly, the HMD accelerates or decelerates essentially the same as the vehicle, allowing HMD drift in velocity to be periodically corrected based on a more accurate velocity received from the autonomous-driving control system of the vehicle. Another example in which domain specific assumptions may be exploited is the assumption that when the vehicle accelerates or decelerates significantly, the HMDs of two occupants travelling in the same vehicle accelerate or decelerate essentially the same, allowing HMD drifts to be periodically corrected based on comparing the readings of the two HMDs. Still another example in which domain specific assumptions are exploited is the assumption that the possible movement of an HMD of a belted occupant is most of the time limited to a portion of the compartment, allowing HMD drifts to be periodically corrected based on identifying when the HMD exceeds beyond that portion of the compartment.

[0107] In one example, it may be desirable to adjust the position of displaying a virtual object in response to relative motion between the vehicle and the HMD so that the virtual object would appear stationary in location. However, the HMD IMU may indicate that the HMD is moving even when the detected motion is a motion of the vehicle carrying the HMD. In order to distinguish between motion of the HMD caused by the vehicle and motion of the HMD relative to the vehicle, non-HMD sensor data may be obtained by the HMD from sensor such as an IMU located in the vehicle and/or the GPS system of the vehicle, and the motion of the vehicle may be subtracted from the motion of the HMD in order to obtain a representation of the motion of the HMD relative to the vehicle. By differentiating movements of the HMD caused by the occupant motion compared to movements caused by the vehicle motion, the rendering of the virtual object may be adjusted for the relative motion between the HMD and the vehicle.

[0108] Using the nontransparent element, instead of a transparent glass window that provides the same FOV to the outside environment, may provide various benefits, such as: (i) reduced manufacturing cost of the vehicle compared to a similar vehicle having instead of the nontransparent element a transparent glass window that provides the same FOV to the outside environment as provided by the 3D display device, (ii) reduced weight of the vehicle compared to a similar vehicle having instead of the nontransparent element a transparent glass window that provides the same FOV to the outside environment as provided by the 3D display device, and provides the same safety level, (iii) better aerodynamic shape and lower drag for the vehicle, which results in an improved energy consumption, and (iv) improved privacy for the occupant as a result of not enabling an unauthorized person standing nearby the vehicle to see the occupant directly.

[0109] The term “real-depth VST window (VSTW)” is defined herein as an imaging display that shows a 3D image of an outside environment located beyond a wall that interrupts the occupant’s unaided view of the outside environment. The real-depth VSTW has the following characteristics: (i) the 3D image corresponds to a FOV to the outside environment beyond the wall, as would have essentially been seen by the occupant had the wall been removed; (ii) the outside environment is captured by a camera, and the rendering of the 3D image is based on images taken by the camera; and (iii) while looking via the imaging display, the occupant’s point of gaze (where one is looking) is most of the time beyond the wall that interrupts the occupant’s unaided view of the outside environment.

[0110] A possible test to determine whether “(i) the 3D image corresponds to a FOV to the outside environment beyond the wall, as would have essentially been seen by the occupant had the wall been removed” is whether an imaginary user standing beyond the wall, watching both the real-depth VSTW and the outside environment, would recognize that at least 20% of the contours of objects in the 3D image correspond to the contours of the objects seen on the outside environment. Differences between the colors of the corresponding objects in the 3D image and the outside environment usually do not affect the criterion of the 20% corresponding contours, as long as the color difference does not affect the perception of the type of object. For example, different skin colors to corresponding people in the 3D image and the outside environment do not violate the criterion of the 20% corresponding contours. As another example, differences in the weight and/or height of corresponding objects in the 3D image and the outside environment do not violate the criterion of the 20% corresponding contours as long as the imaginary user understands that the objects correspond to the same person.

[0111] Sentences such as “from the FOV of the occupant” are to be interpreted as no more than 20 degrees angular deviation from the field of view of the occupant to the outside environment. Zoom in/out does not affect the FOV as long as the average occupant would still recognize the rendered environment as the 3D VST. For example, zoom in of up to x4, which maintains no more than 20 degrees angular deviation from the FOV of the occupant to the outside environment, is still considered “from the FOV of the occupant”. Reasonable lateral deviation essentially does not affect the FOV as long as the average occupant would still recognize the rendered environment as the 3D VST. For example, displaying to the occupant the outside environment from the FOV of a camera located on the roof of the occupant’s vehicle, is still considered as showing the outside environment from the occupant’s FOV.

[0112] A possible test to determine whether “(ii) the outside environment is measured by a camera, and the images taken by the camera are used to render the 3D image” is whether the real-depth VSTW would display a different 3D VST when it does not receive the images taken by the camera. For example, assuming the camera is a 3D video camera, and the 3D image is a manipulation of the images taken by the 3D video camera; then, when the real-depth VSTW does not receive the images, it cannot show the changes that are taking place in the outside environment. As another example, assuming the 3D image is mainly rendered from cached data stored in a database, and the camera is used to provide the setup of objects that behave in an unknown way, such as trajectories of nearby vehicles on the road, or a gesture of a person walking beyond the wall; then, when the output of the camera is used to render the 3D image, the real-depth VSTW would represent the unknown trajectory of the nearby vehicles or the unknown gesture of the person, while when the output of the camera is not used to render the 3D image, the real-depth VSTW would not represent the unknown trajectory of the nearby vehicles or the unknown gesture of the person merely because the Tenderer does not have that data.

[0113] A possible test to determine whether “(iii) the occupant’s point of gaze (where one is looking) is most of the time beyond the wall that interrupts the occupant’s unaided view of the outside environment” includes the following steps: (a) use eye tracker to determine the point of gaze on a representative scenario, (b) measure the distance to the wall, and (c) determine whether the average gaze distance is longer than the distance to the wall.

[0114] In one embodiment, a system configured to enable a head-mounted display (HMD) to cooperate with a window light shading module of an autonomous on-road vehicle includes at least the following elements: the HMD 62, a light shading module 61, a camera (such as camera 12), and a processor 18. FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration of at least some of the relationships between the system elements mentioned above.

[0115] The light shading module 61 is integrated with a vehicle window and is configured to be in at least first and second states. Optionally, the light shading module 61 covers more than half of the front windshield in the second state. In one embodiment, in the first state, the Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) of the vehicle window is above 10% of ambient light entering through the window, and in the second state, the VLT of the vehicle window is below 50% of ambient light entering through the window. Additionally, the VLT of the vehicle window in the first state is higher than the VLT of the vehicle window in the second state. In another embodiment, in the first state the VLT of the vehicle window is above 70% of ambient light entering through the window, and in the second state, the VLT of the vehicle window is below 30% of ambient light entering through the window.

[0116] Herein, “ambient light” in the context of a vehicle refers to visible light that is not controlled by the vehicle, such as light arriving from: the sun, lights of other vehicles, street/road lighting, and various reflections from elements such as windows.

[0117] In some embodiments, utilizing the light shading module 61 may improve the quality of images viewed via the HMD 62 when the light shading module 61 is in the second state. Optionally, the perceived contrast of the optical see-through component is better when the light shading module is in the second state compared to when the light shading module 61 is in the first state.

[0118] Various types of light shading modules may be utilized in embodiments described herein. In one embodiment, the light shading module 61 is a movable physical element configured to reduce the intensity of the ambient light entering into the vehicle compartment through the vehicle window. Optionally, the light shading module is unfurled from the inside of the compartment in order to block at least 50% of the ambient light intensity. Optionally, the light shading module is unfurled from the outside of the compartment in order to block at least 50% of the ambient light intensity. FIG. 13a illustrates a first mode where the occupant sees the outside environment through the optical see-through component. This figure illustrates the view that the occupant sees when looking outside through the window. FIG. 13b illustrates a second mode where the occupant sees the outside environment through the VST. In this example, the outside environment is a bit different, and there is also a virtual Superman floating near the tree.

[0119] In another embodiment, the light shading module 61 may be a curtain. FIG. 14 illustrates a VST over a curtain. FIG. 15 illustrates a light shading module that is unfurled from the inside of the compartment. FIG. 16 illustrates a light shading module that is unfurled from the outside of the compartment.

[0120] And in yet another embodiment, the vehicle window is made of a material that is able to serve as the light shading module 61 by changing its transparency properties.

[0121] The camera is fixed to the vehicle, and configured to take video of the outside environment. For example, the camera may be based on at least one of the following sensors: a CCD sensor, a CMOS sensor, a near infrared (NIR) sensor, an infrared sensor (IR), and a camera based on active illumination such as a LiDAR.

[0122] The processor is configured to generate, based on the video, a video see-through (VST 19) that represents the outside environment from a point of view of an occupant looking to the outside environment through at least a portion of the vehicle window. Optionally, the processor is further configured not to generate the VST 19 when the HMD 62 operates in the first mode.

[0123] The HMD 62 comprises an optical see-through component and a display component. Optionally, the HMD 62 is configured to operate according to a first mode of operation when the occupant looks at the direction of the vehicle window and the light shading module 61 is in the first state, and to operate according to a second mode of operation when the occupant looks at the direction of the vehicle window and the light shading module 61 is in the second state. The total intensity of the VST light, emitted by the display component and reaching the occupant’s eyes, is higher in the second mode than in the first mode.

[0124] In one embodiment, in the first mode, intensity of light that reaches the occupant’s eyes via the optical see-through component is higher than intensity of light from the VST that is emitted by the display component and reaches the occupant’s eyes. And in the second mode, the intensity of light from the environment that reaches the occupant’s eyes via the optical see-through component is lower than the intensity of light from the VST that is emitted by the display component and reaches the occupant’s eyes. In one example, the total intensity of VST light, emitted by the display component and reaching the occupant’s eyes, is at least 50% higher in the second mode than in the first mode. In some embodiments, the display component may be based on a digital display that produces the virtual image (such as in Oculus rift), direct retina illumination (such as in Magic Leap), or other methods that are capable of producing the virtual image.

[0125] In one embodiment, the system described above optionally includes an occupant tracking module configured to calculate the point of view of the occupant based on measurements of a sensor. Optionally, the occupant tracking module is the HMD tracking module 27. Optionally, in this embodiment, the processor is further configured to render the VST based on data received from the occupant tracking module. Optionally, the display is a three dimensional (3D) display configured to show the occupant the VST, such that point of gaze of the occupant, while looking via the 3D display device, is most of the time beyond the location of the light shading module 61.

[0126] While traveling in a vehicle, an occupant of the vehicle may not always be aware of the environment outside and/or of what actions the vehicle is about to take (e g., breaking, turning, or hitting a speedbump). Thus, if such an event occurs without the occupant being aware that it is about to happen, this may cause the occupant to be surprised, disturbed, distressed, and even physically thrown off balance (in a case where the event involves a significant change in the balance of the physical forces on the occupant). This type of event is typically referred to herein as a Sudden Decrease in Ride Smoothness (SDRS) event. Some examples of SDRS events include at least one of the following events: hitting a speed bump, driving over a pothole, climbing on the curb, making a sharp turn, a hard breaking, an unusual acceleration (e.g., 0-100 km/h in less than 6 seconds), and starting to drive after a full stop.

[0127] In some embodiment, an SDRS event takes place at least 2 minutes after starting to travel and it is not directly related to the act of the starting to travel. Additionally, the SDRS event takes place at least 2 minutes before arriving to the destination and is not directly related to the act of arriving at the destination. In one example, a sentence such as “an SDRS event is imminent” refers to an SDRS event that is: (i) related to traveling in the vehicle, and (ii) expected to happen in less than 30 seconds, less than 20 seconds, less than 10 seconds, or less than 5 seconds. In another example, a sentence such as “an SDRS event is imminent” may refer to an event that starts at that instant, or is about to start within less than one second.

[0128] The following is a description of an embodiment of a video system that may be used to increase awareness of an occupant of a vehicle regarding an imminent SDRS. In one embodiment, a video system for an autonomous on-road vehicle includes at least autonomous-driving control system 65, a camera (such as camera 12), a processor (such as processor 18), and video module 66. FIG. 17 is a schematic illustration of at least some of the relationships between the system elements mentioned above.

[0129] The autonomous-driving control system 65 is configured to generate, based on trajectory of the vehicle and information about the road, an indication indicative of whether a Sudden Decrease in Ride Smoothness (SDRS) event is imminent. Optionally, the autonomous-driving control system 65 receives at least some of the information about the road from at least one of the following sources: sensors mounted to the vehicle, sensors mounted to nearby vehicles, an autonomous-driving control system 65 used to drive a nearby vehicle, and a database comprising descriptions of obstacles in the road that are expected to cause intense movement of the vehicle. In one example, the database comprising the descriptions of the obstacles includes one or more of the following types of data: locations of speed bumps, locations of potholes, locations of stop signs, and locations of sharp turns in the road.

[0130] In one embodiment, the autonomous-driving control system 65 is configured to generate the indication indicative of whether an SDRS event is imminent based on at least one of the following configurations: (i) the autonomous-driving control system 65 receives from a camera images of the road, and calculates the indication based on the vehicle trajectory and image analysis of the images, (ii) the autonomous-driving control system 65 receives from a radar reflections of electromagnetic waves from the road, and calculates the indication based on the vehicle trajectory and signal processing of the reflections, and (iii) the autonomous-driving control system 65 receives a notification from a detailed road map, and calculates the indication based on the vehicle trajectory and the notification.

[0131] The camera, which is mounted to the vehicle, is configured to take video of the environment outside the vehicle. Optionally, the data captured by the camera comprises 3D data. The processor is configured to generate a video see-through (VST) based on the video taken by the camera.

[0132] The video module 66 is configured to select a first mode of presentation, in which video-unrelated-to-the-VST (VUR) is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant, at eye level, responsive to the indication not indicating that an SDRS event is imminent. The video module 66 is further configured to select a second mode of presentation, in which the VST is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant, at eye level, responsive to the indication indicating that an SDRS event is imminent. Optionally, the VST captures more than 50% of the foveal vision region of the occupant in the second mode of presentation. In some embodiments, presenting video on the foveal vision region comprises presenting images with at least 50% transparency. Herein, “foveal vision” refers to an angle of about 5° of the sharpest field of vision.

[0133] In one embodiment, in the first mode of presentation, the VUR is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant with opacity A, and the VST is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant with opacity B, where A>B>0. Optionally, a normalized opacity parameter takes a value from 0.0 to 1.0, and the lower the value the more transparent the video is. In this embodiment, in the second mode of presentation, the VUR is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant with opacity A’, and the VST is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant with opacity B’, where B’>B and B’>A’. In optional embodiments, one or more of the following values may be true: A’>0, B=0, and A’=0. Herein, “partially transparent” refers to opacity below one and above zero.

[0134] Having the VST presented when an SDRS event is imminent can make the occupant be aware and prepared for the SDRS event. Thus, the occupant is less likely to be startled, distressed, and/or physically thrown off balance by the SDRS event. In one example, the SDRS event involves hitting a speedbump, while the occupant views a movie. About 5 seconds prior to hitting the speedbump, a partially transparent window displaying VST in which the speedbump is highlighted (e.g., flashing red) is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant for a couple seconds (e.g., by being presented in the center of the movie). This way upon hitting the speedbump, the occupant is not startled by the event. In another example, the autonomous-driving control system 65 determines that a “hard breaking” is required, e.g., in order to avoid collision with a vehicle ahead that slowed unexpectedly. In this example, the occupant may be working on a virtual desktop, and within 100 milliseconds of when the determination is made that the vehicle is about to rapidly deaccelerate (a “hard breaking”), the VST depicting the rear of the vehicle ahead is displayed in the center of the virtual desktop. This way the occupant is immediately made aware of why the vehicle is breaking and this notification may prompt the occupant to seek a more appropriate posture for the breaking.

[0135] Some illustrations of utilization of the different modes of operation are given in the following figures. FIG. 18a illustrates presenting VUR responsive to not receiving from the autonomous-driving control system 65 an indication that an SDRS event is imminent. This figure has two parts, the left part shows the vehicle driving over a clean road, and the right part shows the VUR. FIG. 18b illustrates presenting VST responsive to receiving from the autonomous-driving control system 65 an indication that an SDRS event is imminent. The figure has two parts, the left part shows the vehicle about to drive over a pothole, and the right part shows a small window showing the pothole over the VUR (optionally to warn the occupant). FIG. 18c illustrates presenting VST responsive to receiving from the autonomous-driving control system 65 an indication that an SDRS event is imminent. The figure has two parts, the left part shows the vehicle about to enter a sharp turn, and on the right part shows a small window showing the sharp turn over the VUR (optionally to warn the occupant).

[0136] Traditional vehicles typically have a front windshield that offers occupants of the vehicle a frontal view of the outside environment. However, in some embodiments, this frontal view may be provided using the VST. For example, in one embodiment, the vehicle includes a nontransparent element, which is coupled to the vehicle, and obstructs at least 30 degrees out of the frontal horizontal unaided FOV to the outside environment of an occupant at eye level. In one example of a standard vehicle, such as Toyota Camry model 2015, the frontal horizontal unaided FOV extends from the left door through the windshield to the right door.

[0137] The use of the nontransparent element improves the safety of the occupant during a collision compared to a similar vehicle having the same total weight and comprising a transparent glass window instead of the nontransparent element. The nontransparent element may be coupled to the vehicle in various configurations, in embodiments described herein. In one embodiment, the nontransparent element is fixed to the vehicle at an angle, relative to the occupant, that is covered by the field of view of the VST, and the nontransparent element features visible light transmittance (VLT) below 10% of ambient light.

[0138] Various types of displays may be utilized to present the occupant with video (e.g., the VST and/or the VUR). In one embodiment, the video is presented to the occupant on a screen coupled to the vehicle compartment. In one example, the screen coupled to the vehicle compartment utilizes parallax barrier technology. A parallax barrier is a device located in front of an image source, such as a liquid crystal display, to allow it to show a stereoscopic image or multiscopic image without the need for the viewer to wear 3D glasses. The parallax barrier includes a layer of material with a series of precision slits, allowing each eye to see a different set of pixels, thus creating a sense of depth through parallax. In another embodiment, the occupant wears a head-mounted display (HMD), and the HMD is used to present the video to the occupant. Optionally, the HMD is a VR headset, and as a result of presenting the VST, the occupant does not need to remove the VR headset in order to see the cause of the SDRS event.

[0139] In some embodiments, the video module 66 may be selective regarding indications of which SRDS events may prompt it to operate in the second mode of operation. For example, if the occupant is engaged in a game, the video module 66 may refrain from presenting the VST in the foveal vision region if the vehicle is about to make a sharp turn. However, it may optionally still present the VST in the foveal vision region if the SDRS event involves something that may be more forcefully felt by the occupant, such as extreme evasive maneuvering performed to avoid a collision.

[0140] In some embodiments, the video module 66 may determine whether to show a VST responsive to an SRDS event (in the second mode of operation) based on the level of concentration of the occupant. For example, if the occupant is deeply engaged in a certain activity (e.g., in work or playing a game) above a threshold, the video module 66 may refrain from operating in the second mode for certain SDRS events that would cause the video module 66 to operate in the second mode were the occupant engaged in the certain activity below the threshold. In one example, the engagement level may be based on the occupant’s level of concentration, as measured by a wearable sensor (such as an EEG headset or a smartwatch) or a sensor fixed to the compartment (such as an eye tracker, a thermal camera, or a movement sensor embedded in the seat).

[0141] The following is a description of an embodiment of a video system that may be used to increase awareness of an occupant of a vehicle regarding an imminent SDRS by making VST more prominent for an imminent SDRS. In one embodiment, a video system for an autonomous on-road vehicle includes at least the autonomous-driving control system 65, a camera, and a processor. In this embodiment, the occupant is engaged, at least part of the time, in entertainment- or work-related activities, which involve presentation of video-unrelated-to-the-VST (VUR) to the occupant, for example, on a screen coupled to the compartment of the vehicle or a HMD worn by the occupant. Some examples of such content (common in the year 2016) include cinema movies, broadcast TV shows, standard web browsers, and Microsoft Office 2016 applications (such as Word, Excel and PowerPoint).

[0142] The camera, which is mounted to the vehicle, is configured to take video of the environment outside the vehicle. The processor is configured to generate, based on the video taken by the camera, a video see-through (VST) of outside environment from a point of view of an occupant of the vehicle. Optionally, the occupant is in a front seat of the vehicle (such that no other occupant in the vehicle is positioned ahead of the occupant). In some embodiments, depending on whether an SDRS event is imminent, the processor is configured to present video, which may include VUR and/or VST, to the occupant using different presentation modes. For example, the video may be presented in first or second video modes, depending on whether an SDRS event is imminent. Optionally, the VST captures in the first video mode a diagonal FOV of at least 3°, 5°, or 10° of the occupant’s FOV. Optionally, the VST is not presented in the foveal vision region of the occupant in the first video mode, while the VST is presented in the foveal vision region of the occupant in the second video mode.

[0143] In one embodiment, responsive to an indication that is not indicative of an imminent SDRS event (generated by the autonomous-driving control system 65), the processor is configured to provide video to the occupant using the first video mode. In the first video mode, the occupant is presented with video that comprises a video-unrelated-to-the-VST (VUR) at eye level in the direction of forward traveling. Additionally, the video may comprise a video see-through (VST) of outside environment that is not presented at eye level in the direction of forward traveling.

[0144] Receiving an indication indicative that an SDRS event is imminent may change the way video is presented to the occupant. Optionally, this change is made without receiving a command to do so from the occupant. In one embodiment, responsive to the indication indicating that an SDRS event is imminent, the processor is configured provide video to the occupant using a second video mode. In the second video mode, the occupant is presented with video that comprises the VST, presented at eye level in the direction of forward traveling. Optionally, if the first video mode includes VST, then the size of the VST window in the second video mode is larger by at least 25% relative to the size of the VST window in the first video mode. Optionally, the second video mode includes presenting the VUR in the background (e g., the VST is overlaid above the VUR). Optionally, while providing the second video mode, responsive to an updated indication that does not indicate that an SDRS event is imminent, the processor is further configured switch back to provide the first video mode to the occupant.

[0145] The following figures illustrate various ways in which the first and second video modes may be utilized. FIG. 19a illustrates presenting a VUR, which is a movie showing a person skiing, responsive to not receiving from the autonomous-driving control system 65 an indication that an SDRS event is imminent. This figure has two parts, the left part shows the vehicle driving over a clean road, and the right part shows the VUR with a small VST on the right. FIG. 19b illustrates presenting a VST responsive to receiving from the autonomous-driving control system 65 an indication that an SDRS event is imminent. This figure has two parts, the left part shows the vehicle about to drive over a speed bump, and the right part shows the VUR but now with a big VST on the right. In this example, the big VST captures about half of the VUR and shows the speed bump. FIG. 19c illustrates presenting a partially transparent VST responsive to receiving from the autonomous-driving control system 65 an indication that an SDRS event is imminent. Here, the big VST (that captures about half of the VUR and shows the speed bump) is presented as partially transparent layer over the VUR in order to show the occupant both the VUR and the VST.

[0146] In one embodiment, presenting video to the occupant in the second video mode involves presenting the VUR behind the VST, and the size and location of the VUR in the second video mode is essentially the same as the size and location of the VUR in the first video mode. Optionally, this means that there is a difference of less than 10% in the size and location of the VURs in the first and second video modes. In another embodiment, the VUR is presented in a diagonal FOV of at least 10 degrees, and is not based on the video taken by the camera.

[0147] In some embodiments, the VUR may be unrelated to the purpose of the traveling in the vehicle. For example, the VUR may include videos related to the following activities: watching cinema movies, watching TV shows, checking personal emails, playing entertainment games, and surfing in social networks.

[0148] In some embodiment, the occupant’s field of view (FOV) to the outside environment is obstructed by a nontransparent element, and the VST represents at least a portion of the obstructed FOV. Optionally, the occupant uses a VR headset and the obstruction is due to a nontransparent element belonging to the VR headset. Additionally or alternatively, the obstruction may be due to the vehicle’s compartment; in this case the nontransparent element may be an SAEDP, a safety beam, and/or a crumple zone at eye level, which obstruct at least 30 degrees out of the frontal horizontal unaided FOV to the outside environment of the occupant at eye level.

[0149] The following is a description of an embodiment of a system that may be used to increase awareness of an occupant of a vehicle regarding an imminent SDRS by enabling more ambient light to enter a vehicle via a window. In one embodiment, a shading system for a window of an autonomous on-road vehicle includes at least the autonomous-driving control system 65, a shading module, and a processor.

[0150] FIG. 20a illustrates a smart glasses shading module that operates according to an indication that an SDRS event is not imminent. This figure has two parts, the left part shows the vehicle driving over a clean road, and the right part shows that the smart glass window blocks most of the ambient light (illustrated in the figure by the tree outside that is invisible to the occupant). FIG. 20b illustrates the smart glasses shading module that operates according to an indication that an SDRS event is imminent. This figure has two parts, the left part shows the vehicle about to drive over a pothole, and the right part shows that the smart glass window does not block the ambient light (illustrated in the figure by the tree outside that is visible to the occupant).

[0151] The shading module is configured to control the amount of ambient light that enters the vehicle via the window. Optionally, the window is a front-facing window (e.g., a windshield). Optionally, the window is a side-facing window. There are various types of shading modules that may be utilized in different embodiments.

[0152] In one embodiment, the shading module comprises a curtain. Optionally, the curtain covers most of the area of the window. Optionally, the curtain may open and close with the aid of an electromechanical device, such as a motor, based on commands issued by the processor.

[0153] In another embodiment, the shading module is a movable physical element configured to reduce the intensity of the ambient light entering through the vehicle window into the vehicle compartment. For example, the shading module may include various forms of blinds, a shutter, or a sliding element. Optionally, the shading module may be unfurled from the inside of the vehicle compartment in order to block more than 70% of the ambient light intensity. Optionally, the shading module may be unfurled from the outside of the vehicle compartment in order to block more than 70% of the ambient light intensity.

[0154] In yet another embodiment, the shading module comprises a smart glass able to change its light transmission level. Optionally, the smart glass is a vehicle window smart glass that comprises suspended particle devices (SPDs) film. Smart glass window may also be known as a switchable glass, a smart window, and/or a switchable window. Smart glass is glass or glazing whose light transmission properties are altered when voltage, current, light or heat is applied. Examples of electrically switchable smart glasses include: suspended particle devices (SPDs), electrochromic devices, transition-metal hydride electrochromics devices, modified porous nanocrystalline films, polymer dispersed liquid crystal devices, micro-blinds, and thin coating of nanocrystals embedded in glass. Examples of non-electrical smart glasses include: mechanical smart windows, Vistamatic®, and Sunvalve.

[0155] The processor is configured to command the shading module to operate in different modes based on indications generated by the autonomous-driving control system 65. In some embodiments, depending on whether an SDRS event is imminent, the processor is configured command the shading module to operate in different modes that allow different amounts of the ambient light to enter the vehicle via the window. For example, shading module may operate in first or second modes, depending on whether an SDRS event is imminent. Optionally, in the first mode the shading module blocks more of the ambient light entering through the vehicle window than in the second mode. Optionally, the increased ambient light in the second mode can help make the occupant more aware of the outside environment, which can enable the occupant to prepare for the SDRS event.

[0156] In one embodiment, responsive to an indication that no SDRS event is imminent, the processor is configured to command a shading module to operate in a first mode in which the shading module blocks more than 30% of ambient light entering through a window of the vehicle. Receiving an indication indicative that an SDRS event is imminent may change the amount of ambient light that enters the vehicle via the window. Optionally, this change is made without receiving a command to do so from the occupant. In one embodiment, responsive to an indication that an SDRS event is imminent, the processor is configured to command the shading module to operate in the second mode in which the shading module blocks less than 90% of the ambient light entering through the vehicle window.

[0157] In one embodiment, an autonomous on-road vehicle includes a compartment, which one or more occupants may occupy while traveling in the vehicle (e.g., by sitting in seats). Coupled to the front of the compartment is a Shock-Absorbing Energy Dissipation Padding (SAEDP) and a stiff element that supports the SAEDP. Optionally, the SAEDP is nontransparent. The stiff element is located, during normal driving, at eye level between the SAEDP and the outside environment. Additionally, the vehicle includes a camera (e.g., camera 142 or structure 147 that comprises multiple cameras), which is configured to take video of the outside environment in front of the occupant, and a computer (e.g., computer 143) that is configured to generate, based on the video, a representation of the outside environment in front of the occupant at eye level. Optionally, the camera, and/or each of the cameras in the structure 147, may be based on at least one of the following sensors: a CCD sensor, a CMOS sensor, a near infrared (NIR) sensor, an infrared sensor (IR), and a camera based on active illumination such as a LiDAR. Optionally, when the camera comprises multiple cameras, the multiple cameras are directed to multiple directions around the vehicle, and the multiple cameras support generating multiple representations of the outside environment from different points of view.

[0158] It is to be noted that in some embodiments, the SAEDP may be fixed at its location both in normal driving and in times that are not considered to correspond to normal driving, while in other embodiments, the SAEDP may change its location during at least some of the times that do not correspond to normal driving.

[0159] The SAEDP is coupled to the compartment in such a way that it is located, during normal driving, at eye level in front of an occupant who sits in a front seat of the vehicle. Different types of SAEDPs may be utilized in different embodiments.

[0160] In one embodiment, the SAEDP comprises a passive material that is less stiff than a standard automotive glass window. The passive material is configured to protect the occupant’s head against hitting the inner side of the vehicle compartment during a collision. Optionally, the passive material has thickness greater than at least one of the following thicknesses: 1 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm. Optionally, the thickness of the passive material may refer to the average thickness of the SAEDP across the portion of the SAEDP at eye level. Alternatively, the thickness may refer to the maximal thickness at some position of the SAEDP (which is at least one of the values mentioned above).

[0161] In another embodiment, the SAEDP comprises a pneumatic pad that is configured to inflate in order to protect the occupant’s head against hitting the inner side of the vehicle compartment during collision. In some examples, the pneumatic pads may be formed from an elastomeric material providing chambers containing air or another gas. Optionally, the chambers are retained in compressed deflated condition until being inflated by the admission of gas pressure controlled by the vehicle’s autonomous-driving control system that is responsible to estimate the probability and severity of an imminent collision. Additionally or alternatively, the chambers may be provided with restricted passages limiting the flow out from the chamber to provide shock-absorbing energy dissipation to reduce the rebound effect. US patent num. 5,382,051 discloses examples for pneumatic pads that can be used with some of the embodiments.

[0162] In yet another embodiment, the SAEDP comprises an automotive airbag, which is configured to protect the occupant’s head against hitting the inner side of the vehicle compartment during collision. In one example, during normal driving, the airbag is in a stowed state. The airbag is coupled to an inflator configured to inflate the airbag with gas to an inflated state, upon receiving an indication indicative of a probability of an impact of the vehicle exceeding a threshold. In this example, the airbag is located, when in the stowed state, at eye level in front of the occupant.

[0163] In some embodiments, the compartment may include a door, and the SAEDP is physically coupled to the door from the inside, such that the SAEDP moves with the door as the door opens and/or closes.

[0164] In some embodiment, the vehicle may include a second SAEDP coupled to the outer front of the vehicle to minimize damage to a pedestrian during a pedestrian-vehicle collision.

[0165] In one embodiment, the stiff element that supports the SAEDP is nontransparent. In another embodiment, the stiff element may be automotive laminated glass or automotive tempered glass. Optionally, the structure of the vehicle comprises a crumple zone located at eye level between the stiff element and the outside environment.

[0166] The representation of the outside environment is intended to provide the occupant with some details describing the outside environment. In some embodiments, the representation of the outside environment is generated from the point of view of the occupant, and it represents how a view of the outside environment would look like to the occupant, had there been a transparent window at eye level instead of the SAEDP and/or the stiff element. Optionally, a display is utilized to present the representation to the occupant.

[0167] Various types of displays may be utilized in different embodiments to present the representation of the outside environment to the occupant. In one embodiment, the display is comprised in an HMD, and the vehicle further comprises a communication system configured to transmit the representation to the HMD. For example, the HMD may be a virtual reality system, an augmented reality system, or a mixed-reality system. In one embodiment, the display is supported by at least one of the SAEDP and the stiff element. For example, the display is physically coupled to the SAEDP and/or the stiff element. Optionally, the display is a flexible display. For example, the flexible display may be based on at least one of the following technologies and their variants: OLED, organic thin film transistors (OTFT), electronic paper (e-paper), Tollable display, and flexible AMOLED. In one example, the display is flexible enough such that it does not degrade the performance of the SAEDP by more than 20% during a collision. In one example, the performance of the SAEDP is measured by hitting a crash test dummy head against the SAEDP and measuring the head’s deceleration using sensors embedded in the head.

[0168] FIG. 21a, FIG. 21b, and FIG. 22 illustrate various embodiments of the vehicle described above. Each of the illustrated vehicles comprises a cross-section view of the vehicles, where each includes a compartment 145 for a single occupant (in FIG. 21b) or more (in FIG. 21a and FIG. 22). In the figures, much of the compartment is aligned with the SAEDP 140, which is nontransparent and comprises a soft passive material (cushiony in its nature). Supporting the SAEDP 140 is a stiff element 141, which in the illustrations comprises portions of the exterior (hull) of the vehicle which may optionally be made of one or more of the following materials: fiber-reinforced polymer, carbon fiber reinforced polymer, steel, and aluminum. The vehicles also include a camera (such as camera 142 and/or structure 147 that houses multiple cameras), which is positioned to capture a front view of the outside environment of the vehicle. Additionally, the vehicles include a computer 143, which may be positioned in various locations in the vehicle. In some embodiments, the computer may be comprised of multiple processors and/or graphics processors that may be located at various locations in the vehicle.

[0169] The figures illustrate various types of displays that may be utilized to present the occupant with the representation of the outside environment generated by the computer 143 based on the video taken by the camera 142. In FIG. 21a the representation is presented via an HMD 144, which may be, for example, a virtual reality HMD. In FIG. 21b the representation is presented via an HMD 146, which may be, for example, a mixed-reality headset. And in FIG. 22 the representation may be provided via one or more of the displays 150, which are coupled to the compartment. It is to be noted that in the figures described above not all of the described elements appear in each figure.

[0170] The figures also illustrate various structural alternatives that may be implemented in different embodiments described herein. For example, FIG. 21a illustrates a vehicle that includes window 148, which may optionally be an automotive tempered glass window, located in a location in which the head of a belted occupant is not expected to hit during collision. FIG. 21b illustrates a vehicle that includes crumple zone 149, which is located at the front of the vehicle at eye level. The figure also illustrates the structure 147 that houses multiple cameras directed to multiple directions around the vehicle.

[0171] In some embodiments, the representation of the outside environment may be manipulated in order to improve how the outside environment looks to the occupant. Optionally, this may be done utilizing the computer. In one example, manipulating the representation includes at least one of the following manipulations: converting captured video of a winter day to video of a sunny day by preserving main items in the captured video (such as vehicles and buildings) and applying effects of a sunny day, converting unpleasant environment to a nice one, converting standard vehicles to futuristic or old fashion vehicles, and adding fans standing outside and waiving to the occupant.

[0172] In one embodiment, the manipulation maintains the main items in the environment, such that the occupant would still know from the manipulated representation where he/she is traveling. In another embodiment, the manipulated representation maintains the main objects in the video of the outside environment, such that the main object presented in the manipulated video essentially match the main objects that would have be seen without the manipulation.

[0173] In some embodiments, the vehicle compartment may include an automotive laminated glass window or automotive tempered glass window located in a location where the head of a belted occupant is not expected to hit as a result of collision while traveling in velocity of less than 50 km/h, as illustrated by the dotted rectangle 148 in FIG. 21a.

[0174] In one embodiment, the structure of the vehicle is such that a crumple zone is located at eye level between the stiff element and the outside environment.

[0175] Various types of vehicles may benefit from utilization of the nontransparent SAEDP supported by the stiff element and in conjunction with the camera and computer, as described above. The following are some examples of different characterizations of vehicles in different embodiments. In one embodiment, the vehicle weighs less than 1,500 kg without batteries, and it is designed to carry up to five occupants. In another embodiment, the vehicle weighs less than 1,000 kg without batteries, and it comprises an engine that is able to sustain continuously at most 80 horsepower. In yet another embodiment, the vehicle weighs less than 1,000 kg and it is designed to carry up to two occupants. In still another embodiment, the vehicle weighs less than 800 kg without batteries, and it comprises an engine that is able to sustain continuously at most 60 horsepower. In yet another embodiment, the vehicle weighs less than 500 kg without batteries and it comprises an engine that is able to sustain continuously at most 40 horsepower. And in still another embodiment, the vehicle weighs less than 400 kg without batteries and is designed to carry up to two occupants.

[0176] In one embodiment, an autonomous on-road vehicle includes a compartment, which one or more occupants may occupy while traveling in the vehicle (e.g., by sitting in seats). Coupled to the compartment is a Shock-Absorbing Energy Dissipation Padding (SAEDP) and a stiff element that supports the SAEDP. Optionally, the SAEDP is nontransparent. The SAEDP is located, during normal driving, at eye level to the left of the occupant who sits in a front seat of the vehicle. The stiff element is located, during normal driving, at eye level between the SAEDP and the outside environment. Optionally, the stiff element is nontransparent. Optionally, the stiff element may be automotive laminated glass or automotive tempered glass.

[0177] The vehicle also includes a camera (such as camera 161) that is configured to take video of the outside environment to the left of the occupant, and a computer that is configured to generate, based on the video, a representation of the outside environment to the left of the occupant at eye level. Optionally, the camera comprises multiple cameras directed to multiple directions around the vehicle, and the multiple cameras support generating multiple representations of the outside environment from different points of view.

[0178] FIG. 23 illustrates one embodiment of the autonomous on-road vehicle described above, which shows how an SAEDP protects the occupant during a collision. In the figure, SAEDP 160 (which may comprise a passive material) is coupled to the stiff element 141. When another vehicle collides with the side of the vehicle, the occupants head strikes the soft SAEDP 160, instead of a glass window (which would be positioned there in many conventional vehicles).

[0179] The SAEDP is coupled to the compartment in such a way that it is located, during normal driving, at eye level to the left of the occupant who sits in a front seat of the vehicle. Optionally, due to its location, the SAEDP obstructs at least 30 degrees out of the horizontal unaided field of view (FOV) to the outside environment to the left of the occupant at eye level. Optionally, the SAEDP obstructs at least 45 degrees or at least 60 degrees out of the horizontal unaided FOV to the outside environment to the left of the occupant at eye level. In one example of a standard vehicle, such as Toyota Camry model 2015, the frontal horizontal unaided FOV extends from the left door through the windshield to the right door.

[0180] In some embodiments, the SAEDP is fixed to the left door of the vehicle. In one embodiment, the vehicle has a single seat (occupied by the occupant). In another embodiment, the vehicle has two or more front seats and the occupant occupies the leftmost of the two or more front seats.

[0181] Different types of SAEDPs may be utilized in different embodiments. In one embodiment, the SAEDP comprises a passive material, which is less stiff than a standard automotive glass window, having a thickness greater than at least one of the following thicknesses: 1 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm. In other embodiments, the SAEDP may include an automotive airbag or a pneumatic pad that is configured to inflate in order to protect the occupant’s head against hitting the inner side of the vehicle compartment during collision.

[0182] In a similar fashion to how the SAEDP and stiff element are utilized to help protect the left side of the occupant, the same setup may be applied to the right side of the vehicle, in order to help protect that side. Thus, in some embodiments, the vehicle may further include a second SAEDP located at eye level to the right of the occupant who sits in the front seat, and a second stiff element located at eye level between the second SAEDP and the outside environment. Optionally, the second SAEDP obstructs at least 20 degrees out of the horizontal unaided FOV to the outside environment to the right of the occupant at eye level, and the computer is further configured to generate a second representation of the outside environment to the right of the occupant.

[0183] In one embodiment, an autonomous on-road vehicle includes side window 170, nontransparent SAEDP (e.g., SAEDP 171), motor 172, and processor 175.

[0184] The processor 175 is configured to receive, from an autonomous-driving control system (such as autonomous-driving control system 65), an indication indicating that a probability of an imminent collision reaches a threshold, and to command the motor 172 to move the SAEDP 171 from the first state to the second state. In the first state the SAEDP 171 does not block the occupant’s eye level view to the outside environment, and in the second state, the SAEDP 171 blocks the occupant’s eye level view to the outside environment in order to protect the occupant’s head against hitting the side window during collision. Optionally, the processor is configured to command the motor 172 to start moving the SAEDP 171 to the second state at least 0.2 second, 0.5 second, 1 second, or 2 seconds before the expected time of the collision.

[0185] The motor 172 is configured to move the SAEDP 171 over a sliding mechanism 173 between first and second states multiple times without having to be repaired. For example, during the same voyage, the SAEDP 171 may go up and down multiple times without a need for the occupant or anyone else to repair the SAEDP 171 and/or other components (such as motor 172 or the window 170) in order to the SAEDP 171 to be able to continue its operation correctly (i.e., continue moving up and down when needed). In some examples, the motor 172 is a motor designed to move the SAEDP 171 more than twice, more than 100 times, and/or more than 10,000 times without being replaced.

[0186] The side window 170 is located at eye level of an occupant who sits in the vehicle, which enables the occupant to see the outside environment. In one embodiment, the side window 170 is a power window. In this embodiment, the power window comprises a window regulator that transfers power from a window motor 177 to the side window glass in order to move it up or down. The motor 172 is coupled to an SAEDP regulator that transfers power from the motor 172 to the SAEDP 171 in order to move it up or down. In this embodiment, the SAEDP regulator is located closer to the inner side of the compartment relative to the window regulator. Optionally, the motor 172 and the window motor 177 may be of the same type or of different types.

[0187] In one embodiment, the SAEDP 171 comprises a passive material, which is less stiff than a standard automotive glass window, having thickness greater than at least one of the following thicknesses: 1 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm. Optionally, the vehicle may include a storage space in a door of the vehicle, which is configured to store the SAEDP 171 in the first state. Additionally or alternatively, the vehicle may include a storage space in the roof of the vehicle, which is configured to store the SAEDP 171 in the first state.

[0188] Optionally, the SAEDP 171 may move upwards when switching between the first and second states, and the top of the SAEDP has a shape (such as a triangle or a quarter sphere) which reduces the risk of catching the a part of the occupant (e.g., a finger or limb) or the occupant’s clothing, between the top of the SAEDP 171 and an upper frame when moving the SAEDP 171 to the second state.

[0189] In one embodiment, when switching the SAEDP 171 quickly between the first and second states, the SAEDP 171 is configured not to cover a range of 1 to 5 cm of the top height of the window. Optionally, keeping said range unoccupied reduces the risk of catching the occupant’s fingers or limb by the edge of the SAEDP 171 when moving the SAEDP 171 to the second state.

[0190] In some embodiments, the vehicle may include additional SAEDPs that cover additional regions of the vehicle’s compartment (besides the side window 170). In one example, the vehicle includes an SAEDP 176 that covers at least a portion of the roof of the vehicle.

[0191] In some embodiments, the vehicle includes a camera (e.g., camera 178a), which is configured to take video of the outside environment while the SAEDP 171 is in the second state. Additionally, in these embodiments, the vehicle may include a computer (such as computer 13), which is configured to generate a representation of the outside environment based on the video, and a display configured to present the representation of the outside environment to the occupant. The display may be physically coupled to the compartment and/or belong to an HMD. Optionally, the camera is fixed to the SAEDP, and thus moves along with the SAEDP 171 when it is moved between the first and second states. Optionally, the display is fixed to the SAEDP 171, and thus moves along with the SAEDP 171 when it is moved between the first and second states. Optionally, the display is configured to show, at eye level, a representation of the outside environment when the SAEDP is in the second state. In one example, the display is a flexible display. In another example, the camera comprises multiple cameras directed to multiple directions around the vehicle, and the computer is configured to generate at least two different representations of the outside environment, from at least two different points of view, for two occupants who sit in the vehicle.

[0192] In some embodiments, in addition to raising the SAEDP 171, one or more of the displays mentioned above is utilized to present the occupant a video of the threat and the predicted trajectory that could result in the collision, in order to explain why the SAEDP 171 is being moved to the second state.

[0193] FIG. 24a and FIG. 24b illustrate an example of a vehicle in which the side window may be covered by an SAEDP that can move up and down. The figures illustrate cross-sections of the vehicle, which show how the SAEDP 171 may move from the first state (in FIG. 24a) to the second state (in FIG. 24b). The dotted line 179 indicates that the SADEP 171 does not close the entire gap over the window (e.g., in order to avoid catching the occupant’s hair). The figures also illustrate sliding mechanism 173, which may be utilized to guide and assist in the movement of SAEDP 171. FIG. 24b also illustrates camera 178a and display 178b, which are connected to a processor that generates, based on the video received from the camera, a view of the outside environment when an SAEDP (on the right side of the vehicle) is in the second state. The view of the outside environment is presented to the occupant on the display 178b. Camera and display on the left SAEDP 171, which correspond to camera 178a and display 178b, are not shown in the figure in order to make it clearer; however it is to be understood that the such camera and display may be implemented to any relevant moving SAEDP.

[0194] In one embodiment, the mechanism that moves the SAEDP 171 between the first and second states (referred to as the “SAEDP mechanism”) is similar to a power window regulator that moves an automobile window up and down. As with automobile power windows, the SAEDP regulator may be powered by an electric motor, which may come with the SAEDP regulator as one unit, or as a system that enables the motor or regulator to be replaced separately. The SAEDP mechanism includes a control system, a motor, a gear reduction, a sliding mechanism and the SAEDP, which are usually fixed on the door, but may alternatively be fixed on the roof as disclosed below. The sliding mechanism may have different architectures, such as Bowden type, double Bowden type, cable spiral, or crossed levers.

[0195] In a first example, the SAEDP mechanism is similar to a double Bowden power window mechanism, in which the SAEDP 171 is fixed on two supports respectively constrained along two rails. The control system drives the motor that wraps two Bowden cables, which move two supports and, consequently, the SAEDP 171. A Bowden cable transmits mechanical force through the movement of an inner cable relative to an outer housing, and in the case of a DC motor, the basic operations of the motor are accomplished by reversing the polarity of its power and ground input.

[0196] In a second example, the SAEDP mechanism is similar to a gear-drive type power window regulator; in this case, the SAEDP mechanism includes an SAEDP motor to power the mechanism, gear drive and geared arm to move the SAEDP 171 between the first and second states, and an SAEDP holding bracket to hold the SAEDP 171.

[0197] In a third example, the SAEDP mechanism is similar to a cable type power window regulator; in this case, the SAEDP regulator includes an SAEDP motor that drives a wire cable though a mechanism, a series of pulleys guides the cable, and a regulator carriage attaches to the cable and to the SAEDP 171 and slides on the regulator track. One or more tracks may be mounted vertically inside the door panel that serves as a guide piece when the SAEDP 171 slides up and down. Depending on the design, the setup may have one main regulator track in the center of the door, or have a track on each side of the SAEDP.

[0198] In a fourth example, the SAEDP regulator is similar to a scissor power window regulator; in this case, a motor operates a gear wheel that raises and lowers the SAEDP 171 by the use of a scissor action of rigid bars.

[0199] The motor that moves the SAEDP 171 over the sliding mechanism may be any suitable motor, such as a DC electric motor, an AC electric motor, or a pneumatic motor.

[0200] In one embodiment, the indication that the probability of an imminent collision reaches a threshold is received from the autonomous-driving control system 65 that calculates the probability based on the trajectory of the vehicle and information about the road. Optionally, the information about the road may be received from one of more of the following sources: a sensor mounted to the vehicle, a sensor mounted on a nearby vehicle, a road map, a stationary traffic controller nearby the vehicle, and a central traffic controller that communicates with the vehicle via wireless channel.

[0201] In one embodiment, the processor 175 is further configured to receive an updated indication that the probability of the imminent collision does not reach a second threshold, and to command the motor to move the SAEDP to the first state. In this embodiment, the second threshold denotes a probability for a collision that is equal or lower than the threshold.

[0202] FIG. 25a illustrates one embodiment of an autonomous on-road vehicle that includes outer nontransparent SAEDP 190, which is mounted to the front side of the vehicle during normal driving, such that the SAEDP 190 is in front of and at eye level of an occupant who sits in a front seat of the vehicle. The SAEDP 190 is less stiff than a standard automotive glass window and is designed to absorb some of the crashing energy transmitted to a pedestrian during a pedestrian-vehicle collision. Additionally, the vehicle includes a camera (such as camera 142), which is mounted to the vehicle and is configured to take video of the outside environment in front of the occupant, and a computer (such as computer 143), which is configured to generate, based on the video, a representation of the outside environment at eye level for the occupant. Optionally, the representation is generated from the point of view of the occupant. Optionally, the vehicle includes a display configured to present the representation to the occupant. For example, the display may belong to an HMD worn by the occupant. In another example, the display may be coupled to the compartment of the vehicle, and may be a flexible display.

[0203] The SAEDP 190 may be implemented utilizing various approaches in different embodiments described herein. In one embodiment, the SAEDP 190 comprises a passive material. Optionally, the SAEDP 190 has thickness greater than at least one of the following thicknesses: 1 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm.

[0204] In another embodiment, the SAEDP 190 comprises an automotive airbag configured to inflate in order to protect the pedestrian. FIG. 25b illustrates an outer SAEDP 190 that includes two air bags 192 configured to absorb some of the crashing energy transmitted to a pedestrian during a pedestrian-vehicle collision. Optionally, the airbag has a stowed condition and an inflated condition. The airbag is coupled to an inflator configured to inflate the airbag with gas, and the airbag is located, in the stowed condition, at eye level in front of the occupant. In this embodiment, the vehicle further includes an autonomous-driving control system, such as autonomous-driving control system 65, which is configured to calculate a probability of pedestrian-vehicle collision, based on measurements of sensors mounted to the vehicle, and to command the airbag to inflate before the pedestrians head hits the vehicle.

[0205] In yet another embodiment, the SAEDP 190 comprises a pneumatic pad configured to inflate in order to protect the pedestrian. In this embodiment, the vehicle further includes an autonomous-driving control system, such as autonomous-driving control system 65, which is configured to calculate a probability of pedestrian-vehicle collision, based on measurements of sensors mounted to the vehicle, and to command the pneumatic pad to start inflate at least 0.5 second before the expected time of the collision in order to protect the pedestrian. Optionally, the pneumatic pad is reusable, and can be used multiple times without the need to be repaired. For example, the vehicle comprises a mechanism to deflate and/or stow the pneumatic pad, without requiring its repair and/or replacement.

[0206] FIG. 26a and FIG. 26b illustrate a motorized external SAEDP 121 that can move between first and second states multiple times. The figures illustrate how the SAEDP 121 can move from the first state (in FIG. 26a) to the second state (FIG. 26b) by having the motor 122 move the SAEDP 121 over sliding mechanism 123. Additionally, the figures illustrate optional camera 126 that is embedded in the SAEDP 121, and which may provide video to a processor configured to generate a representation of the outside environment when the SAEDP 121 is in the second state.

[0207] In one embodiment, an autonomous on-road vehicle includes window 120, reusable SAEDP 121, motor 122, and processor 124. The window 120, which is located at eye level of an occupant who sits in a front seat of the vehicle, and which may be a windshield, enables the occupant to see the outside environment. The SAEDP 121 is reusable, i.e., it may be moved multiple times without the need to replace it or repair it after each use. The SAEDP 121 may be implemented utilizing various approaches in different embodiments described herein. In one embodiment, the SAEDP 121 comprises a passive material. Optionally, the SAEDP 121 has thickness greater than at least one of the following thicknesses: 1 cm, 2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm. In another embodiment, the SAEDP 121 comprises a pneumatic pad configured to inflate in order to protect the pedestrian. Optionally, the pneumatic pad is reusable, and the processor 124 is configured to command the pneumatic pad to start inflate at least 0.5 second before the expected time of the pedestrian-vehicle collision.

[0208] The motor 122 is configured to move the SAEDP 121 over a sliding mechanism 123 between first and second states multiple times without having to be repaired. In the first state the SAEDP 121 does not block the occupant’s eye level frontal view to the outside environment, and in the second state the SAEDP 121 blocks the occupant’s eye level frontal view to the outside environment. When in the second state, the SAEDP 121 is configured to absorb some of the crashing energy transmitted to a pedestrian during a pedestrian-vehicle collision.

[0209] The processor 124 is configured to receive, from an autonomous-driving control system (such as autonomous-driving control system 65), an indication indicative of whether a probability of an imminent pedestrian-vehicle collision reaches a threshold. Optionally, most of the time the vehicle travels, the processor 124 does not provide an indication that the probability reaches the threshold. Responsive to receiving an indication of an imminent collision (e.g., within less than 2 seconds), the processor 124 is configured to command the motor 122 to move the SAEDP 121 from the first state to the second state. Optionally, the processor 124 is configured to command the motor to start moving the SAEDP 121 to the second state at least 0.2 second, 0.5 second, 1 second, or 2 seconds before the pedestrian-vehicle collision in order to protect the pedestrian.

[0210] In one example, the vehicle includes a sensor configured to detect the distance and angle between the vehicle and a pedestrian, and the autonomous-driving control system calculates the probability of the imminent pedestrian-vehicle collision based on the data obtained from the sensor, the velocity of vehicle and the possible maneuver.

[0211] In one embodiment, the processor 124 is further configured to receive an updated indication that indicates the probability of the imminent pedestrian-vehicle collision does not reach a second threshold, and to command the motor 122 to move the SAEDP to the first state. Optionally, the second threshold denotes a probability for a pedestrian-vehicle collision that is equal or lower than the threshold.

[0212] In one embodiment, the vehicle includes a camera (such as camera 126), which is configured to take video of the outside environment while the SAEDP 121 is in the second state. Additionally, in this embodiment, the vehicle may further include a computer configured to generate, based on the video, a representation of the outside environment, and a display configured to present the representation of the outside environment to the occupant while the SAEDP 121 is in the second state. Optionally, the camera 126 is fixed to the SAEDP 121 from the outer side, and thus moves with the SAEDP 121 when it moves between the first and second states. Optionally, the display is fixed to the SAEDP 121 from the inner side, and thus also moves with the SAEDP 121 when it moves between the first and second states; the occupant can see the display via the window 120 when the SAEDP is in the second state. In an alternative embodiment, the display is physically coupled to the compartment (such as a windshield that also functions as a display) and/or comprised in an HMD worn by the occupant.

[0213] In one embodiment, an autonomous on-road vehicle designed for lying down includes a closed compartment 210, a mattress 211, an SAEDP 212 covering portions of the compartment 210, a camera (e.g., the structure 147 that houses multiple cameras), a computer (e.g., the computer 143), and a display 215. FIG. 27 illustrates one embodiment of a vehicle compartment 210 in which an occupant may lay down. In the figure, the occupant is lying down on mattress 211, which covers the floor of the compartment 210, and is watching a movie on the display 215. The SAEDP 212 covers the front, roof, and back of the compartment 210. It is to be noted that the SAEDP 212 also covers portions of the side walls of the compartment 210, however, this is not illustrated to enable a clearer image of the embodiment. The figure also includes an airbag 216, which may be inflated below the SAEDP 212 in order to protect the occupant and restrain his/her movement in the case of a collision.

[0214] The mattress 211 covers at least 50% of the compartment floor. Optionally, the mattress 211 covers at least 80% of the compartment floor. In one embodiment, the mattress 211 has an average thickness of at least 3 cm. In other embodiments, the average thickness of the mattress 211 is greater than at least one of the following thicknesses: 5 cm, 7 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm.

[0215] The SAEDP 212 is a nontransparent SAEDP, having an average thickness of at least 1 cm. Optionally, the SAEDP 212 covers at least 50% of the compartment side walls and at least 60% of the compartment front wall during normal driving. In one embodiment, the average thickness of the SAEDP 212 is greater than at least one of the following thicknesses: 2cm, 3 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm. In another embodiment, the SAEDP 212 covers at least 80% of the compartment side walls and at least 80% of the compartment front wall. In yet another embodiment, the SAEDP covers at least 50% of the compartment roof. In still another embodiment, the mattress and the SAEDP cover essentially the entire compartment interior.

[0216] In addition to the SAEDP 212, in some embodiments additional measures may be employed in order to improve the safety of the occupant. In one embodiment, the vehicle includes an automotive airbag configured to deploy in front of the SAEDP 212 in order to protect the occupant, in addition to the SAEDP 212, against hitting the inner side of the vehicle compartment during a collision. It is noted that the meaning that the airbag deploys in front of the SAEDP is that the airbag deploys towards the inner side of the compartment. Optionally, the airbag has a stowed condition and an inflated condition, and the airbag is coupled to an inflator configured to inflate the airbag with gas upon computing a predetermined impact severity. The stowed airbags may be stored in various positions, such as stored essentially in the middle of the front wall, stored essentially in the middle of the rear wall, stored in the side walls (possibly two or more horizontally spaced airbags), and stored in the roof (possibly one or more airbags towards the front of the compartment and one or more airbags towards the rear of the compartment).

[0217] In some embodiments, various additional safety measures may be utilized to improve the safety of the occupant while traveling, such as a sleeping net and/or a safety belt, as described for example in US patent numbers 5,536,042 and 5,375,879.

[0218] Stiff element 213 is configured to support the SAEDP 212 and to resist deformation during a collision in order to reduce compartment intrusion. Part of the stiff element 213 is located, during normal driving, at eye level between the SAEDP 212 and the outside environment. Optionally, the stiff element covers, from the outside, more than 80% of the SAEDP on the compartment side walls. Optionally, the vehicle also includes a crumple zone located at eye level between the stiff element 213 and the outside environment.

[0219] In another embodiment, the vehicle includes a pneumatic pad configured to inflate in order to protect the occupant, in addition to the SAEDP 212, against hitting the inner side of the vehicle compartment during a collision. Optionally, the pneumatic pad is configured to deploy in front of the SAEDP 212 towards the inner side of the compartment. Alternatively, the pneumatic pad is located between the SAEDP 212 and the stiff element 213, and is configured to deploy behind the SAEDP 212. The pneumatic pad may be mounted to various locations, such as mounted to the front wall, mounted to the rear wall, mounted to the side walls, and/or mounted to the roof.

[0220] The camera is configured to take video of the outside environment. The computer is configured to generate a representation of the outside environment based on the video. Optionally, the representation is generated from the point of view of the occupant. The display 215 is configured to present the representation to the occupant. In one embodiment, the display 215 is comprised in an HMD, and the vehicle further comprises a communication system configured to transmit the representation to the HMD. In another embodiment, the display 215 is physically coupled to at least one of the SAEDP 212 and the stiff element 213 at eye level of the occupant. Optionally, the display 215 is a flexible display. For example, the display 215 may be a flexible display that is based on at least one of the following technologies and their variants: OLED, organic thin film transistors (OTFT), electronic paper (e-paper), Tollable display, and flexible AMOLED. Optionally, the display 215 is flexible enough such that it does not degrade the performance of the SAEDP by more than 20% during a collision.

[0221] Having a vehicle compartment that is designed to allow an occupant to lay down comfortably can be done using various compartment designs, which may be different from the designs used in standard vehicles, in which occupants primarily sit up. In one example, the vehicle does not have an automotive seat with a backrest and safety belt, which enables the occupant to sit straight in the front two thirds of the compartment. In another example, the vehicle is designed for a single occupant, and the average distance between the mattress and the compartment roof is below 80 cm. In still another example, the vehicle is designed for a single occupant, and the average distance between the mattress and the compartment roof is below 70 cm. In still another example, the vehicle is designed for a single occupant, and the average distance of the compartment roof from the road is less than 1 meter. And in yet another example the vehicle is designed for a single occupant, and the average distance of the compartment roof from the road is less than 80 cm.

[0222] It is to be noted that the use of the terms “floor”, “roof’, “side walls”, and “front wall” with respect to the compartment are to be viewed in their common meaning when one considers the compartment to be a mostly convex hull in 3D, such as having a shape that resembles a cuboid. Thus, for example, an occupant whose face faces forward, will see the front wall ahead, the floor when looking below, the roof when looking above, and a side wall when looking to one of the sides (left or right). In embodiments that do not resemble cuboids, alternative definitions for these terms may be used based on the relative region (in 3D space) that each of the portions of the compartment occupy. For example, the floor of the compartment may be considered to be any portion of the compartment which is below at least 80% of the volume of the compartment. Similarly, the roof may be any portion of the compartment that is above at least 80% of the volume of the compartment. The front wall may be any portion of the compartment that is ahead of at least 80% of the volume of the compartment, etc. Note that using this alternative definition, some portions of the compartment may be characterized as belonging to two different regions (e.g., the front wall and the roof).

[0223] FIG. 28 illustrates one embodiment of a vehicle having a front mirroring element. The figure illustrates how the occupant 222 can see her reflection 223 in the mirroring element 220.

[0224] In one embodiment, the mirroring element 220 is located in front of an occupant who sits in a front seat of the vehicle. The mirroring element 220 provides an effect of reflecting more than 25% of the light arriving from the occupant’s direction. Optionally, the mirroring element 220 provides an effect of reflecting more than at least one of 50%, 80%, and 90% of the light arriving from the occupant’s direction. Optionally, the mirroring element 220 increases the volume of the vehicle compartment as perceived by the occupant due to the reflection effect.

[0225] In one embodiment, the mirroring element 220 has height and width exceeding 25x25 cm, such that it covers a square that is at least those dimensions. Optionally, the mirroring element 220 captures a region corresponding to at least 10x10 degrees, including a region spanning from the horizon to 10° below the horizon, of the occupant’s forward field of view during normal driving. Optionally, the height and width of the mirroring element 220 is above 50x40 cm, and the mirroring element captures above 30x30 degrees of the occupant’s field of view, including a region spanning from the horizon to 30° below the horizon. Optionally, the mirroring element 220 covers more than 25% of the area where a conventional windshield of a normal non-autonomous road vehicle in year 2016 is expected to be located.

[0226] The mirroring element 220 may be implemented in different ways, in different embodiments. In one embodiment, the mirroring element 220 comprises an optical mirror that is essentially flat and perpendicular to the ground. In this embodiment, most of the effect of reflecting is generated by the optical mirror. In one example, an optical mirror that is essentially flat and perpendicular to the ground refers to an optical mirror having a radius of curvature greater than a meter and a deviation below ±30° from the perpendicular to the ground.

[0227] In another embodiment, the mirroring element 220 comprises a Fresnel type optical reflector comprising many reflecting prisms. In this embodiment, the Fresnel type optical reflector is not flat, but the reflecting prisms are arranged in angles that reflect the light from the occupant such as to imitate a flat mirror.

[0228] In one embodiment, the mirroring element 220 comprises an electronic display that operates based on a camera 221 configured to take video of the occupant 222, and a computer 224 configured to generate a digital representation of the occupant 223 based on the video of the occupant. In this case, most of the effect of reflecting is generated by light emitted by the electronic display (which is the output of the video of the occupant as generated by the computer 224).

[0229] Due to the close proximity between the at least one camera 221 and the occupant, it may be necessary to stitch the reflecting effect of a large area from multiple cameras that capture the occupant from different angles. In one example, the camera 221 comprises first and second cameras, located to the right and left of the occupant, respectively. In another example, the camera 221 comprises first and second cameras, located above the level of the occupant’s nose and below the level of the occupant’s collarbone, respectively, and less than 80 cm away from the occupant.

[0230] In still another embodiment, the effect of reflecting is achieved by a digital mirror that comprises multiple cameras embedded within the digital mirror and configured to take images of the occupant, and multiple light emitting pixels configured to emit light rays that generate the effect of reflecting.

[0231] In one embodiment, the mirroring element 220 comprises an electronic display, and the vehicle further includes a camera configured to take video of the outside environment in front of the occupant, and a computer configured to generate, based on the video, a representation of the outside environment in front of the occupant at eye level, for displaying on the mirroring element 220. In addition to the effect of reflecting, in some embodiments the mirroring element 220 may also be configured to operate in a second state in which it provides an effect of reflecting less than 20% of the light arriving from the occupant’s direction, and to present to the occupant the representation of the outside environment. Here, presenting the representation may imitate a transparent windshield to the outside environment.

[0232] The vehicle may also include, in some embodiments, a display configured to present to the occupant, at eye level in front of the occupant, the representation of the outside environment instead of, or in addition to, the effect of reflecting. Optionally, the vehicle may include a user interface configured to enable the occupant to switch between seeing the effect of reflecting and seeing the representation of the outside environment. In one example, the display is comprised in a head-mounted display (HMD). In another example, the display is mechanically coupled to the compartment, and/or the mirroring element comprises the display.

[0233] [0234] As described above, the effect of reflecting light that comes from the direction of the occupant may be obtained, in some embodiments, utilizing an HMD. The following is a more detailed example of such an embodiment.

[0235] In one embodiment, an autonomous on-road vehicle includes a compartment comprising a front seat, a camera, a computer, a communication module, and an HMD. The camera is physically coupled to the vehicle, configured to take images of an occupant who sits in the front seat. The computer is configured to generate, based on the images, a video that shows a mirror effect. Herein, the “mirror effect” involves presenting the occupant with an image that is similar to an image that the occupant would see had there been an actual mirror in front of the occupant. Optionally, the systems enables the occupant to have control on the synthetic mirroring effect, such as the distance between the occupant and her image, and/or the width of the image. The communication module configured to transmit the video to a head-mounted display (HMD) worn by the occupant, and the HMD is configured to present the video to the occupant, such that the occupant sees a representation of his or her reflection when looking forward at eye level. Optionally, the HMD is selected from the group comprising: a virtual reality headset, an augmented reality headset, and mixed reality headset. Optionally, the video presented to the occupant captures at least 30x30 degrees of the occupant’s field of view, spanning at least from the horizon to 30° below the horizon.

[0236] In one embodiment, the vehicle described above further include a second camera configured to take a second set of images the outside environment in front of the occupant. In this embodiment, the computer is further configured to generate a representation of the outside environment based on the second set of images, and the HMD is configured to present the representation of the outside environment instead of the video that shows the mirror effect or in addition to the video that shows the mirror effect.

[0237] In one embodiment, the vehicle described above may include multiple cameras that capture images that are utilized by the computer to generate the video that shows the mirror effect. In one example, the vehicle comprises at least first and second cameras, which are located to the right and left of the occupant, respectively. In another example, the vehicle comprises at least first and second cameras, located above the level of the occupant’s nose and below the level of the occupant’s collarbone, respectively, and which are less than 80 cm away from the occupant.

[0238] [0239] Various embodiments described herein include a processor and/or a computer. For example, the autonomous-driving control system may be implemented using a computer and generation of a representation of the outside environment is done using a processor or a computer. The following are some examples of various types of computers and/or processors that may be utilized in some of the embodiments described herein.

[0240] FIG. 29a and FIG. 29b are schematic illustrations of possible embodiments for computers (400, 410) that are able to realize one or more of the embodiments discussed herein. The computer (400, 410) may be implemented in various ways, such as, but not limited to, a server, a client, a personal computer, a network device, a handheld device (e.g., a smartphone), and/or any other computer form capable of executing a set of computer instructions.

[0241] The computer 400 includes one or more of the following components: processor 401, memory 402, computer readable medium 403, user interface 404, communication interface 405, and bus 406. In one example, the processor 401 may include one or more of the following components: a general-purpose processing device, a microprocessor, a central processing unit, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, a special-purpose processing device, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), a distributed processing entity, and/or a network processor. Continuing the example, the memory 402 may include one or more of the following memory components: CPU cache, main memory, read-only memory (ROM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), and/or a data storage device. The processor 401 and the one or more memory components may communicate with each other via a bus, such as bus 406.

[0242] The computer 410 includes one or more of the following components: processor 411, memory 412, and communication interface 413. In one example, the processor 411 may include one or more of the following components: a general-purpose processing device, a microprocessor, a central processing unit, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, a special-purpose processing device, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), a distributed processing entity, and/or a network processor. Continuing the example, the memory 412 may include one or more of the following memory components: CPU cache, main memory, read-only memory (ROM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM), and/or a data storage device [0243] Still continuing the examples, the communication interface (405,413) may include one or more components for connecting to one or more of the following: an inter-vehicle network, Ethernet, intranet, the Internet, a fiber communication network, a wired communication network, and/or a wireless communication network. Optionally, the communication interface (405,413) is used to connect with the network 408. Additionally or alternatively, the communication interface 405 may be used to connect to other networks and/or other communication interfaces. Still continuing the example, the user interface 404 may include one or more of the following components: (i) an image generation device, such as a video display, an augmented reality system, a virtual reality system, and/or a mixed reality system, (ii) an audio generation device, such as one or more speakers, (iii) an input device, such as a keyboard, a mouse, an electronic pen, a gesture based input device that may be active or passive, and/or a brain-computer interface.

[0244] It is to be noted that when a processor (computer) is disclosed in one embodiment, the scope of the embodiment is intended to also cover the use of multiple processors (computers). Additionally, in some embodiments, a processor and/or computer disclosed in an embodiment may be part of the vehicle, while in other embodiments, the processor and/or computer may be separate of the vehicle. For example, the processor and/or computer may be in a device carried by the occupant and/or remote of the vehicle (e.g., a server).

[0245] As used herein, references to "one embodiment" (and its variations) mean that the feature being referred to may be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. Moreover, separate references to "one embodiment", "some embodiments", "another embodiment", “still another embodiment”, etc., may refer to the same embodiment, may illustrate different aspects of an embodiment, and/or may refer to different embodiments.

[0246] Some embodiments may be described using the verb “indicating”, the adjective “indicative”, and/or using variations thereof. Herein, sentences in the form of “X is indicative of Y” mean that X includes information correlated with Y, up to the case where X equals Y. For example, sentences in the form of “thermal measurements indicative of a physiological response” mean that the thermal measurements include information from which it is possible to infer the physiological response. Additionally, sentences in the form of “provide/receive an indication indicating whether X happened” refer herein to any indication method, including but not limited to: sending/receiving a signal when X happened and not sending/receiving a signal when X did not happen, not sending/receiving a signal when X happened and sending/receiving a signal when X did not happen, and/or sending/receiving a first signal when X happened and sending/receiving a second signal X did not happen.

[0247] Herein, “most” of something is defined herein as above 51% of the something (including 100% of the something). For example, most of an ROI refers to at least 51% of the ROI. A “portion” of something refers herein to 0.1% to 100% of the something (including 100% of the something). Sentences of the form “a portion of an area” refer herein to 0.1% to 100% percent of the area.

[0248] As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having”, or any other variation thereof, indicate an open claim language that does not exclude additional limitations. The “a” or “an” is employed to describe one or more, and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.

[0249] Certain features of some of the embodiments, which may have been, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in various combinations in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of some of the embodiments, which may have been, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination.

[0250] Embodiments described in conjunction with specific examples are presented by way of example, and not limitation. Moreover, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

WE CLAIM:

1. A video system for an autonomous on-road vehicle, comprising: an autonomous-driving control system configured to generate, based on trajectory of the vehicle and information about the road, an indication indicative of whether a Sudden Decrease in Ride Smoothness (SDRS) event is imminent; a camera, mounted to the vehicle, configured to take video of the environment outside the vehicle; a processor configured to generate a video see-through (VST) based on the video; a video module configured to select a first mode of presentation, in which video-unrelated-to-the-VST (VUR) is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant, at eye level, responsive to the indication not indicating that an SDRS event is imminent; and the video module is further configured to select a second mode of presentation, in which the VST is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant, at eye level, responsive to the indication indicating that an SDRS event is imminent.

2. The video system of claim 1, further comprising a nontransparent element, coupled to the vehicle, obstructing at least 30 degrees out of the frontal horizontal unaided FOV to the outside environment of an occupant at eye level; wherein the use of the nontransparent element improves the safety of the occupant during a collision compared to a similar vehicle having the same total weight and comprising a transparent glass window instead of the nontransparent element.

3. The video system of claim 1, wherein the vehicle comprises a nontransparent element fixed to the vehicle at an angle, relative to the occupant, that is covered by the field of view of the VST, and the nontransparent element features visible light transmittance (VLT) below 10% of ambient light.

4. The video system of claim 1, wherein in the second mode the video related to the VST covers at least 50% of the VUR, at eye level.

5. The video system of claim 1, wherein the video is presented to the occupant on a VR headset, and as a result of presenting the VST, the occupant does not need to remove the VR headset in order to see what causes the SDRS event.

6. The video system of claim 1, wherein presenting video on the foveal vision region comprises presenting images with at least 50% transparency.

7. The video system of claim 1, wherein the VST captures more than 50% of the foveal vision region of the occupant in the second mode of presentation.

8. The video system of claim 1, wherein in the first mode of presentation, the VUR is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant with opacity A, and the VST is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant with opacity B, wherein A>B>0; whereby a normalized opacity parameter takes a value from 0.0 to 1.0, and the lower the value the more transparent the video is; and in the second mode of presentation, the VUR is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant with opacity A’, and the VST is presented on the foveal vision region of the occupant with opacity B’, wherein B’>B and B’>A’.

9. The video system of claim 8, wherein at least one of the following values is true: A’>0, B=0, and A’=0.

10. The video system of claim 1, wherein autonomous-driving control system is configured to generate the indication based on at least one of the following configurations: (i) receive from a camera images of the road, and calculate the indication based on the vehicle trajectory and image analysis of the images, (ii) receive from a radar reflections of electromagnetic waves from the road, and calculate the indication based on the vehicle trajectory and signal processing of the reflections, and (iii) receive a notification from a detailed road map, and calculate the indication based on the vehicle trajectory and the notification.

11. The video system of claim 1, wherein the SDRS event comprises at least one of the following events: hitting a speed bump, driving over a pothole, climbing on the curb.

12. The video system of claim 1, wherein the SDRS event comprises at least one of the following events: making a sharp turn, a hard breaking, an unusual acceleration, and starting to drive after a full stop.

13. The video system of claim 1, wherein the SDRS event takes place at least 2 minutes after starting to travel and is not directly related to the act of the starting to travel; in addition, the SDRS event takes place at least 2 minutes before arriving to the destination and is not directly related to the act of arriving at the destination.

14. The video system of claim 1, wherein the autonomous-driving control system receives at least some of the information about the road from at least one of the following sources: sensors mounted to the vehicle, sensors mounted to nearby vehicles, an autonomous-driving control system used to drive a nearby vehicle, and a database comprising descriptions of obstacles in the road that are expected to cause intense movement of the vehicle.

15. The video system of claim 1, wherein the video is presented to the occupant on a screen coupled to the vehicle compartment.

16. The video system of claim 1, wherein the occupant wears an HMD, and the HMD is used to present the video to the occupant.