GB2541773A - Particle detection apparatus for measuring size and concentration of particles by photon counting - Google Patents

Particle detection apparatus for measuring size and concentration of particles by photon counting Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2541773A
GB2541773A GB1609421.1A GB201609421A GB2541773A GB 2541773 A GB2541773 A GB 2541773A GB 201609421 A GB201609421 A GB 201609421A GB 2541773 A GB2541773 A GB 2541773A
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Prior art keywords
particles
particle
nozzle
detection apparatus
particle detection
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GB2541773B (en
GB201609421D0 (en
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Choi Ki-Bong
Chong Eu-Gene
Jeong Young-Su
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Agency for Defence Development
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/02Investigating particle size or size distribution
    • G01N15/0205Investigating particle size or size distribution by optical means
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/06Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
    • G01N15/1456Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry without spatial resolution of the texture or inner structure of the particle, e.g. processing of pulse signals
    • G01N15/1459Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry without spatial resolution of the texture or inner structure of the particle, e.g. processing of pulse signals the analysis being performed on a sample stream
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/06Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
    • G01N15/075Investigating concentration of particle suspensions by optical means
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
    • G01N15/1429Signal processing
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N2015/0042Investigating dispersion of solids
    • G01N2015/0046Investigating dispersion of solids in gas, e.g. smoke
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
    • G01N2015/1486Counting the particles
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
    • G01N2015/1493Particle size

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)

Abstract

A particle detection apparatus includes a nozzle part 220, 230 in which particles in air are aspirated and guided; an excitation light source 250 for illuminating flow of the guided particles with a light beam; and a detection part 410 for detecting photon signals produced by scattering of the light beam when the beam encounters the particles. The detection part measures particle concentration by photon counting and using a number of photon signal strings based on time analysis or measures particle size by analyzing a length of the photon signal strings, namely the travel time. The nozzle part may include a particle accelerator for changing the travel time from the inflow nozzle 220 to a discharge nozzle 230.

Description

PARTICLE DETECTION APPARATUS FOR MEASURING SIZE AND CONCENTRATION OF PARTICLES BY PHOTON COUNTING
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a dry particle measuring apparatus for measuring size and/or concentration of particles. More particularly, the present invention relates to a particle detection apparatus for measuring size and concentration of particles by photon counting, the apparatus provided with a particle accelerating nozzle for manufacturing a dry particle measuring apparatus that is small in size, light in weight, and low in cost.
In particular, the present invention relates to a particle detection apparatus configured such that a length of photon signal strings that are produced when particles pass through a light beam is analyzed to determine particle size, rather than configured such that size and/or concentration of particles is measured by aspirating particles floating in air, passing the particles through a nozzle, illuminating the particles, and analyzing the amount of scattered light that is generated by the particles, thereby enabling the apparatus to be small in size, light in weight, and low in power consumption.
Description of the Related Art
Generally, a variety of methods of measuring particle size in real time have been proposed, and a variety of apparatuses are widely used. Among them, the most widely used method is optical particle counting or aerodynamic particle sizing, where the size and/or concentration of particles are measured by analyzing an amount of scattered light that is generated by aspirating particles floating in air, passing the particles through a nozzle, and illuminating the particles.
In an aerodynamic particle sizer, in order to maximize acceleration of particles in the nozzle, it is required to flow a large amount of clean air outside the nozzle, through which a sample flows, so as to induce radical acceleration of particles at an end of the nozzle. To achieve this, a highly efficient filter for producing clean air and high capacity pumps for controlling airflow are required, thus the aerodynamic particle sizer is not suitable for a small and portable device.
Meanwhile, in an optical particle counter, when particles encounter light after passing through the nozzle, scattering of the light occurs. Herein, the particle size is measured by using a phenomenon where larger particles produce higher amounts of light scattering. Here, in order to measure the particle size, an analogue to digital converter is required for measuring the amount of the scattered light that is generated when particles pass through light. The analogue to digital converter converts analogue signals of optical measuring instrument into digital signals. Thus, particle size is measured by calculating a maximum size or an area of the signal peak that is generated when particles pass through the light.
Accordingly, it is possible to make the optical particle counter small in size in comparison with the aerodynamic particle sizer, thus the optical particle counter is widely used for portable devices. However, when the analogue to digital converter is used for a circuit of the device, power consumption is increased and the size of the circuit becomes large. For these reasons, an optical particle counter is not suitable for a small device having a weight of less than 1 kg.
Meanwhile, a second method of measuring particle size in real time is aerodynamic particle sizing. The aerodynamic particle sizer is a measurement system where particle size is measured by using time differences in peaks between two patches of scattered light, wherein the scattered light can be measured by aspirating floating particles, passing the particles through an accelerating nozzle, and then passing the particles through two consecutive light beams. Here, as a small particle is aerodynamic and has low inertia, the particle is easily accelerated in the accelerating nozzle, thereby traveling at a high velocity. On the contrary, as a large particle has low aerodynamic properties and has high inertia, thus the particle is less accelerated in the accelerating nozzle than smaller particles, thereby traveling at a low velocity. Thus, the aerodynamic particle sizer uses the difference in velocity to measure size and/or concentration of particles.
Further, a third method of measuring particle size in real time is photon counting. In photon counting, APD (Avalanche Photo-Diode) is used as an optical measuring instrument. Here, when light scattering is caused by particles, it is possible only to find whether a photon is generated or not by using single photon counting. Thus, it is impossible to obtain information on the amount of scattered light. Therefore, it is possible to measure the number of the particles, but impossible to measure the particle size.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, the present invention has been made keeping in mind the above problems occurring in the related art, and the present invention is intended to propose a particle detection apparatus for measuring size and/or concentration of particles, whereby the particle detection apparatus is capable of being manufactured to be small in size, light in weight, and low in cost so as to be suitable for a portable device.
The present invention is further intended to propose a particle detection apparatus for measuring size and concentration of particles, the particle detection apparatus being capable of measuring particle size by analyzing a length of photon signal strings, which are produced when a particle passes through a beam, do determine particle size, instead of measuring size and/or concentration of particles by analyzing an amount of light scattering that is generated by aspirating particles floating in air, passing the particles through a nozzle, and illuminating the particles.
In order to achieve the above object, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a particle detection apparatus for measuring size and/or concentration of particles, the particle detection apparatus being capable of being manufactured to be small in size, light in weight, and low in cost so as to be suitable for a portable device.
The particle detection apparatus includes: a nozzle part 210 in which particles in air are aspirated and guided; an excitation light source part 250 for illuminating flow of the particles guided by the nozzle part 210; and a detection part 410 for detecting photon signals that are produced by scattering of a beam when the beam encounters the particles, the beam generated from the excitation light source part.
Here, the detection part 410 measures particle concentration by using a number of photon signal strings based on time analysis or measures particle size by using a length of the photon signal strings.
Here, the nozzle part 210 may include: an inflow nozzle 220 for allowing the beam from the excitation light source part 250 to illuminate the particles by guiding the aspirated particles; and a discharge nozzle 230 for aspirating and discharging the particles after the beam from the excitation light source part 250 illuminates the particles.
Further, the nozzle part 210 may further include a particle accelerator 510 for making travel time from the inflow nozzle 220 to the discharge nozzle 230 different.
Further, the particle accelerator is provided at an end of the inflow nozzle 220 facing the discharge nozzle 230 and the end of the discharge nozzle 230 facing the inflow nozzle 220.
Further, a diameter of the particle accelerator 510 may be smaller than a diameter of the inflow nozzle 220.
Further, the particle accelerator 510 may be provided with a first inclined guide part 511 that tapers at a predetermined rate from a side of the inflow nozzle 220 to an end of the particle accelerator 510, and a discharging inlet portion 610 shaped at the opposite side of the particle accelerator 510 is provided with a second inclined guide part 611 that tapers at a predetermined rate from a side of the discharge nozzle 230 to an end of the discharging inlet portion 610.
Further, flow of particles flowing through the inflow nozzle 220 may be accelerated at a predetermined rate from the first inclined guide part 511 to the end of the particle accelerator 510.
Further, the particle accelerator 510 may have a diameter of about 1 mm.
Further, a gap between spires of the inflow nozzle 220 and the discharge nozzle 230 may be about 0.1 ~ 0.3mm in width.
Further, the number of photon signal strings may be calculated by photon counting.
According to the present invention, when measuring floating particles, methods are avoided where particle size is measured by converting analogue signals of an optical measuring instrument into digital signals using analogue to digital converter and calculating a maximum size or an area of the signal peak that is generated when particles pass through light, but a method of measuring a length of photon signal strings is used instead, wherein the method is that the particle size is measured by analyzing a length of the time during which a particle travels a predetermined distance. Thus, it is possible to make a particle measuring apparatus small in size, light in weight, and/or low in power consumption.
Further, in measuring particle size according to an embodiment of the present invention, the analogue to digital converter is not required, whereby the present invention is used for developing a small sized particle measuring instrument. Thus, the present invention is advantageous in that concentration and/or size distribution of particles in a contaminated region may be measured by providing a personal portable device or drone, etc. with the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other objects, features and other advantages of the present invention will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating a general relation between photon signal strings and particle sizes; FIG. 2 is a sectional view illustrating an optical chamber according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a schematic view illustrating a principle of a conventional accelerating nozzle; FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a particle detection apparatus according to the embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a sectional view illustrating an inflow nozzle of a partial magnification portion shown in FIG. 2; and FIG. 6 is a sectional view illustrating a discharge nozzle of a partial magnification portion shown in FIG. 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the present invention, specific examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described below, since the embodiments of the present invention can be variously modified in many different forms. While the present invention will be described in conjunction with exemplary embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that the present description is not intended to limit the present invention to those exemplary embodiments. On the contrary, the present invention is intended to cover not only the exemplary embodiments, but also various alternatives, modifications, equivalents, and other embodiments that may be included within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims .
Hereinbelow, exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Throughout the drawings, the same reference numerals will refer to the same or like parts.
It will be understood that, although the terms "first", "second", etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element.
For instance, a first element discussed below could be termed a second element without departing from the teachings of the present invention. Similarly, the second element could also be termed the first element. The term "and/or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms including technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure, and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.
Hereinbelow, reference will be made in great detail to a particle detection apparatus for measuring size and concentration of particles according to an embodiment of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating a general relation between photon signal strings and particle sizes. With reference to FIG. 1, the x-axis denotes time, and the y-axis denotes photon signals. The photon signals are expressed as a first particle 110, a second particle 120, and a third particle 130 by photon counting. To be more specific, a length of the photon signals 101 is determined based on the number of photon signal strings according to time, whereby each size of the first to the third particles 110, 120, and 130 is determined. In other words, the first particle 110 is small in size, the second particle 120 is large in size, and the third particle 130 is medium in size. FIG. 2 is a sectional view illustrating an optical chamber 200 according to the embodiment of the present invention. With reference to FIG. 2, an inner space 201 is provided inside the optical chamber 200. An inflow nozzle 220 and a discharge nozzle 230 are disposed in the inner space 201, wherein an end of the inflow nozzle 220 almost comes into close contact with an end of the discharge nozzle 230. The contact portion is formed into a partial magnification portion 240. A passage for air sample 211 is formed at a center of the inflow nozzle 220. Herein, particles in air are aspirated and guided in the passage for air sample 211 of the inflow nozzle 220, and are led to a beam. The beam is emitted from an excitation light source part 250. In other words, the excitation light source part 250 emits the beam toward a flow of the particles that are guided to the inflow nozzle 220 so as to scatter the beam, thereby generating the photon signals. A solid state laser light source, a liquid state laser light source, and so on may be used as the excitation light source part 250. In particular, a semiconductor laser may be used as the excitation light source part 250.
The discharge nozzle 230 serves as a path for aspirating and discharging the particles after the particles are illuminated by the beam. Of course, the passage for the air sample 211 is formed at a center of the discharge nozzle 230. A gap between spires of the inflow nozzle 220 and the discharge nozzle 230 may be about 0.1~0.3mm in width. FIG. 3 is a schematic view illustrating a principle of a conventional accelerating nozzle. With reference to FIG. 3, the accelerating nozzle is provided with an inflow nozzle 310 and a discharge nozzle 320, wherein a spire of the inflow nozzle 310 has a predetermined height h and a predetermined angle a. Alternatively, an end of the inflow nozzle 310 has a predetermined width w, wherein the width w is the same as a width of the discharge nozzle 320. An end of the inflow nozzle 310 and an end of the discharge nozzle 320 are disposed along a straight line with a gap g. Thus, particles flow in the inflow nozzle 310 from an inflow direction 311, are accelerated an end of the inflow nozzle 310, and are discharged to the discharge nozzle 320. In other words, particles that are accelerated in the discharge nozzle 320 are discharged to an outflow direction 321. FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the particle detection apparatus 400 according to the embodiment of the present invention. With reference to FIG. 4, the particle detection apparatus 400 is disposed in the inner space 201 of the optical chamber 200, wherein the particle detection apparatus 400 includes the nozzle part 210 for aspirating and/or discharging particles, the excitation light source part 250 for emitting the beam to the nozzle part 210, and the detection part 410 for detecting the photon signals that are generated from scattering caused by the emitted beam. Thereby, photon signal strings 420 are produced by the detection part 410.
The nozzle part 210 may include: the Inflow nozzle 220 in which particles flow; and the discharge nozzle 230 through which the accelerated particles are discharged.
When the particles that have flowed In are illuminated by the beam at a location between the inflow nozzle 220 and the discharge nozzle 230, scattering occurs. Here, it is possible to know whether the particles exist or not, by using single photon counting. Thereby, it is possible to measure total concentration of the particles, but impossible to obtain information on particle size. Thus, it is impossible to know particle distribution by size. However, it is possible to measure the particle size by analyzing a length of time during which a particle travels a predetermined distance between the inflow nozzle 220 and the discharge nozzle 230, by using photon counting.
In other words, when particles pass through the beam disposed between the inflow nozzle 220 and the discharge nozzle 230, scattering occurs. Here, photons are generated consecutively. Herein, it is possible to measure particle size using photon counting by analyzing a length of the photon signal strings, namely the travel time.
Further, the particle detection apparatus 400 may be provided with an accelerating nozzle for making travel time of particles different by size, by analyzing the photon signals that are generated when the particles pass through the beam. FIG. 5 is a sectional view illustrating the inflow nozzle of a partial magnification portion 240 shown in FIG. 2. With reference to FIG. 5, a particle accelerator 510 is provided at an end of the inflow nozzle 220. The particle accelerator 510 is provided with a first inclined guide part 511, which tapers at a predetermined rate from a side of the inflow nozzle 220 to an end of the particle accelerator 510. FIG. 6 is a sectional view illustrating the discharge nozzle of a partial magnification portion 240 shown in FIG. 2. With reference to FIG. 6, a discharging inlet portion 610 is provided at an end of the discharge nozzle 230. The discharging inlet portion 610 is provided with a second inclined guide part 611, which tapers at a predetermined rate from a side of the discharge nozzle 230 to an end of the discharging inlet portion 610.
Assuming that the accelerating nozzle provided at the end of the inflow nozzle 220 has a diameter of 1 mm, a gap between spires of the inflow nozzle 220 and the discharge nozzle 230 is about 0.1~0.3mm in width, particle density is 1 g/crf, and discharge is 1 L/min, the result of simulation is as follows.
In the case where a particle size is 3 μ\Ά, the residence time thereof in the inflow nozzle and the discharge nozzle is 51 //s; in the case of 5 μ\Ά, the residence time thereof is 64/zs; and in the case of Ijm, the residence time thereof is 75/^s. Thus, larger particles have longer residence times.
Although a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions are possible, without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as disclosed in the accompanying claims .

Claims (9)

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A particle detection apparatus for measuring size or concentration or both of particles by photon counting, the particle detection apparatus comprising: a nozzle part in which particles in air are aspirated and guided; an excitation light source part for illuminating flow of the particles guided by the nozzle part; and a detection part for detecting photon signals that are produced by scattering of a light beam when the beam encounters the particles, the beam generated from the excitation light source part, wherein concentration of particles is calculated by a number of photon signal strings measured by the detection part, and simultaneously, size of particles is calculated by a length of the photon signal strings.
2. The particle detection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the nozzle part includes: an inflow nozzle for allowing the beam from the excitation light source part to illuminate the particles by guiding the aspirated particles; and a discharge nozzle for aspirating and discharging the particles after the beam from the excitation light source part illuminates the particles.
3. The particle detection apparatus of claim 2, wherein the nozzle part further includes a particle accelerator for making travel time from the inflow nozzle to the discharge nozzle different.
4. The particle detection apparatus of claim 3, wherein the particle accelerator is provided at an end of the inflow nozzle facing the discharge nozzle and a diameter of the particle accelerator is smaller than a diameter of the inflow nozzle.
5. The particle detection apparatus of claim 4, wherein the particle accelerator is provided with a first inclined guide part that tapers at a predetermined rate from a side of the inflow nozzle to an end of the particle accelerator, a discharging inlet portion shaped at the opposite side of the particle accelerator is provided with a second inclined guide part that tapers at a predetermined rate from a side of the discharge nozzle to an end of the discharging inlet portion, and flow of particles flowing along the inflow nozzle is accelerated at a predetermined rate from the first inclined guide part to the end of the particle accelerator.
6. The particle detection apparatus of claim 4, wherein the particle accelerator has a diameter of 1 mm.
7. The particle detection apparatus of claim 2, wherein a gap between spires of the inflow nozzle and the discharge nozzle Is about 0.1 ~ 0.3mm In width.
8. The particle detection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the number of the photon signal strings is calculated by photon counting.
9. The particle detection apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the particle size is an aerodynamic diameter.
GB1609421.1A 2015-08-28 2016-05-27 Particle detection apparatus for measuring size and concentration of particles by photon counting Active GB2541773B (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2018209991A1 (en) * 2017-05-18 2018-11-22 中兴通讯股份有限公司 Method for measuring concentration of air particles and terminal

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JPS59104533A (en) * 1982-12-08 1984-06-16 Hitachi Ltd Light scattering type detector for fine particle
JPS6211127A (en) * 1985-07-01 1987-01-20 Hitachi Electronics Eng Co Ltd Apparatus for detecting fine particle
US5572322A (en) * 1994-06-29 1996-11-05 Agency Of Industrial Science & Technology, Ministry Of International Trade & Industry Apparatus for measuring particle properties

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US6137572A (en) * 1998-02-27 2000-10-24 Pacific Scientific Instruments Company High sensitivity optical fluid-borne particle detection
US6091494A (en) * 1999-05-25 2000-07-18 Venturedyne, Ltd. Particle sensor with cooled light trap and related method
US7932490B2 (en) * 2007-08-07 2011-04-26 Tsi, Inc. Size segregated aerosol mass concentration measurement device

Patent Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS59104533A (en) * 1982-12-08 1984-06-16 Hitachi Ltd Light scattering type detector for fine particle
JPS6211127A (en) * 1985-07-01 1987-01-20 Hitachi Electronics Eng Co Ltd Apparatus for detecting fine particle
US5572322A (en) * 1994-06-29 1996-11-05 Agency Of Industrial Science & Technology, Ministry Of International Trade & Industry Apparatus for measuring particle properties

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2018209991A1 (en) * 2017-05-18 2018-11-22 中兴通讯股份有限公司 Method for measuring concentration of air particles and terminal

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GB201609421D0 (en) 2016-07-13

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