GB2536258A - A device for atomising a liquid - Google Patents

A device for atomising a liquid Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2536258A
GB2536258A GB1504093.4A GB201504093A GB2536258A GB 2536258 A GB2536258 A GB 2536258A GB 201504093 A GB201504093 A GB 201504093A GB 2536258 A GB2536258 A GB 2536258A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
channel
oxygen
housing
oxygen concentrator
liquid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB1504093.4A
Other versions
GB201504093D0 (en
Inventor
Canner Philip
Harris David
Wicks Ben
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Linde GmbH
Original Assignee
Linde GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Linde GmbH filed Critical Linde GmbH
Priority to GB1504093.4A priority Critical patent/GB2536258A/en
Publication of GB201504093D0 publication Critical patent/GB201504093D0/en
Priority to PCT/EP2016/055320 priority patent/WO2016142526A1/en
Publication of GB2536258A publication Critical patent/GB2536258A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/1005—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours with O2 features or with parameter measurement
    • A61M16/101—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours with O2 features or with parameter measurement using an oxygen concentrator
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M11/00—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M11/00—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes
    • A61M11/02—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes operated by air or other gas pressure applied to the liquid or other product to be sprayed or atomised
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M11/00—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes
    • A61M11/06—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes of the injector type
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/0057—Pumps therefor
    • A61M16/0063—Compressors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/12—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours by mixing different gases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/14—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours by mixing different fluids, one of them being in a liquid phase
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/24—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas with means, e.g. a container, for supplying liquid or other fluent material to a discharge device
    • B05B7/2402—Apparatus to be carried on or by a person, e.g. by hand; Apparatus comprising containers fixed to the discharge device
    • B05B7/2405—Apparatus to be carried on or by a person, e.g. by hand; Apparatus comprising containers fixed to the discharge device using an atomising fluid as carrying fluid for feeding, e.g. by suction or pressure, a carried liquid from the container to the nozzle
    • B05B7/2435—Apparatus to be carried on or by a person, e.g. by hand; Apparatus comprising containers fixed to the discharge device using an atomising fluid as carrying fluid for feeding, e.g. by suction or pressure, a carried liquid from the container to the nozzle the carried liquid and the main stream of atomising fluid being brought together by parallel conduits placed one inside the other
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M11/00—Sprayers or atomisers specially adapted for therapeutic purposes
    • A61M11/001—Particle size control
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. mouth-to-mouth respiration; Tracheal tubes
    • A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
    • A61M16/14—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours by mixing different fluids, one of them being in a liquid phase
    • A61M16/16—Devices to humidify the respiration air

Abstract

A device 10 for atomising a liquid comprises a housing 12 having a reservoir 16 of liquid connected, an atomising nozzle 14, an outlet 18, a gas compressor 20, a power source 24 and an oxygen concentrator 26. Breathing gas is provided to the compressor 20 through channel line 22, and then via the first channel 28 into the housing 12 and onto the atomising nozzle 14, to atomise the liquid in the reservoir and dispense it from the outlet 18 as an aerosol plume. The oxygen concentrator 26 supplies an oxygen-containing gas through a second channel 31A and/or 31B, to boost the oxygen content in the aerosol plume. The housing may be provided as a cartridge 11, and the oxygen concentrator 26, compressor 20 and power source 24 may be located on a base unit.

Description

A DEVICE FOR ATOMISING A LIQUID
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a device for atomising a liquid.
Atomised liquids are used for many purposes. One such use is for therapy, for example, by application to the skin or by inhalation. One example is the atomisation of sodium chloride for inhalation to assist with the removal of mucus and debris from the lungs. Another example is atomisation of hyaluronic acid for skin beauty purposes.
An exemplary device for atomising liquids to form a mist is the PARI TurboBoy® SX. The device uses a compressor to supply compressed air into a housing containing an atomiser and atomisable liquid. A mouthpiece/face mask is attached to an outlet port on the device through which a user inhales the atomised liquid.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention there is provided a device for atomising a liquid, the device comprising: a housing comprising a reservoir of liquid fluidly connected to an atomising nozzle and an outlet; a compressor connectable to a gas source and fluidly connected to the housing by a first channel; a power source for the compressor; and an oxygen concentrator comprising a second channel; wherein the device is arranged to supply pressurised gas from the compressor through the first channel into the housing and onto the atomising nozzle to atomise the liquid in the reservoir to dispense it from the outlet as an aerosol plume; and wherein the device is further arranged such that the oxygen concentrator supplies an oxygen containing gas through the second channel to boost the oxygen content in the dispensed aerosol plume. The present invention thus provides a simple device for creating an oxygen enriched aerosol.
The device may be arranged such that the second channel fluidly connects the oxygen concentrator into at least one of a position upstream of the nozzle, and the aerosol plume.
The device may be arranged such that the second channel fluidly connects the oxygen concentrator to the position upstream of the nozzle, wherein the device is then arranged such that the oxygen concentrator supplies an oxygen containing gas through the second channel only into the position upstream of the nozzle.
Alternatively, the device may be arranged such that the second channel fluidly connects the oxygen concentrator to a second outlet in fluid communication with the aerosol plume, and wherein the device is then arranged such that the oxygen concentrator supplies an oxygen containing gas through the second channel only into the aerosol plume.
In this case, the outside of the housing may be inwardly tapered towards the outlet, and the downstream end of the second channel may terminate in an opening which extends around the outside of the housing, wherein oxygen containing gas from the opening is arranged to be supplied towards the -3 -outlet. In this way, the oxygen containing gas from the opening can pass along the outer surface of the housing toward the aerosol plume, by way of the Coanda effect.
Alternatively, the oxygen concentrator may supply an oxygen containing gas into both the position upstream of the nozzle and the aerosol plume by comprising a further channel to the second channel, wherein the second channel fluidly connects the oxygen concentrator to the position upstream of the nozzle, and the further channel fluidly connects the oxygen concentrator to the second outlet in fluid communication with the aerosol plume.
Preferably the power source is a battery.
The device is preferably arranged to generate an aerosol plume which comprises droplets of a diameter of less than 101am.
The liquid inside the reservoir may be a saline solution, for example a solution of sodium chloride. In this way, the device is then useable to assist with the removal of mucus and debris from the lungs. The liquid may instead contain hyaluronic acid so that the device can be used for skin beauty purposes.
The device may further comprise a liquid inlet in fluid communication with the reservoir to allow the liquid in the reservoir to be refilled.
The pressurised gas is preferably a breathing gas such as compressed air or helium (a mixture of helium and oxygen).
The housing may be supplied as part of a single-use disposable cartridge. In which case, the compressor and the oxygen concentrator may be hcused in a base unit for receiving the cartridge.
In this case, the base unit may be connectable to the cartridge by a screw thread to securely connect the two components together.
The downstream end of the first channel may comprise a perforating means, and the cartridge may then comprise a perforable film that is upstream of the atomising nozzle and that can be perforated by the perforating means. This ensures that the cartridge is sealed prior to use.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying Figures in which: Figure 1 shows a cross section view of an atomiser device according to the invention.
Figure 2A shows a side view of a cartridge and base unit from an atomiser device according to the present invention. 30 Figure 2B shows a cross section view of the atomiser device shown in Figure 2A when taken through section A-A. Figure 2C shows a perspective view of the device from Figure 2A with the cartridge detached from the base unit.
Figure 3A shows a side view of another cartridge and base unit from a different atomiser device according to the present invention. Figure 3B shows a cross section view of the atomiser device shown in Figure 3A when taken through section B-B.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
With reference to Figure 1, there is shown an atomiser device 10 which comprises a cartridge 11 defining a generally cylindrical housing 12 within which is located a reservoir 16 of atomisable liquid, and an atomising nozzle 14.
Extending from an outer edge of the housing 12 is an access channel 15 for allowing gas from outside of the 20 cartridge 11 to enter the atomising nozzle 14.
An opening 18 is present on the housing 12 which is fluidly connected to the liquid contained in the reservoir 16 to define an outlet for the liquid from the cartridge 11.
A closure means (not shown), such as a valve or a peelable film, is located between the reservoir 16 and the opening 18 to control the flow of liquid through the opening 18 when the device is not in use.
The cartridge 11 is supported in use by a base unit 13 which includes a compressor 20 connected to a supply 22 of air or other breathable gas. The compressor is powered by a power source 24, for instance a battery.
A gas channel 28 in the base unit 13 extends from the compressor 20 and is fluidly connectable with the access channel 15 of any cartridge 11 connected to the base unit 13. The gas channel 28 thus allows compressed gas from the compressor 20 to enter the atomising nozzle 14 of any connected cartridge 11.
An oxygen concentrator 26 containing an oxygen enriched gas is also located in the base unit 13. The oxygen concentrator 26 is selectively connectable by a valve arrangement to one/both of two channels 31A;31B. The first channel 31A is fluidly connected to the gas channel 28 in the base unit to allow oxygen enriched gas from the concentrator 26 to pass into the access channel 15 of any cartridge 11 connected to the base unit 13. The second channel 31B extends from the concentrator 26 to a vent 32 located in the vicinity of the opening 18 of a cartridge 11 connected to the base unit 13.
In use of the device 10, a cartridge 11 is connected to the base unit 13 so that the gas channel 28 of the base unit 13 fluidly connects with the access channel 15 of the cartridge 11. The base unit 13 is then operated such that the compressor 20 supplies gas into the atomising nozzle 14 of the cartridge 11 to atomise the liquid contained in the reservoir 16 such that the liquid forces open, and passes through, the closure means into the opening 18 and out of the device 10 as an aerosol spray/plume with droplets having a diameter of less than 10pm.
Depending on which of the channels 31A;31B the oxygen concentrator is connected to, during the atomisation of the liquid in the reservoir 16, cxygen enriched gas is supplied into the gas channel 28 via channel 31A, and/or is supplied into the generated aerosol plume via channel 31B. In either operation however, an oxygen enriched aerosol plume is generated by the device 10.
Another atomiser device 10' according to the present invention is shown in Figures 2A-2C. The structure and operation of device 10' is largely similar to the device 10 shown in Figure 1.
As shown best with reference to Figure 2B, the device 10' comprises a base unit 13 connectable to a removable cartridge 11 via a screw thread 17.
The access channel 15 from the cartridge 11 is connectable to the gas channel 28 from the base unit 13. The tip of the gas channel 28 is pointed to define a puncturing means 29 which is operable to pierce a film (not shown) located over the access channel 15 from the cartridge 11 when it is first connected to the base unit 13.
In the device 10', oxygen from the oxygen concentrator 26 is supplied into the generated aerosol plume via channel 31B. The vent 32 from this channel 31B defines a circumferential opening which extends around a portion of the cartridge 11. Because of the circumferential shape of the vent 32, and the outside surface of the cartridge being inwardly tapered towards the opening, oxygen emitted from the vent 32 is forced along the outer surface of the cartridge 11 towards the aercsol plume emitted from the opening 18. This effect of the oxygen being forced along the outer surface of the cartridge 11 is known as the Coanda effect. With this configuration, the length of the generated aerosol plume from the opening 18 is increased.
A further atomiser device 10" according to the present invention is shown in Figures 3A-3B. The structure and operation of device 10" is very similar to the device 10 shown in Figures 2A-2C. The cartridge 11 in this embodiment however is fixed to the base unit 13, and also comprises an inlet 34 fluidly connected tc the reservoir 16 for topping up the liquid contained therein.
The liquid contained within the reservoir is any liquid which can be atomised. Exemplary liquids which can be used include a solution of sodium chloride for when the device is used assisting with the removal of mucus and debris from the lungs, and hyaluronic acid fcr use in skin beauty purposes.

Claims (14)

  1. CLAIMS1. A device for atomising a liquid, the device comprising: a housing comprising a reservoir of liquid fluidly connected to an atomising nozzle and an outlet; a compressor connectable to a gas source and fluidly connected to the housing by a first channel; a power source for the compressor; and an oxygen concentrator comprising a second channel; wherein the device is arranged to supply pressurised gas from the compressor through the first channel into the housing and onto the atomising nozzle to atomise the liquid in the reservoir to dispense it from the outlet as an aerosol plume; and wherein the device is further arranged such that the oxygen concentrator supplies an oxygen containing gas through the second channel tc boost the oxygen content in the dispensed aerosol plume.
  2. 2. A device according to claim 1 wherein the oxygen concentrator supplies the oxygen containing gas into at least one of a position upstream of the nozzle and the aerosol plume.
  3. 3. A device according to claim 2, wherein the second channel fluidly connects the oxygen concentrator to the position upstream of the nozzle, and wherein the device is arranged such that the oxygen concentrator supplies an oxygen containing gas through the second channel only into the position upstream of the nozzle.
    -10 -
  4. 4. A device according to claim 2, wherein the second channel fluidly connects the oxygen concentrator to a second outlet in fluid communication with the aerosol plume, and wherein the device is arranged such that the oxygen concentrator supplies an oxygen containing gas through the second channel only into the aerosol plume.
  5. 5. A device according to claim 4 wherein the outside of the housing is inwardly tapered towards the outlet, and wherein the downstream end of the second channel terminates in an opening which extends around the outside of the housing, wherein oxygen containing gas from the opening is arranged to be supplied towards the outlet.
  6. 6. A device according to any preceding claim wherein the power source is a battery.
  7. 7. A device according to any preceding claim wherein the device is arranged to generate an aerosol plume which 20 comprises droplets of a diameter of less than 10um.
  8. 8. A device according to any preceding claim wherein the liquid inside the reservoir is a saline solution.
  9. 9. A device according to any preceding claim further comprising a liquid inlet in fluid communication with the reservoir.
  10. 10. A device according to claims 1-8 wherein the housing is 30 supplied as part of a single-use disposable cartridge.
  11. 11. A device according to claim 10, wherein the compressor and the oxygen concentrator are housed in a base unit for receiving the cartridge.
  12. 12. A device according to claim 11, wherein the base unit is connectable to the cartridge by a screw thread.
  13. 13. A device according to claims 10-12, wherein the downstream end of the first channel comprises a perforating means, and the cartridge comprises a perforable film that is upstream of the atomising nozzle and that can be perforated by the perforating means.
  14. 14. A device as substantially hereinbefore described with 15 reference to the accompanying drawings.
GB1504093.4A 2015-03-11 2015-03-11 A device for atomising a liquid Withdrawn GB2536258A (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1504093.4A GB2536258A (en) 2015-03-11 2015-03-11 A device for atomising a liquid
PCT/EP2016/055320 WO2016142526A1 (en) 2015-03-11 2016-03-11 A device for atomising a liquid

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1504093.4A GB2536258A (en) 2015-03-11 2015-03-11 A device for atomising a liquid

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB201504093D0 GB201504093D0 (en) 2015-04-22
GB2536258A true GB2536258A (en) 2016-09-14

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Family Applications (1)

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GB1504093.4A Withdrawn GB2536258A (en) 2015-03-11 2015-03-11 A device for atomising a liquid

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GB (1) GB2536258A (en)
WO (1) WO2016142526A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20210146068A1 (en) * 2017-06-22 2021-05-20 Softhale Nv Multiliquid-nozzle

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107755124B (en) * 2017-10-10 2019-09-20 鼎纳科技有限公司 A kind of spraying system and its implementation

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3667463A (en) * 1969-11-14 1972-06-06 David L Barnes Method and apparatus for treatment of respiratory disease
JP2005342353A (en) * 2004-06-04 2005-12-15 Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd Inhalator and inhalation apparatus, or method for applying inhalator
CN203802906U (en) * 2014-04-24 2014-09-03 四川大学华西医院 Atomization and oxygen inhalation dosing device for treating respiratory diseases

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US6458109B1 (en) * 1998-08-07 2002-10-01 Hill-Rom Services, Inc. Wound treatment apparatus
IT1308581B1 (en) * 1999-12-03 2002-01-08 Medel Italiana Srl APPARATUS FOR SPRAYING A LIQUID, IN PARTICULAR FOR MEDICAL USE.
GB0211906D0 (en) * 2002-05-23 2002-07-03 Boc Group Plc Medical Apparatus
DE202004004809U1 (en) * 2004-03-26 2004-05-27 Bösch Feinmechanik und Medizintechnik GmbH Breathing therapy device for cystic fibrosis and bronchitis has an oxygen supply unit for feeding concentrated oxygen to a releasing unit connected to the outlet side of the compressor for supplying air impulses to the user
CA2845066C (en) * 2011-08-31 2020-07-28 Medic Activ Vertriebs Gmbh Fluid cartridge and dispension device
US8573198B2 (en) * 2012-03-01 2013-11-05 Outcome Solutions, Llc Devices and methods for aerosol therapy using hyperbaric tonometry

Patent Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3667463A (en) * 1969-11-14 1972-06-06 David L Barnes Method and apparatus for treatment of respiratory disease
JP2005342353A (en) * 2004-06-04 2005-12-15 Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd Inhalator and inhalation apparatus, or method for applying inhalator
CN203802906U (en) * 2014-04-24 2014-09-03 四川大学华西医院 Atomization and oxygen inhalation dosing device for treating respiratory diseases

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20210146068A1 (en) * 2017-06-22 2021-05-20 Softhale Nv Multiliquid-nozzle

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2016142526A1 (en) 2016-09-15
GB201504093D0 (en) 2015-04-22

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