GB2516917A

GB2516917A - Surface angle measuring device

Info

Publication number: GB2516917A
Application number: GB1314076.9A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Gordon Andrew Morris
Original assignee: LACSOP Ltd
Current assignee: LACSOP Ltd
Priority date: 2013-08-06
Filing date: 2013-08-06
Publication date: 2015-02-11
Anticipated expiration: 2033-08-06
Also published as: WO2015019069A1; GB201314076D0; GB2516917B

Abstract

The surface angle measuring device 19 comprises a chassis that defines a first and a second rangefinder measuring position, the first and second rangefinder measuring positions being rotationally separated by an angle, Ï†. The surface angle measuring device further comprises a first rangefinder 20 that preferably comprises a laser rangefinder and a first inclinometer 22. The incorporation of the first inclinometer allows the surface angle measuring device to function irrespective of the angle of deployment between the chassis and true horizontal. This significantly simplifies the measurement process since there is no tolerance restriction relating to angle at which the chassis may be deployed, The surface angle measuring finds particular application within described methods for determining the mass of a body and in particular an aircraft.

Description

1 Surface Angle Measuring Device 3 The present invention relates to the field of mechanics. In particular, apparatus for 4 determining the angle of a surface is described. The surface angle measuring device finds particular application in a described method for determining the mass, and hence the 6 weight, of a body e.g. a passenger aircraft.

8 Knowing the weight of an aircraft at the time of take-off is a critical factor in terms of the 9 safety, fuel usage and engine life and maintenance requirements. By way of example on a passenger aircraft the Flight Management System (FMS) is employed to calculate the total 11 weight of the aircraft. The current procedure employed by the FMS is based on data 12 extracted from the aircraft load sheet, for example the: 14 a) Aircraft Prepared for Service (APS) weight; b) Cargo and passenger's hold baggage weight, based on adding the weight of 16 individual items loaded onto the aircraft; 17 c) Weight of catering supplies loaded for the flight; 18 d) Fuelload;and 19 e) Total weight of passengers and their hand baggage.

1 Based on the total weight calculated by the FMS the aircraft pilot has to make a decision 2 as to the appropriate thrust settings to be employed in order to allow the aircraft to get off 3 the runway and climb to the desired altitude. Other factors that may be taken into 4 consideration for take-off by the pilot, in conjunction with the FMS, are the weather conditions, the runway length, and the altitude of the airport.

7 As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the engine thrust settings at take-off 8 determine the amount of fuel used and significantly affects the interval between 9 maintaining and servicing of the engines.

ii The weights describe at a) to d) above can be accurately determined. However, the total 12 weight of passengers and their hand baggage" is presently calculated by employing 13 standard passenger weights for adults and children. This weight includes an allowance for 14 hand baggage and is approved by the state of registration's regulatory authorities. For an IS adult this weight is usually taken to be 84kg. In practice their can be a significant variance 16 in the weight of passengers themselves and the hand baggage they bring onto the plane 17 e.g. tall man adult who has hand baggage plus duty free will weigh significantly more than 18 a small women with no hand luggage. This valiance can become quite significant to the 19 overall weight of a passenger aircraft which are routinely employed to transport several hundred passengers at a time.

22 As a result of the uncertainty in the data about the weight of the aircraft, and possible 23 errors in that information, the current practice during take-off is to over compensate for the 24 total weight of passengers and their hand baggage" and thus use more thrust, and hence fuel, than is required. As will be appreciated by the skilled reader this over compensation 26 is primarily for reasons of safety.

28 It is therefore an object of an embodiment of the present invention to obviate or at least 29 mitigate the foregoing disadvantages of the methods of determining the weight of a body, and in particular an aircraft, as known in the art.

32 It is a further object of an embodiment of the present invention to provide a method and 33 apparatus for accurately determining the weight of a body, and in particular an aircraft.

1 It is a further object of an embodiment of the present invention to provide a surface angle 2 measuring device that may be employed within a method for accurately determining the 3 weight of a body, and in particular an aircraft.

Summary of Invention

7 According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for 8 determining the mass of a body, the method comprising: 9 applying and measuring a first motive force to the body to move the body in a first state of motion; ii measuring a first acceleration of the body when in the first state of motion; 12 applying and measuring a second motive force to the body to move the body in a second 13 state of motion; 14 measuring a second acceleration of the body when in the second state of motion; and IS calculating the mass of the body from the measured first and second motive forces and the 16 measured first and second accelerations.

18 The above method provides a means for accurately determining the mass of the body 19 while accounting for all the forces applied to the body e.g. friction, wind resistance and gravitational forces. It finds find particular application in the determination of the weight of 21 a vehicle and in particular a passenger aircraft.

23 Most preferably the first and or second motive forces move the body across an area of 24 ground. The area of ground may be inclined at an angle B relative to a true gravity horizontal.

27 Preferably the method further comprises measuring the angle of inclination B between the 28 area of ground and the true gravity horizontal. The measurement f the angle e may 29 employ a surface angle measuring device in accordance with any of the seventh to tenth aspects of the present invention.

32 The measurement of the first and or second motive forces are preferably corrected for the 33 anglo B between the area of ground relative and the true gravity horizontal.

1 Preferably the first and or second accelerations are measured by an accelerometer 2 mounted on the body.

4 The measurement of the first and or second accelerations are preferably corrected for the tilt angle a of the accelerometer relative to the ground.

7 The first state of motion may comprises a state of steady motion i.e. the first acceleration 8 equals zero.

The first and or second states of motion may comprise states of acceleration i.e. the first ii and or second accelerations are not equal to zero.

13 The first or second motive forces may be applied by setting a thrust of an engine of the 14 body.

IS

16 Most preferably the body comprises an aircraft.

18 According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for 19 determining the mass of a body, the method comprising: applying and measuring a first motive force to the body to move the body in a first state of 21 steady motion; 22 applying and measuring a second motive force to the body to move the body in a second 23 state of steady motion wherein a direction of the second state of steady motion is at an B 24 to a direction of the first state of steady motion; and calculating the mass of the body from the measured first and second motive forces.

27 Embodiments of the second aspect of the invention may comprise features to implement 28 the preferred or optional features of the first aspect of the invention or vice versa.

According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for 31 determining the mass of a body, the method comprising: 32 applying and measuring a first motive force to the body to move the body in a first state of 33 acceleration; 34 measuring a first acceleration of the body when in the first state of acceleration; 1 applying and measuring a second motive force to the body to move the body in a second 2 state of acceleration; 3 measuring a second acceleration of the body when in the second state of acceleration; 4 and calculating the mass of the body from the measured first and second motive forces and the 6 measured first and second accelerations.

8 Embodiments of the third aspect of the invention may comprise features to implement the 9 preferred or optional features of the first or second aspects of the invention or vice versa.

ii According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of 12 calculating the thrust required for an aircraft take-off the method comprising the 13 determination of the mass of the aircraft in accordance with any of the first to third aspects 14 of the present invention.

IS

16 Being able to more accurately determine the mass of the aircraft allows take-off to be 17 achieved for lower values of engine thrust. This has obvious benefits it satisfying noise 18 pollution level requirements for aircraft operators and for reducing ever increasing carbon 19 taxes levied on aircraft operators as a result of the levels of carbon dioxide emission produced.

22 According to a fifth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of 23 calculating the fuel requirements for an aircraft journey the method comprising the 24 determination of the mass of the aircraft in accordance with any of the first to third aspects of the present invention.

27 Being able to more accurately determine the mass of the aircraft allows for more accurate 28 calculations of the fuel requirements for an aircraft journey to be made reducing the fuel 29 loads required to be carried by the aircraft.

31 According to a sixth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of 32 calculating the flight path of an aircraft the method comprising the determination of the 33 mass of the aircraft in accordance with any of the first to third aspects of the present 34 invention.

1 Being able to more accurately determine the mass of the aircraft allows for the pilot of the 2 aircraft to consider adopting flight paths at higher altitudes, for the same initial fuel load, 3 without comprising the safety of the aircraft or the passengers on board. As is appreciated 4 by those skilled in the art significant fuel savings, and thus reductions in carbon emissions, can be achieved, particularly on long haul flights, when a higher altitude flight path is 6 employed.

8 According to a seventh aspect of the present invention there is provided a surface angle 9 measuring device the surface angle measuring device comprising a chassis that defines a first and a second laser rangefinder measuring positions, the first and second laser ii rangefinder measuring positions being separated by an angle p; a first laser rangefinder 12 and a first inclinometer.

14 Most preferably the chassis provides a means for mounting the surface angle measuring IS deviceonabody.

17 Preferably the first laser rangefinder is located at the first laser rangefinder position. In this 18 embodiment a second laser rangefinder is preferably located at the second laser 19 rangefinder position. The inclinometer may be positioned having a horizontal axis perpendicular to a line bisecting the angle p between the first and second laser 21 rangefinders.

23 Alternatively, the first inclinometer is fixed to the first laser rangefinder. In this embodiment 24 the surface angle measuring device further comprises a second inclinometer fixed to the second laser rangefinder.

27 Optionally the first laser rangefinder is pivotally mounted to provide rotational movement 28 between the first and second laser rangefinder measuring positions. In this embodiment 29 the first inclinometer is fixed to the first laser rangefinder.

31 According to a eighth aspect of the present invention there is provided a surface angle 32 measuring device the surface angle measuring device comprising first and second laser 33 rangefinders mounted within first and second measuring positions, the first and second 34 measuring positions being separated by an angle p, and a first inclinometer having a 1 horizontal axis perpendicular to a line bisecting the angle ip between the first and second 2 laser rangefinders.

4 Embodiments of the eighth aspect of the invention may comprise features to implement the preferred or optional features of the seventh aspect of the invention or vice versa.

7 According to a ninth aspect of the present invention there is provided a surface angle 8 measuring device the surface angle measuring device comprising first and second laser 9 rangefinders mounted within first and second measuring positions, the first and second measuring positions being separated by an angle p, a first inclinometer fixed to the first ii laser rangefinder and a second inclinometer fixed to the second laser rangefinder.

13 Embodiments of the sixth aspect of the invention may comprise features to implement the 14 preferred or optional features of the seventh or eighth aspects of the invention or vice IS versa.

17 According to a tenth aspect of the present invention there is provided a surface angle 18 measuring device the surface angle measuring device comprising a laser rangefinders 19 pivotally mounted between a first and a second measuring position, the first and second measuring positions being separated by an angle p, and an inclinometer fixed to the first 21 laser rangefinder.

23 Embodiments of the seventh aspect of the invention may comprise features to implement 24 the preferred or optional features of the seventh to ninth aspects of the invention or vice versa.

27 According to an eleventh aspect of the present invention there is provided an inertial mass 28 system for determining the mass of a body, the inertial mass system comprising an 29 accelerometer for measuring the acceleration of the body and a processor configured to calculate the mass of the body based on: 31 -a measured value of a first motive force applied to the body to move the body in a 32 first state of motion; 33 -a measured value of a first acceleration of the body when in the first state of 34 motion; 1 -a measured value of a second motive force applied to the body to move the body in 2 a second state of motion; and 3 -a measured value of a second acceleration of the body when in the second state of 4 motion.

6 Preferably the inertial mass system further comprises an interface that provides a means 7 of communication between the inertial mass system and an aircraft flight management 8 system.

The first and second motive forces applied to the body may therefore be measured by an Ii engine management system of the flight management system.

13 Most preferably the accelerometer comprises a tilt sensor. Incorporating a tilt sensor 14 allows the measured first and second accelerations to be corrected for the tilt angle a of IS the accelerometer relative to the ground.

17 Most preferably the inertial mass system further comprises a surface angle measuring 18 device in accordance with any of the seventh to tenth aspects of the present invention.

According to a twelfth aspect of the present invention there is provided a flight 21 management system for an aircraft comprising an inertial mass system in accordance with 22 the eleventh aspect of the present invention.

24 According to a thirteenth aspect of the present invention there is provided an aircraft comprises a flight management system in accordance with the twelfth aspect of the 26 present invention.

28 Brief Description of Drawings

Aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the 31 following detailed description and upon reference to the following drawings in which: 33 Figure 1 presents a schematic representation of a passenger aircraft travelling along the 34 ground; 1 Figure 2 presents a schematic diagram of an Aircraft Inertial Mass System employed by 2 the passenger aircraft of Figure 1; 4 Figure 3 presents a schematic representation of a surface angle measuring device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

7 Figure 4 presents a schematic representation of the surface angle measuring device when 8 deployed with the aircraft of Figure 1; and Figure 5 presents a schematic representation of an alternative embodiment of the surface Ii angle measuring device when deployed with the aircraft of Figure 1.

13 In the description which follows, like parts are marked throughout the specification and 14 drawings with the same reference numerals. The drawings are not necessarily to scale IS and the proportions of certain parts have been exaggerated to better illustrate details and 16 features of embodiments of the invention.

18 Detailed Description

Details of the present invention will now be described with reference to Figures 1. In 21 particular, Figure 1 presents a schematic representation of a passenger aircraft 1 travelling 22 along the ground 2. X and Y axes are included in Figure 1 to represent true horizontal and 23 true vertical, respectively. The ground 2 can be seen to be at an angle e relative to the 24 horizontal axis X. 26 The motive force F acting on the aircraft 1 can be determined in accordance with the 27 principles of Newton's Second Law of Motion, as detailed in equation 1 below: 29 F=ma+TR (1) 31 where 33 a = acceleration of the aircraft along the ground; 34 m = mass of the aircraft; and TR = the total rolling resistance of the aircraft.

2 When the aircraft 1 moves along the ground 2 it will be in one of two states, either a state 3 of steady motion (a = 0) or a state of acceleration (a!= 0). This fact can be exploited in 4 order to provide means for calculating the mass, and hence the weight, of the aircraft 1.

6 The principle behind the present invention is to employ an accelerometer 3 to measure the 7 acceleration of the aircraft 1 across the ground 2 and hence determine whether the aircraft 8 is in a state of steady motion or a state of acceleration. The accelerometer 3 may be 9 mounted on the aircraft 1, as shown in the embodiment of Figure 1 ii In a preferred embodiment the motive force F of the aircraft 1 is measured initially when 12 the aircraft 1 is in a state of steady motion (a = 0) e.g. when the aircraft 1 is taxiing at a 13 constant velocity. In this state the measured motive force F applied by the thrust of the 14 engines to the aircraft 1 equals the total rolling resistance TR of the aircraft 1.

IS

16 The motive force F is then measured when the aircraft 1 is in a state of acceleration 17 (a!= 0). Equation (1) can then be solved so as to give an accurate value for the mass of 18 the aircraft 1.

The weight W of the aircraft 1 is then given be the following known equation: 22 W=mg (2) 24 where g = gravitational acceleration.

26 The above methodology can be adapted so as to take account of the fact that the ground 2 27 may not be parallel to the true horizontal (axis X) i.e. the angle 0 0 0. It will be appreciated 28 that several factors will contribute to the total rolling resistance TR of the aircraft 1. These 29 factors include the friction forces acting on the aircraft t1, wind resistance acting on the aircraft tv,, and the gravitational force acting on the aircraft in the direction parallel the 31 ground 2. For the aircraft 1 of Figure 1, TR can be expressed as follows: 33 TRtI+tw+tg (3) where tg = mg sin 0 (4) 2 It will be appreciated by the skilled reader that the inclination of the ground 2 can therefore a cause a positive resistance if the angle e > 0, a negative resistance if the angle e < 0 and 4 that if the aircraft 1 travels in a state of steady motion (a = 0) along a level section of ground 2 then t9 equals zero and so does not contribute to the forces resisting the motion 6 R i.e. the measured motive force F provided by the thrust of the engines thus gives the 7 combined value of t + 9 The angle 0 may be a known value for a particular section of ground. Alternatively, the anglo B may be measured as the aircraft 1 travels over the ground 2. A surface angle ii measuring device 19 suitable for this purpose is described in further detail below. The 12 motive force F is then measured when the thrust of the engines move the aircraft 1 to be in 13 a state of acceleration (a!= 0) and equations (1), (3) and (4) are again employed to 14 calculate the mass of the aircraft 1.

16 A pilot tube 4 may be employed to measure wind speed and so as to provide a direct 17 means for calculating the wind resistance acting on the aircraft t. The pilot tube 4 may be 18 mounted on the aircialt 1, as shown in the embodiment of Figure 1. When combined with 19 the above described measurement of TR on a level section of ground 2 a value for the friction forces acting on the aircraft t1 can also be individually determined.

22 The above methodology can be further adapted so as to take account of the fact that the 23 accelerometer 3 is likely to be mounted on the aircraft 1 so as to be tilted relative to the 24 ground 2. The accelerometer 3 therefore preferably comprises a tilt sensor 5 in order to measure the tilt angle cx between the accelerometer 3 and true horizontal. In this 26 embodiment equation (1) is adapted so asto be: 28 F=macos(a-B)+TR (5) where TR = (ti + t) + mg sin e (6) 32 Employing the above methodology with equations (5) and (6) therefore provides a means 33 for determining the mass of the aircraft 1 as it moves along the ground 2 while correcting 34 for the angle e of the ground 2 and the tilt angle a of the accelerometer 3 relative to the ground 2.

2 Figure 2 presents a schematic diagram of an Aircraft Inertial Mass System (AIMS) 6 3 employed by the aircraft 1 in order to implement the above methodology. The AIMS 6 can 4 be seen to comprise the accelerometer 3 and the tilt sensor 5 which are connected to a processor 7 e.g. a computational processor unit (CPU). A surface angle measurement 6 device 19, as described in further detail below may also be connected to the CPU 7. The 7 CPU 7 may further comprise a function selection keyboard 8; a display 9 and a memory 8 component 10 that stores various algorithms e.g. general data processing routines 11, 9 real-time and historical data comparison and verification routines 12 and real-time data measurement and processing routines 13. Ii

12 The CPU 7 is connected to the normal aircraft flight management system (FMS) 14 via an 13 aircraft data bus interface 15. As can be seen from Figure 2 the FMS 14 may comprise an 14 engine management system 16 to provide data on the thrust of the aircraft engines; a SF5 IS sensor 17 to assist with navigation and real time data verification; and an auto-pilot system 16 18.

18 It will be appreciated that the CPU 7 may provide a means for measuring time. This time 19 data may therefore be combined with the data obtained by the accelerometer 3 such that the velocity and distance travelled by the aircraft 1 can be determined. By reading data 21 from the aircraft's SF5 sensor 17, the aircraft's location at different times can also be 22 determined. Using this data, the acceleration, velocity and distance travelled can be 23 determined independently of the accelerometer 3. This data can therefore be used to 24 verify the data produced by the accelerometer 3. This feature provides a level of assurance as to the validity of the data produced by the AIMS 6.

27 An alternative embodiment for calculating the mass, and hence the weight off the aircraft 1 28 will now be described. In the first instance, a first motive force F1 of the aircraft 1 is 29 measured when the aircraft 1 is travelling in a first state of acceleration (a1!= 0). A second motive force F2 of the aircraft 1 is then measured when the aircraft 1 is travelling in a 31 second state of acceleration (a2!= 0). It will be appreciated that the angle B for this area of 32 ground is either required to be known or measured, preferably at the time the aircraft is 33 travelling over the ground 2. In a similar fashion the tilt angle a between the accelerometer 34 3 and true horizontal is also required. Simultaneous equations based on equation (5) can then be solved so as to determine a value for the mass of the aircraft 1.

2 A further alternative embodiment for calculating the mass, and hence the weight off the 3 aircraft 1 will now be described. In this embodiment the motive force F of the aircraft 1 is 4 initially measured when the aircraft 1 is travelling across a level area of ground 2 (i.e. angle 0 = 0) in a state of steady motion (a = 0). From equation (6) it can be seen than in 6 this state the thrust provided by engines of the aircraft 1 gives the combined value of 7 (t1+t).

9 The motive force F of the aircraft 1 is then measured when the aircraft 1 is travelling across a sloping area of ground 2 (i.e. angle B!= 0) while again in a state of steady motion Ii (a = 0). It will be appreciated that the angle B for this area of ground is either required to 12 be known or measured, preferably at the time the aircraft is travelling over the ground 2.

13 Since the combined value of (t1 + t) has previously been determined, equation (6) can 14 then be employed to calculate a value for the mass of the aircraft 1 and thus the weight of IS the aircraft 1 can similarly be determined from equation (2).

17 In the above method the accelerometer 3 is again employed to determine when the aircraft 18 1 is in a state of steady motion (a = 0) on both a level area of ground 2 (angle B = 0) and 19 on a sloping area of ground 2 (angle B!= 0). However, since method does not require any compensation for the tilt of the accelerometer 3 relative with the ground 2 there is no need 21 for the tilt sensor 5 to be incorporated therein.

23 Surface Angle Measuring Device In practice, surfaces are rarely found to be truly horizontal or vertical relative to the 26 direction of gravity. Measurement of the angle of a surface relative to the direction of a 27 true gravity horizontal or vertical can be made using spirit levels or electronic 28 inclinometers. The difficulty with employing such apparatus is that they require the 29 instrument to be in direct or indirect contact with the surface. Furthermore, such apparatus requires to be stationary deployed and so cannot be used to measure the inclination of a 31 surface from a moving body.

33 A surface angle measuring device 19, as shown in Figure 3, suitable for use on the aircraft 34 1 of Figure 1 will now be described that allows for the accurate measurement of the inclination of the ground 2 relative to a true horizontal plane (as represented by axis X).

1 The surface angle measuring device 19 can be seen to comprise a first laser rangefinder 2 20, a second laser rangefinder 21 and an inclinometer 22 all of which are mounted on a 3 chassis 23. The first 20 and second 21 laser rangefinders and the inclinometer 22 are 4 mounted on the chassis 23 in such a way that an angle p between the first 20 and second 21 laser rangefinders is known and the inclinometer 22 is positioned such that its 6 horizontal axis is perpendicular to the line bisecting the angle p between the first 20 and 7 second 21 laser rangefinders. It will be appreciated that the body on to which the chassis 8 23 is mounted (e.g. the aircraft 1) may not allow the chassis 23 to be orientated parallel to 9 the true horizontal. However the inclinometer 22 provides a means for measuring the inclination e of the chassis 23 and hence the first 20 and second 21 laser rangefinders 11 relative to the true horizontal.

13 To illustrate the operation of the surface angle measuring device 19 Figure 4 presents a 14 schematic representation of the device 19 when deployed with the aircraft 1 of Figure 1.

Here AB represents the light beam from the second laser rangefinder 21 having a length 16 L2 and BC the light beam from the first laser rangefinder 20 having a length L. The laser 17 rangefinders 21 and 20 thus determine the distances AB and BC respectively while the 18 inclinometer 22 measures the angle. When the angle p between the first 20 and second 19 21 laser rangefinders is known the angle 0 can be determined from the following equation: 21 = sin L2 sin'1 -L1 SIn 11)2 (7) JI4-I-L-2L2Li cosp 22 where 23 (8) (9) 27 To calculate the angle 0 the data signals from the first 20 and second 21 laser 28 rangefinders and the inclinometer 22 can simply be input to a CPU (e.g. CPU 7) to carry 29 out the calculations and either display the result directly or pass the information on to other equipment e.g. the AIMS 6 or the FMS 14.

32 While the measurements described above are used to calculate the angle 0, this is in 33 effect the slope between two discrete points on the surface represented by MN. By 1 moving the chassis 23 along the slope a number of data points can be determined and 2 thus a mean value of the angle U of the slope of the surface can be calculated.

4 The above described surface angle measuring device 19 employs two laser rangefinders 20 and 21 and an inclinometer 22 and is in effect a slope measuring system that requires 6 no manual intervention once the chassis 3 on which the device 19 is mounted is placed in 7 position. It will be appreciated that in an alternative embodiment, as represented 8 schematically in Figure 5, the surface angle measuring device 24 may comprise a single 9 laser rangefinder mounted on a pivot, point B. In this embodiment the inclinometer is fixed to the laser rangefinder in such a way that the angle of the laser beam is measured 11 relative to the true horizontal or vertical. The laser rangefinder is thus set to an angle on 12 the pivot and the distance [2 (AB) is measured along with the angle W1. The laser 13 rangefinder is then pivoted and set to another angle and the distance L is measured along 14 with the angle P2.

IC The angle p is then found from the relationship q = it-W1-W2 and the slope of the line AC, 17 the angle 0, is again found by employing equation (7). The laser rangefinder and the 18 inclinometer can both have electronic interfaces that allow the measurements to again be 19 passed to a CPU to carry out the calculations and display the result.

21 In a yet further alternative embodiment it will be appreciated that two inclinometers 22 may 22 be employed within the surface angle measuring device 19, one mounted on the first laser 23 rangefinder 20 and one mounted on the second laser rangefinder 21. This arrangement 24 allows the angles P1 and 1412 to be measured directly as described above and the angle 0 of the surface MN to be determined as described previously. Although involving additional 26 equipment, this arrangement has the advantage that the two laser rangefinders 20 and 21 27 do not need to be mounted on the chassis 23 relative to each other with a high degree of 28 precision.

The above described methods and apparatus incorporates a number of features that allow 31 the external factors that influence the force required to produce a given acceleration on a 32 body to be determined e.g. the total rolling resistance T of an aircraft and thereby allows 33 the mass of the body to be accurately determined.

1 Being able to accurately determine the mass, and hence the weight of an aircraft offers a 2 number of significant advantages. In the first instance the engine thrust required for take- 3 off can be more accurately determined thus reducing the requirement to overcompensate 4 for passenger and hand luggage weight as is presently case in the systems of the prior art without there being any compromise to the safety of the aircraft or the passengers on 6 board.

8 Employing less engine thrust for take-off also results in lower aircraft noise and less fuel 9 being employed. This has obvious benefits it satisfying noise pollution level requirements for aircraft operators and for reducing over increasing carbon taxes levied on aircraft ii operators as a result of the levels of carbon dioxide emission produced.

13 More accurate knowledge of the levels of use the fuel during take-off also has the added 14 benefit that a pilot can now consider flight paths at higher altitudes without comprising the IS safety of the aircraft or the passengers on board. As is appreciated by those skilled in the 16 art signif icant fuel savings can be achieved, particularly on long haul flights, when a higher 17 altitude flight path is employed.

19 In determining the mass of a body (e.g. an aircraft) an important factor to know is the topography of the ground over which it is travelling. The described surface angle 21 measuring device provides a means for accurately determining factor that does not require 22 direct or indirect contact with the surface and which does not require the body to be 23 stationary.

A method for determining the mass of a body is described. The method comprises the 26 application and measurement of a first motive force to the body to move the body in a first 27 state of motion. The acceleration of the body is also measured at this time. This 28 methodology is repeated for a second state of motion. The measured motive forces and 29 accelerations are then used to calculate the mass, and hence the weight of the body. An accelerometer may be employed to measure the accelerations. The methods may be 31 adapted so as to correct for the angle U of the ground across which the body is moved and 32 or the tilt angle a of the accelerometer relative to the ground. The methods may employ a 33 novel surface angle measuring device that does not require contact with the ground and 34 which does not require the body to be stationary.

1 The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration 2 and description and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise a form disclosed. The described embodiments were chosen and described in order to best 4 explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilise the invention in various embodiments and with various 6 modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Therefore, further 7 modifications or improvements may be incorporated without departing from the scope of 8 the invention as defined by the appended claims.