GB2502247A - Heat recovery device - Google Patents

Abstract

A heat recovery device 18,28 comprises a conduit juxtaposed with a respiratory through-flow pathway of a heat engine such as a boiler 10 or an internal combustion engine (14, figure 3). The conduit may comprise a copper coil wrapped tightly around pathway. The pathway may be a flue 11 and/or an intake 16 of the boiler or, alternatively, an exhaust pipe (15, figure 3) and/or intake of the internal combustion engine. The conduit may be configured in an open or part-open circuit. For example, both ends of the conduit may be open to the environment in which the conduit is disposed. The device is claimed to engender flow turbulence and vortices in the pathway and also induce electro-magnetic effects that produce interlaced, interwoven, spiral or helical counter-flows (see figure 4B), producing an exhaust flow back pressure load resistance. The device is also claimed to have a beneficial effect upon performance of the heat engine, such as reduced noxious emissions.

Description

I

Heat Recuperation This invention relates to heat engines, combustion and exhaust heat recuperation and more generally to mutual influence, such as heat transfer, between otherwise isolated but mutually juxtaposed flow passages.

Emissions and efficiency are both concerns for heat engine performance. Efficiency is undermined by wasted heat output; that is generated heat unused for an intended purpose and so fuel consumed in combustion for heat generation without an intended benefit.

Prior Art

A known way of addressing this is by (partial) heat sink, capture or recovery at an exhaust. This can cool otherwise unnecessarily wastefully hot flue gases. There are limitations on this, to avoid undue cooling sufficient to produce noxious or harmful particulates, e.g. soot, or condensates, e.g. tar in a boiler flue. Another measure is conditioning a combustion environment. A further measure is to influence combustion through-flow or breathing and in particular exhaust flow, such as by restriction, throttling or damping intervention or harmonic tuning.

Diverse known heat retention, recovery, re-circulatory or re-capture measures, include a heat exchange wrap-around an exhaust. Flue heat exchangers have been used to adjust temperature gradients in boiler circuits. Known heat exchanger coils are commonly connected in a closed circuit. An example is so-called passive flue gas heat recovery.

Heat recovery from a flue is explored in Appendix I. The Applicants are concerned with refinement of, or parallel provision to, such heat transfer measures, including more radical open-circuit heat exchanger formats, for boilers or internal combustion (ic.) engines as reflected in the appended disclosure and claims.

It is also known to employ heat accumulators, as intermediate reservoirs, buffers or dampers for temporarily surplus heat, such as produced by excessive boiler output in relation to instant demand, ready for later recovery when boiler output is insufficient for requirements or is temporarily in a timed shut-down. Such an accumulator can even-out system operation in conditions of fluctuating demand or thermal load matching or harmonisation of output with demand. An accumulator must be correctly sized to avoid becoming in itself an undue heat sink,, load or source of unused and so wasted heat output. Some variants of the invention may allow an accumulator to be dispensed with altogether, in favour of more efficient boiler operation.

Aside from direct heat transfer or exchange, such as by thermal mechanisms of conduction, radiation or convection, supplementary electrical currents and magnetisation can arise. Electromagnetic effects are explored in Appendix 2. Another transfer mechanism allied to a heat pipe with a change of phase of a conducting medium is reflected in Appendix 3.

Statement(s) of Invention

According to one aspect of the invention, a heat recuperative or recovery facility (18, 28) for a (combustion) heat engine comprises a conduit juxtaposed with an engine combustion (respiratory) through flow pathway, such as an intake and/or exhaust passage; configured in an open or part-open circuit or connected in a circuit with another such conduit and/or an engine heat flow circuit, for conduit influence of or by engine heat through-flow.

According to another aspect of the invention, a heat engine (breathing or respiratory) heat transfer and recovery device comprises an open-ended pipe, conduit or duct juxtaposed with an engine intake and/or exhaust flue, pipe, conduit, or duct, such as configured in a fold, loop, wrap, envelope or coil, fitted around or in close proximity to the exhaust, and configured for mutual remote influence, of respective internal flows.

A further aspect of the invention provides combustion apparatus, such as a heat engine, with intake and/or exhaust passages or pathways configured for and filled with an energy (re-)capture or recuperative device, for mutual flow influence or inter-couple, of otherwise discrete, separate and independent fluid flows, in juxtaposed conduit passages, with heat transfer or exchange across an intervening boundary.

Respective conduits juxtaposed with intake and exhaust flues or flue passages could be partially inter-coupled, say, in series or in parallel, in a joint part-open or closed circuit. In an exhaust (only) arrangement, a heat engine exhaust heat recovery device comprises an open, or part open-ended pipe, conduit or duct, juxtaposed with an engine exhaust flue pipe, conduit, or duct. In an intake (only) arrangement, a heat engine intake or inlet is heat recovery device comprises an open, or part open-ended pipe, conduit or duct juxtaposed with an engine intake or inlet flue pipe, conduit, or duct. In either case the conduit can be configured in a fold, loop, wrap, envelope or coil, fitted around or in close proximity to the respective flue, and configured for mutual or reciprocal remote influence, of respective internal flows. Influence or intervention may take place in active combustion periods or in quiescent periods in between, but in which passive' circulation continues.

The term conduit is used herein for convenience to embrace any form of conduit or duct.

The term flue is used for convenience herein to embrace either intake or exhaust flow passages. In a so-called balance flue configuration, intake and exhaust flows are commonly adjacent, such as an intake around an exhaust to take away the products of combustion, along with some (therefore wasted) heat, while pre-warming intake air. So both flues port to the outside, but a boiler can still draw warmer air from inside. A heat recovery device of the invention could feature a conduit juxtaposed with a balanced flue configuration.

A flow or flow change induced or engendered within the conduit, under the influence of an intake or exhaust flue flow in a separate but juxtaposed passage, couples to the immediate operational environment of a subject heat engine, whose combustion through-flow itself initiates with intake from and culminates in exhaust into that environment. A common or shared environment thus ultimately links or couples the otherwise separate flows in flue and conduit. In that sense, a mutual or reciprocal flow interaction can arise.

By further inter-coupling, say in part open or closed circuits, the respective conduits juxtaposed with intake and exhaust passages a mutual reinforcement action can be engendered.

A device, multiple discrete or inter-coupled devices: of the invention, say in conduit format, may be in direct physical contact with, marginally spaced from or otherwise juxtaposed with a flue for heat conduction. An external conduit location upon a flue is desirable, but internal disposition is feasible. In either case, Induced temperature change in the device can serve a a trigger for internal flow in a device flow pathway. This along with a reaction effect in the flue flow itself. Temperature condition change is an initiator of temperature gradient and convection heat transfer, density change and flow. This alongside electromagnetic effects.

The device can have an influence or effect even though nominally external to or beyond the boundaries of what would conventionally be regarded as a flue. A sphere of influence can be regarded as a form of environment. The device can be fifed externally around or alongside a flue body circumference and in contact with or marginally spaced from it. In a tuned intake and/or exhaust interpretation, the device location can serve as a local node for flow pulsation harmonics.

In electrical equivalent terms, a device configured as an elongate strip, loop or coil could be regarded as an inductance or choke operative, even with some reactive lag in response, upon a flow change. Aside from heat transfer, electromagnetic effects may also arise. These may be associated with electrical breakdown into electrically charged molecules and attendant ionisation currents in the flow from a combustion gas breakdown under intense combustion heat. Thus coil behaviour or effect can include an element of counter action or opposition to an imposed change. This can be expressed as a form of inertia, resistance, suppression, damping or self-stabilisation of otherwise errant or erratic flow behaviour.

Separation or isolation of a flue from conduit flow passages can admit different respective working fluids or at least fluids under different conditions. This in turn can engender a change of condition, mode,state or phase for a given temperature change. A common condition change is condensation in so-called condenser boilers. Mathematical analysis of fluid flow in open channels of different section and fill can be applied, along with sudden pressure variations, fluctuations or transients.

Heat transfer can be harnessed to engender flow turbulence and vortices and induce electromagnetic effects as an air coil transformer; to produce interlaced, interwoven, spiral or helical counter-flows, producing an induction and/or exhaust flow back pressure load resistance. Multiple influence' conduits can be disposed co-operatively together, such as one alongside or around another, either with or without mutual interconnection, including a mixture of conduit types and fold, wrap or wind configurations and dispositions relative to an intake or exhaust flue or other heat source. A selective mix of open or part-open-ended conduit formats, such as discrete individual loops or coils, say connected in a (close) circuit can be used. The term conduit is used herein for convenience to embrace any through-pathway configuration, including a coil. An (energy capture) device is conveniently fitted outside' or beyond the nominal boundary, confines or environment of an energy source or core, but in proximity to an intake or exhaust flue. A series of layered, tiered or mutually enshrouded environments successively around a boiler can be considered for the purposes of analysis. That said, an inner core disposition is not precluded.

In one construction, an internal combustion (ic.) engine exhaust pipe, at a location (just) beyond or downstream of a manifold, is juxtaposed with a heal (re-)capture or recoup device, such as a folded, wrapped or enveloped externally in an external (say, helical wound) conduit coil. Conduit and coil dimensions and dispositions admit of some variation. In a boiler, a wrap would be around, and desirably close to a flue pipe. Physical proximity or direct contact allows heat transfer and or other influence between manifold and coil. The coil is open-ended to the ambient atmosphere, as ultimately is the ic.

engine (intake and exhaust) breathing itself. The coil need not be pre-conditioned, pre-filled or pre-loaded with any particular content. Operationally, it transpires that a internal conduit condition change, such as a flow is engendered once the engine starts. Similar or parallel considerations apply to the intake flue and a juxtaposed conduit or wrap.

Interlinking the inlet and exhaust flue conduit wraps has been found to engender faster heat transfer response for a given circulation pump speed.

The Applicants have found that the coil installation has a notable, discernible, quantifiable and measurable (beneficial') effect upon engine performance, such as perceived smoother running and less laboured response. The effect is unexpected and counter-intuitive and the precise reason or mechanism for this remains moot. Aside from, or supplementary to, heat exchanger effects, this may be associated with a (turbulent or vortex) flow induced within the coil and which influences, inter couples or interferes with a flow in the manifold. It is sustainable independently of, but can coexist alongside, closed circuit (coil) effects.

(Electro)magnetic effects have also been observed, so the external coil might be acting as an air core solenoid or transformer winding. One scenario is that electromagnetic flux coupling between otherwise isolated conduits, or the fluid (gas) flows within, engenders a counter flow within the exhaust conduit which intertwines or internists, rather like opposed, inter-coupled, tapered diameter helices, with an exhaust flow, such as a form of back pressure intermixing. This effect might also recycle unburnt combustion gases.

The Applicants' exploratory investigations and trials on i.c. engines fitted to road vehicles and self-propelled agricultural equipment, have been subjected to independent dynamometer or rolling road tests, which have shown result in some improvements in efficiency reflected in reduced noxious emissions and economy of fuel consumption.

Trials have been conducted on retrofit ancillary devices, modifications, adaptations of internal combustion engines and boilers. A change in condition, phase or state is apparent or conjectured from a change in perceived engine performance and behaviour, such as smoother running.

Some modest tentative analysis and theoretical explanation is offered, subject to validation. One suggestion mooted is the presence of induced (counter-)flow in an exhaust conduit which impacts upon combustion or breathing. A mutual inter-nesting spiral or helical confluence' of outflow and back flow is also contemplated.

In another example (say, processed-fuel, pellet-fed) boiler installation, a conduit, in a coil format, can be fitted as a supplementary internal, isolated, closed' (that is from the boiler proper, but isolated from the atmosphere) loop to a tank or chamber. This arrangement has been found to modulate' combustion and reduce condensation. A multi-layered or striated temperature gradient of working fluid within a boiler buffer accumulator is used, to operational advantage.

An external (secondary) conduit coil installation has been tried, but an alternative or supplementary internal installation might also have some effect. Similarly, for an inverse or converse arrangement of a convoluted or coiled exhaust pipe around a straight conduit. Additional coils or applied secondary conduits, whether coiled or in other configurations, might have a supplementary or cumulative effect, subject to trial and evaluation. The relative cross-sectional shapes and sizes and lengths or spans of primary and secondary conduits are also subject to explorative trial and evaluation. Secondary conduit or coil ends could be connected to other elements, circuits or environments and is be restricted or closed as, say, a local venturi or throttle. Conduit ends might themselves be interconnected in a closed loop. It is convenient if the secondary coil can be demounted readily, to allow comparison when fitted or not. To this end, clip-on or open-sided of slit coil format might be adopted. Whatever its configuration, (secondary) conduit disposition admits of variation. Thus a conduit could be juxtaposed with some other part of an engine or boiler than an exhaust outlet, whether manifold or flue, and in other configurations than a coil.

The degree or nature of flow mutual influence or inter-coupling can be affected by diverse factors, including (secondary) conduit configuration and disposition. Juxtaposed conduits with mutual influences or inter-coupling are known when the conduit bodies themselves can transfer any or all of mechanical, thermal, electrical or magnetic energy by direct contact. This can also impact upon or transfer to flows within the conduits. The present invention is concerned with inter-relationship of flows within conduits, without their necessarily being in contact. A change of state or phase within a conduit can impact upon, or be transferred to or through, the conduit walls and thence through the walls of an adjacent conduit and so within that conduit, such as evoking or in the manner of a heat pipe action.

A wider objective of a (coil) conduit fitment is to assist in more complete combustion of fossil fuels; with that agenda, one consideration is the critical location of (coil) conduit fitting on exhaustorflue; this can be determined with reference to a notional zero' or neutral point, in relation to nominal or notional positive' and negative' sides of combustion; positive combustion aspects include its utility; negative aspects include the toxic gas outputs, cost and limited supply of fossil fuels.

Upon start of combustion, some change of state occurs within the (coil) conduit, with the effect of continuously aiding the process of combustion until the engine stops; resulting in favourable low combustion emissions (and so reduced contribution to greenhouse gases), higher efficiency and lower fuel consumption, with no perceived detrimental effects to engine or ancillaries.

A particular (coil) conduit construction and installation features or factors include: open or part-open (coil) conduit ends open, with (initially) empty coil content, as an open system'.

Air solenoid considerations variously include an (electro) magnetic field associated with flow through a solenoid winding; a closed flow path primed by a header tank, to prime a flow circulation under thermal currents, initially by heat transfer from a conduit about which a solenoid coil is wound. A continuous transition of state from between liquid and gas could arise in the solenoid and/or the conduit; and/or another flow passage around which the conduit is coiled or otherwise wrapped, through associated capillary phenomena. The intersection of magnetic flux lines and continuous moving fluid could engender a (direct) electric current; ancillary photo electric effects such as Compton scattering might also arise.

A scenario arises with an open-ended helical coil, in which flow is engendered or induced, with an associated temperature gradient, and what is designated an air thermal siphon'.

The term siphon' embraces a differential height or level, and associated gravity pressure' head, between locations, with an uninterrupted continuous intervening fluid column, promoting (and preserving) fluid motion from a higher to a lower level location; fluid column integrity, cohesiveness or viscosity is relied upon to maintain fluid flow; fluid column lift might be initiated by differential atmospheric pressure, but ongoing fluid flow is maintained under differential head gravity effects; the fluid at issue is air and/or combustion gas; a thermal siphon can be afforded a corresponding interpretation, with temperature differential supplementing or substituting for gravity effects. Siphon action may supplement, substitute for, or be a core part of mutual flow influence or inter-couple; siphon action can be regarded as a self-sustainable flow provision; even upon a change of state or phase.

A disturbance initiated by flow coupling, across otherwise discrete or isolated (nominated primary and secondary) conduits, could continue or be sustained by such siphon action; so disturbance of a static or no-flow' start condition within a secondary conduit could be transformed or morph into a continuous dynamic flow motion, whether coherent or chaotic; such flow coupling or mutual influence, with consequent flow disturbance, and attendant siphon sustaining action, might port across or between otherwise fundamentally different fluids; even when in different states or phases; this might also apply to combustion fuel; thus, say, combustion gas through-flows could even influence fuel feed is flow, or vice-versa.

A fluid accumulator or reservoir could serve as a stable, static, sink, damper, buffer or cushion, much like a common atmosphere or environment; a locally-initiated flow disturbance or interaction could permeate such an otherwise stable andlor stagnant medium, which in turn could pass the disturbance onwards, even reinforced, by acting as a resonator or reverberator, with an enhanced sphere of influence. Various other observations follow. A viscous or solid mass, such as the ground, could also act as an accumulator; or in electrical equivalent terms, an earth', with an ability to absorb, disgorge, transmit or play a part in transmission of, disturbance. Flow coupling, or mutual influence, with consequent flow disturbance, and attendant siphon sustaining action, might also apply to combustion fuel. Robust or consistent combustion gas flow behaviour could be bolstered by inter-couple, mutual influence or siphon sustenance, and so in turn could engender more even, stable and consistent combustion. Any magnetic fields playing a part in, or arising from, flow inter-couple or mutual influence, could permeate a fuel storage tank and/or fuel lines, to change inherent fuel characteristics, having a bearing upon inherent fuel combustion, and so economy in fuel consumption, consistent with widely publicised findings.

In an example, an internal self-sustained air flow action such as air thermal siphon, is induced within a hollow metal conduit, folded as an envelope, wrap or loop, such as a copper coil; and has an attendant energy transfer effect or role, through condensation into liquid of an internal gas flow, and associated release of latent heat energy; rotational swirl of combustion gas flow through an exhaust conduit around which the conduit is wrapped or coiled, under centrifugal and associated capillary action can arise, statistical molecular motion, associated with oscillatory, or so-called zero point energy or fields, may also play a part.

Generally, a combustion area or region influences, and is influenced by, other surrounding areas, enclosures or environments; which can be considered as inter-nested combustion affected layers, in an example, for the purposes of analysis, referenced A-D, as follows: an inner or core combustion area A; an immediate internal room surroundings area B; a wider immediate environment area C; a combustion flue gas stack area D; before combustion, uniform air densities prevail in areas or regions A-D; whereas, after combustion in area A, there is a spill-over effect on areas B-D of harmful carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide emissions, along with a progressive heat loss to the environment.

In another exposition of the foregoing arrangement, a helical wound (copper) coil is placed in contact with the outside of combustion area A, and which (rapidly) becomes hot upon the start of combustion, with an attendant reduction in local air densities in areas A and D; a companion internal atmosphere change, designated as a form of (air) thermal syphon', arises within the coil itself; as the ends of the coil are open to area B, the coil atmosphere change is passed onto area B; overall density changes in areas combustion s A + flue D result or are reflected in a change in area B; with consequent reduced net heat loss in areas D + B, so less carbon used and carbon gases emitted.

In yet another variant arrangement, area A is surrounded by (ferrous) metal, such as steel, enclosures; a copper coil around an iron core engenders an electro-magnetic field, which acts as a isolator for area A; so, upon combustion heating, the density of air in area A increases,'carbon energy (input)' decreases; and emissions in area C reduce. In a refinement of the latter arrangement, in order to enhance an air-source' or air-core' electromagnetic field, an air thermal syphon is changed to a liquid thermal syphon, in what might be regarded as a natural' liquid and reaction; the coil ends are interconnected in a (closed) loop.

An operational sequence is as follows: the density of air in area A increases; the density of air in areas B and D decreases; the electromagnetic field in area B increases; carbon energy (input) is reduced; emissions into area C decrease; the electromagnetic field in area B extends into area A; the electromagnetic field in area B increases; energy in natural isolation in area A takes it just to a point before condensation; this is all achieved with natural materials, effects and reactions, with no other energy source. Such density variation or so-called modulation' effects have certain results or outcomes; thus, say, air in area A may affect the air in other areas B-D; so, for example, modulation of air in area A may increase or decrease the densities in areas B, C and D. This along with a thermal siphon effect; an air solenoid electromagnetic field also arises; variation or modulation in area A causes static electricity and/or condensation in areas A, B and D, C. From one perspective, combustion air through a combustion engine intake to exhaust represents a form of natural waste transportation management; such as in the manner of an air or liquid thermal syphon. In such various arrangements, as previously indicated, whilst a coil is a prime conduit format, it is not the only one.

Overall, a waste combustion heat energy management model can be expressed in terms of successive layers, designated in increasing numerical order, say from an innermost heat source I to an outermost bounded environment layer 5 around the heat source I; vis: 1. waste heat; a liquid thermal syphon from areas ito 2; 2. waste water used in a thermal syphon; 3. waste animal mineral vegetable etc... modulate to condense waste liquid; 4. waste liquid in areas 3/4/5 modulated to condensate to propagate gases; 5. waste gas; gases (fuel energy); 6. fuel from area i from areas 5 and 4; 7. areas 3/4 regarded as feed' or nutrition' sources; 8 duration of the foregoing effects can be influenced; A coil could be connected to heater pipes, to serve as a warm air plug; as an engine fires', air is sucked in at an intake; almost instantaneously a coil fitted upon an exhaust gets hot; some cold' air is sucked (straight through the engine) into the exhaust; this creates extra air to be sucked into the cylinder block, creating greater compression, which engine pistons have to displace through an exhaust.

Different metals of exhaust and coil engender electrolytic effects and magnetisation, with heat and carbon particulates in gases passing through the exhaust are also magnetised; the combustion process goes beyond the condensation point and burns off the semi-liquid vapour; in effect gases are being washed of particles originally present in intake air.

A coil conduit (wrap) could be a single layer winding, air-core coil, free from iron or ferromagnetic core losses and attendant non-linearities, of low self-capacitance and high self-resonant frequency. Coil winding spacing affects the inductance, as does the coil conduit diameter; a coil length similar to coil diameter can be advantageous, to promote self-resonance, or vibratory or oscillatory frequency stabilisation. The flux density within or closely beyond an air coil can be determined using the so-called Biot-Savart equation, giving the field at any point surrounding a current carrying element. This to create a region of space having a certain magnetic flux density, rather than inherent inductance, with a point magnetic charge or current element having a direction or vector of flux or flow, with an attendant asymmetry in field distribution along that direction. A point electric charge,such as by ionisation produces a symmetrical field at least in a vacuum; this is a fundamental distinction, in the otherwise duality of electric and magnetic domains.

lonisation of combustion and exhaust gas may arise from, or otherwise be associated with, the effects of ignition and/or combustion; for a moving gas flow, such as in a conduit, this can result in an ionisation flow or equivalent electric current, with an associated

electric field and attendant magnetic field.

In the case of exhaust gas flow in an exhaust pipe or manifold, with a helical coiled hollow conduit wrap of the present invention, an ionisation current has a circular attendant magnetic field or component field, which impacts upon and influences the helical coil wrap, along with any fluid in the coil; these influences may include secondary or induced ionisation, electric current and magnetic field; similarly, any flow within the coil itself also has an associated ionisation current, with an associated magnetic field, which influences the flow in the exhaust manifold. The mutual influences or consequences may inter-couple, diverge, converge or confluence', to affect combustion flow from intake through combustion chamber to exhaust; disturbance or disruption to flow within the helical coil wrap may be chaotic, coherent, or mixed; fluctuations may be bi-directional, with a continually reversing or alternating electrical current.

With an open-ended coiled tube wrap, in a common (open) climate or environment, flow fluctuations are passed on the that climate; electromagnetic fields associated with the coil flows bathe the immediate environment, such as a combustion boiler or i.c. engine.

Notwithstanding any air core contribution, an exhaust manifold or pipe might itself be regarded as a metal core to a helical coil wrap, or as introducing ferromagnetic effects. As previously indicated, a coil is merely one conduit configuration; others, such as a straight path, might also serve to pass alongside or within an engine or boiler environment.

With gas flow, one factor is the elasticity of gas, and a Boyles Law inter-relation ship of pressure and volume, for a given temperature; reflected in a tendency of gas to expand to fill available (containment) volume; or gaseous diffusion; with a tendency for intermixing of different gases. In a heat engine heat or thermal energy is converted into mechanical work; with heat and flows there is an inter-relationship of heating and ventilation; thermodynamic considerations are such that, a greater temperature difference between heat source and heat sink, means a greater potential thermal efficiency; in practice a cold side temp is limited to that of ambient surroundings, with more scope for increasing source temperature to improve efficiency. Entropy effects mean a flow tendency of thermal energy from high to low energies and temperatures. In the intake phase of an i.c.

engine operating cycle; cold air sucked in and passes after combustion through an exhaust; with a coil wrap there is potential heat energy recovery of otherwise waste heat of combustion. Other factors include vitiation or degradation of air by combustion. Heat engine materials can feature dissimilar metals, with associated electrolytic effects when in contact, and which lead to magnetisation.

An air core transformer has a high (radio) frequency operational capability with low losses, and can be implemented in cylindrical or toroidal winding formats; an example air core transformer is a so-called Tesla coil, configured as a resonant high frequency step-up transformer for high voltages. Other (albeit esoteric) factors include hermetic heat rejection; magnetism associated with electron spin; magneto thermodynamic effect; magneto calorific effect; mutual flux coupling, reflected in mutual inductance; magnetic fields radiated from plug coils; magneto-rheological fluids; ferrofluids, that is liquids which become strongly magnetised in presence of electric field; particle size related effects; magneto-hydrodynamic effects dynamics of electrically conducting fluids; such as plasmas, liquid metals, salt water or electrolytes; resistivity and other kinetic effects.

Supporting Embodiments There now follows a description of some particular embodiments of the invention, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic and schematic drawings, of flue (stack) heat recovery provision, in which: Figure 1 shows a flue pathway 11, which may be an intake or an exhaust, fifed with a conduit fitment or device 18 of the invention, as a flue external appendage, in this example configured as an open-ended coil of hollow (copper) conduit installed as a (demountable) flue collar fitment; associated (electro-) magnetic field 19 influences are also depicted; in this instance the coiled conduit 18 is a tightly-wound closed coupled helix in intimate contact with a flue body outer circumference and is depicted fragmentary-ended to embrace either open at both opposite ends, part or complete closure in a circuit alone or with other elements; this to allow conduit through-flow, without contents pre-charge, pre-conditioning of passive static content.

Flow within the conduit 18 is initiated upon the start of flow through the juxtaposed flue 11; the conduit 18 can thus be regarded as activated or charged by flue gas internal motion; as such it may continue, say in a self-sustaining way, or subside when the flue is inactive; a conduit coil 18 is depicted as a helical winding, with turns of uniform diameter in mutual abutment, but other formats can be employed; the minimum number of coil turns and diameter can be settled by empirical trial and error for optimised effect; overall, the conduit is both influenced by flue condition and exerts its own (reciprocal') influence upon flue and surroundings; Figure 2 shows a boiler with a simplified re-circulatory circuit 21 and external flue 11 fitted with a conduit coil 18, with the option of either open-ended, open-circuit or closed circuit operational modes, in conjunction with a heat exchanger interface 17; the flue II vents to the surrounding atmosphere, as does the coil when configured in (part) open-circuit mode; a heat exchanger 17 is operative for closed-circuit coil mode, but allows isolation of the conduit coil 18 and boiler flows if required; an intermediate, say part-closed, split or sub-divided conduit coil circuit could also be harnessed; Figure 3 shows an internal combustion engine 14 equivalent of the Figure 2 boiler arrangement, with a simplified water cooling circuit 22 and flue 11 as an exhaust pipe 15 fitted with a conduit 18 in a recuperative' coil format of the present invention, in practice conveniently disposed just beyond an exhaust manifold (not shown), with the options of open-circuit, closed-circuit, mixed or split circuit operation with a heat exchanger interface 17 in the engine cooling circuit 22; Figures 4A and 4B show variant boiler operational modes and containment environments; More specifically Figure 4A shows a conventional boiler 10 with remote intake 16 and exhaust 15 breathing to the surrounding atmosphere and internal combustion gas circulation; the combustion gas internal circulation and through-flow 23 from intake to exhaust is free of interruption or external influence; Figure 4B shows a modification of Figure 4A according to the invention by the fitment of a conduit 18, in this case configured as a (wound) coil, to the flue stack 11; break lines indicate alternative options of open or part open-circuit operation of the conduit coil 18, or in a closed circuit coupled to the boiler re-circulatory circuit or otherwise such as split, mixed or combination circuits; the attendant effect upon flue and boiler internal combustion gas circulations is also depicted; the conduit coil 18 engenders an internal flue re-circulatory flow which contributes to retention of boiler core furnace heat; a mutually inter-nested or series of layered or tiered environments from boiler core through an outer enclosure casing or jacket to a wider atmosphere.

0 Figure 4B also reflects heat loss emissions from flue and boiler to the local environment and beyond; the installation of a recuperative conduit coil 18 in the immediate boiler environment engenders heat retention and reduced wasteful losses to the wider environment; Figure 5 shows a composite fragmentary views of alternative conduit dispositions and formats upon a notional extrapolated flue; including conduit cross-sectional shape and size diversity, conduit proximity, disposition, orientation in relation to a flue, conduit layered or tiered wrap configuration, multiple co-operatively disposed conduit elements, conduit coil winding symmetry, turn diameter uniformity, etc. Still further variants in conduit disposition embrace the intake both on its own account and in a partial loop with conduit on the outlet. This has been found to give a faster response in heat transfer from boiler coil to radiators for a given pump speed.

Referring to the drawings, a heat engine 10, in this case of Figures 2 and 4, a fuel combustion boiler 12, is fitted with recuperative' flue gas heat recovery, recoup or re-capture provision, in this case through a hollow pipe or conduit 18 of certain format, configuration and disposition, juxtaposed with an exhaust gas flue 11 body, at a location beyond a combustion chamber 24 or combustion heat core. A prime conduit 18 format is an open-ended coil, with tightly-wound, symmetrical helical turns externally around and in contact with the flue 11, as reflected in Figure 1. A continuous combustion gas through flow path from intake 16, through core 24 to exhaust 15 preserves ongoing combustion and safe disposal of combustion products.

The conduit coil 18 is desirably open-ended to the immediate environment, but alternatively, could feasibly be connected, say in a (partially-closed) loop, inter-coupled so with other boiler circuitry. Initial static coil internal conditions are transformed into a flow by influence of proximal flue gas flow. A re-circulatory fluid (gas) flow 23 can be established in a chamber prefacing, feeding or venting to the flue 11 and to which flow and return paths are connected. These could be connected in a loop to the coil conduit 18 around the flue 11. Whether in this position or elsewhere in an overall heating circuit, such a partially-closed chamber and pathways can also be used as a form of so-called Energy Cell', reservoir or accumulator for (recovered) heat. Within and/or associated with the cell density, pressure, heat, energy and combustion fuel changes can arise, attended by a general global (re-)circulatory flow. The flow pattern within the flue II and the chamber are mutually influential, such as through a so-called thermal siphon effect. Thus energy can be released through combustion of a fossil or carbon-based fuel in which energy is stored and locked in upon fuel geological formation. A wider perspective on flows embraces the immediate environment of the flue and chamber.

A graphical plot or map of the temperature gradient from boiler to flue discharge to the surrounding atmosphere shows an element of pronounced local fall engendered by the flue conduit coil fitment. (Electro) magnetic field changes or influences have also been observed in the region of the flue and coil, which might be designated a neutraliser' or modulator'. Similarly between combustion chamber and a flue stabilisation region. An objective is reduced CO and C02 emissions which attend improved combustion efficiency. A multi-stage, serial, heat transfer and heat booster configuration could be employed. As an indication of potential heat recovery, a test coil filled with water experienced a some 40 deg C temperature rise. When connected, as an accumulator to a 450L indirect hot water cylinder, with header tank and pump in circuit a some 20 deg C waste heat transfer from coil to cylinder has been observed. With the cylinder replaced as a sink or accumulator with a tank and coil then filled with slurry and sealed with a lid and discharge pipe, some 10 deg C return, with 20-15 deg C flow of heat transfer to slurry.

Some 24 hours later the slurry tank started producing gas. Repeated test showed fuel savings, higher efficiency and better boiler combustion.

In one trial a particular automatic fuel feed boiler configurations with a re-circulatory intervention' between a main boiler chamber and a flue exhibited boiler modulation with a temperature rise up to 70 degC and down to 64 degC whereupon an auto fuel feeder cuts in. The coil reached 35 deg C + or -2 deg C at a 7 deg C boiler temperature then a drop to 15 deg C when the boiler temperature buffets down to 64 deg C. A change of air density in the flue, through coil action, changes the boiler temperature. Another test of flue temperature with a remote infra-red sensor showed a marked local temperature reduction. Coil installation in a boiler has also been found to promote heat circulation and responsiveness in a radiator heating output circuit.

Generally, a coil intervention between a start of a flue and a boiler results in, or is configured so that, a heat core, cell or source 24 is retained in the combustion chamber for as long as possible, for maximum fuel burn and efficient consumption with energy conversion. A cyclone or re-circulatory swirl effect is achieved in the air and flue gas flow.

A coil intervention can be an after-market retro-fit to an existing flue of otherwise standard format. Alternatively, a coil intervention might be integrated into a bespoke flue wall. OEM design of boiler combustion chamber, flue and coil intervention might be mutually harmonised.

A boiler circuit could incorporate pronounce long pipe' sections, say 3-3m or more as a straight horizontal runs, to serve as a buffer or accumulator, rather than a bulky tank, but without being a wastefully heat sink. Sizing and configuration of pipe runs and additional conduit' influencer' provisions of the invention can be empirical, ie by trial and error, pending a theoretical basis for them. Operationally, overall conduit extent, length, span or embrace can be related to cross-sectional size. An inter-relationship of spans over different spatial axes might be derived. There may be a performance or contributory limit to overall conduit length and also with ultimate cross-section and/or number of juxtaposed conduit elements. Influence capacity' (Ic), say in units of heat energy, could be linked to rate of influence or effect (Ir), say in rate of working or power units, such through a proportionality relationship or formula. That said, for an optimised influencer conduit, a large inherent capacity to influence could be harnessed to a fast response capability to effect a change. Some form of moderator, regulator or control in the influence chain' could be contrived. A structured investigation could explore this, say starting with a estimate' of respective formats of influencer conduit in relation to flue.

Although there are some parallels between a boiler and ic engine installation, the latter is commonly more compact to fit within an engine bay, so pipe runs and conduit (coil) fitments would be adapted accordingly.

The circuit into which a coil can be connected admits of some variation. One example would be an interconnection in parallel with another coil in an accumulator tank and a further coil in a hot water tank, with the intervention coil regarded nominally as a positive or supply side relative to a negative load side. Only a controlled or regulated proportion of the flue heat need be captured and diverted for re-use to avoid undue flue cooling and pollutant condensates. A coil can serve as or represent an effective thermal cap against otherwise wasteful leakage of boiler core heat. A flue can feature a lateral off-take or bleed port to help stabilise flue flow. A thermal load presented to a coil will tend to lower coil temperature locally below the internal boiler temperature, but from which the downstream flue temperature may recover. Local flow cooling engenders a local density increase so greater mass. Boiler temperature can be allowed to fluctuate somewhat, but otherwise wild or excessive temperature excursions are suppressed, damped down or modulated by the flue intervention. Immediate boiler room temperature also has a bearing upon heat transfer performance. Overall, otherwise wasteful flue heat loss is thus rehabilitated. An open circuit coil intervention has also shown surprising beneficial results of associated alternating current and magnetic field effects, with attendant condensate or distillate or liquid electrolysis and hydrolysis.

Combustion of carbon fuel is reliant upon aeration or intake breathing to allow combustion conditions in an immediate (oxygenated) air environment and ventilation to allow emission of combustion by-products, which would otherwise progressively choke off combustion. If combustion is confined or isolated, heat energy is trapped. If combustion is prolonged, gases can turn to harmful acidic liquid condensate upon restriction of intake is air. An independent analysis of boiler ash after pelletised fuel combustion showed marked differences in residual elemental oxides with and without a flue coil intervention.

Observed and measured, low excursions in local flue temperature may be associated with (change of state or phase) absorption refrigeration effects, using a heat source to drive a working (refrigerant) fluid, such as water, with latent heat extraction for vaporisation.

The combustion flue gases inside exhaust flue gas stacks are much hotter and therefore less dense than the ambient air of the surroundings. That causes the bottom of a vertical column of hot flue gas to have a lower pressure than the pressure at the bottom of a corresponding column of outside air. That higher pressure outside the chimney contributes a driving force that moves the required combustion air into the combustion zone and also moves the post combustion flue gas up and out of the chimney. That movement or flow of combustion air and flue gas is called "natural draught", natural ventilation', chimney effect', or stack effect'. The taller the stack, the more draught is created. The flue flow can be turbulent or unstable with vortices from flow confinement and interaction with flue walls. Known flue flow behaviour can include so-called vortex shedding' being an unsteady flow arising at certain special flow velocities (according to the size and shape of an interactive cylindrical body). In this flow, vortices are created at the back of the body and detach periodically from either side of the body. Vortex shedding is caused when a fluid flows past a blunt object. The fluid flow past the object creates alternating low-pressure vortices on the downstream side of the object. The object will tend to move toward the low-pressure zone. Eventually, if the frequency of vortex shedding matches the resonant frequency of the structure, the structure will begin to resonate and the structure's movement can become self-sustaining. Tall chimneys constructed of thin-walled steel tube can be sufficiently flexible that, in air flow with a speed in the critical range, vortex shedding can drive the chimney into violent oscillations that can damage or destroy the chimney. These chimneys can be protected from this phenomenon by installing a series of fences (sometimes called strakes or spoilers) at the top and running down the exterior of the chimney for approximately 20% of its length. The fences are usually located in a helical pattern. The fences prevent strong vortex shedding with low separation frequencies. The optimal pitch for vortex shedding is a 5D pitch (5 x the diameter of the stack).

A heat recuperative device with a primary fluid, could be used to vaporise a secondary fluid, then passed through a turbine, which drives an electrical generator; spent vapour reverts to liquid and is passed back into holding tanks in a state ready for re-use; when the secondary fluid vaporises and has passed through the small heat exchanger, it is possible to re-route vapour, to take over, or supplement, the combustion process of the plant; such is the variability of options for this secondary fluid; overall this adaptation of the combustion process significantly reduces and localises emission.

Component List heat engine 11 flue 12 boiler 14 internal combustion engine exhaust 16 intake 17 heat exchange(r) interface 18 (exhaust) conduit coil 21 boiler re-circulatory circuit 22 water cooling circuit 23 internal boiler circulations 24 boiler combustion chamber or heat core 28 (intake) conduit coil Appendix 1 heat recovery art hp:/Jen.wikEpetha.crg/wEkRaste heat recovery Lflt types include recuperators regenerators heat pipe exchange thermal wheel heat pump run around coil known to use wast heat from production of bio-fuel sensible' heat with sole effect of temperature not humidity change

HVAC

preserve sufficient gas buoyancy for flue draw' + flue temp to avoid sooting up or tar / is water condensate see also mechanical ventilation and heat recovery (MVHR) flue heat exchangers, per htt:'Iwww.qrandpaswisdorn.com/heatexchanoers.htmi passive flue heat recovery systems per tkidcIy....Q.2ad1.

energy saving trust recommended httpJ/www,enercvsavincgrust.ora.ukiFirid-Erierav-Savinci-Trust-Recomnended

F

Passive Flue Gas Heat Recovery web links ces-ands"stes http:llwww.eneraysavingtrust.org. ukIConsLltancyand-certifEcatkiniEnerqySavingTrust Rco"rnenced/l oduct-;ertffcio/Fssh e-F u Gas-Hti eco'e r1)evcesnd Systems Jitt 1 recoverydevces PFGHRDs can significantly improve QeJgrJ1aitucI systems with the aim of saving fuel and reducing carbon emissions. The Gassaver PFGHR is fitted above the high efficiency combination boiler and recovers any waste heat before it goes through the flue and is lost. It is a sealed-for-life unit that has no moving parts, no controls or settings and does not require any maintenance. The recovered heat is recycled back through the boiler, giving it a head start in heating up the water. The device provides annual savings of around 37 per cent of the energy required to deliver hot water.

ecoveri31295O7,artIcle http://etLdecc.qov.uk/etl/ahoLlt' http:/iwww.carbontrust.co. iflc'cut-carbon-reduce-costs!products-servicesItechnobg nent-ties.asx bm 1 0 iQ:Qi http:llen.wikipedia.c.rçi/wkUAir preheater IfltpJ!www,weUniar-rohey.corn1Steani BoilersiEconornsers -Flue Gas/deIault.aspx? id=355 Flue gas economisers are a type of heat exchanger that enables some of the sensible heat in boiler flue gases to be recovered. This heat is normally used to preheat the boiler's feed-water. Typically a flue gas economiser will improve boiler net thermal efficiency.

boiler and flue types per... httpl/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler Appendix 2

prior art references 1.

http://scihub.org!AJSI R/PD F!201 013!AJS I R-1 -3-527-531.pdf the effect of electromagnetic field on the ionisation and combustion of fuel in an i.c.

engine; economy + lower emissions; field produced by copper wire wound around hollow cylindrical rod + connected to a 12V DC battery; emf within fuel line; inlet manifold and cylinder head could be used as permanent magnet; 2.

http://www.springerlink.com/contentij5422365O4522l 38! effect of magnetic fields on combustion electromotive force; 3.

http:/Jwww.springerlink.com/content/pderqlqm3lfffql9/ recording emf in a combustion wave propagation in conducting condensed systems; 4.

http://www.springerlink.com/content!pderqlqm3lfffql9/ electromagnetic motor; pulsed capacitor discharge electric engine; 5.

magnetic fuel savers to ionise fuel http:/Jusuaris.tinet.catlsje/mag_fuel.htm potential loss of magnetisation with temperature rise (curie temp); 6.

The Italian chemist Giorgio Piccardi, in his book The Chemical Basis of Medical Climatooo', documented the capability of magnetic fields to alter the physical chemistry of water, though his work is generally unknown within mainstream science. Within the tops of thunderstorms, subtle changes in the Earth's geomagnetic field (affected by sunspots and solar flares) influences the phase-change properties of water, modifying the rate at which liquid raindrops freeze into solid snowflakes at below zero "supercooled" conditions --this discovery provides a clear mechanism for the influence of sunspots on Earth's weather, and of magnetism upon the physical chemistry of water and other liquids. This principle was well-demonstrated in the laboratory by Piccardi. At temperatures above freezing, magnetic fields tend to increase the solvent capabilities of water, or to inhibit the phase-change properties of dissolved minerals, allowing the water to hold dissolved materials in ionic suspension at concentrations greater than normal for a given temperature. When used on household pipes carrying water of a high-mineral content, magnetic fields generally tend to inhibit the deposition of scale on the inside of pipe walls. This principle has been successfully used in Europe on industrial boilers for years, reducing the need for costly shut-downs and de-scaling operations. In some cases, the application of magnetic field will stimulate the dissolution of scale which already has been deposited over the years.

When used on fuel lines carrying gasoline, diesel, or other combustible fuels, south-seeking pole magnetic fields generally produce a greater energy yield for a given amount of fuel. Some argue the magnetic treatment of fuels stimulates a more volatile mixture, pushing the phase-change towards the gaseous conditions more quickly than normal, and thereby increasing the efficiency of combustion. The mechanism of these effects is not so well understood, but the effects are reasonably well documented. The polarity of magnetism also has an influence, so one cannot blindly apply magnets to a water or fuel pipe and expect reproducible results. Several titles by Albert Roy Davis and Waiter C. Rawls on the subject of biomagnetism, provide additional information on the different effects of the two different magnetic polarities.

http://web.archive.org/web/2O0OO8 17191 252!http://www.pnl.gov/fta!1 1_non. htm Magnetic technology has been cited in the literature and investigated since the turn of the 19th century, when lodestones or naturally occurring magnetic mineral formations were used to decrease the formation of scale in cooking and laundry applications. However, the availability of high-power, rare-earth element magnets has advanced the magnetic technology to the point where it is more reliable. Similar advances in materials science, such as the availability of ceramic electrodes and other durable dielectric materials, have allowed the electrostatic technology to also become more reliable.

The general operating principle for the magnetic technology is a result of the physics of interaction between a magnetic field and a moving electric charge, in this case in the form of an ion. When ions pass through the magnetic field, a force is exerted on each ion. The forces on ions of opposite charges are in opposite directions. The redirection of the particles tends to increase the frequency with which ions of opposite charge collide and combine to form a mineral precipitate, or insoluble compound. Since this reaction takes place in a low-temperature region of a heat exchange system, the scale formed is non-adherent. At the prevailing temperature conditions, this form is preferred over the adherent form, which attaches to heat exchange surfaces.

http://www.orgonelab.org/cart/ymagnets.htm phase composition and magnetism of combustion products under applied DC electric

field;

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/50304885306009292 Various types of magnetism are present in nature: paramagnetism and diamagnetism.

Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism that some elements (such as aluminium, barium, oxygen) show when they are in the presence of magnetic fields, polarising in the same

direction of the applied magnetic field.

Diamagnetism is a different form of magnetism that some elements show in the presence of magnetic fields, polarising in the opposite direction of the applied magnetic Field.

Diamagnetic materials, therefore, are weakly repelled by a magnetic field. The most interesting aspect of this phenomenon, as Wikipedia recalls, is that: Materials that are said to be diamagnetic are those which are usually considered by non-physicists as "non magnetic", and include water, DNA, most organic compounds such as petroleum and some plastics, and many metals such as mercury and gold... The term "diamagnetism" was coined by Michael Faraday in September 1845, when he realised that all materials in nature possessed some form of diamagnetic response to an applied

magnetic field.

Those self-declared "experts", who express negative opinions on the effects of magnetism on combustion, in a form of a priori negativism, have confused this phenomenon with "ferromagnetism", the phenomenon by which materials, such as iron, in an external magnetic field, become magnetised and remain magnetised for a period after

the material is no longer in the field.

So, as Faraday discovered more 150 years ago, all materials show a diamagnetic component. If you can experimentally verify that the application of a magnetic field on fuel has an influence on combustion, then you have a cause-effect relationship underlying this phenomenon, even though not yet an analytical working mechanism of the process of improved combustion.

http://www.gandalf-tech.com/theory. html Magnetic fields are known to influence the performance of propulsion systems as a result of the interaction between the magnetic field and the associated ionised gases, that is, through the Lorentz body force. Many non-conventional propulsion systems employ a magnetic field to accelerate plasma in order to produce thrust. For solid rocket motors, the application of an applied magnetic field has been shown to increase the temperature and pressure near the burning surface and thus produce up to a ten-fold increase in the mass burn rate as the result of the interaction between the magnetic field and the ionised combustion gases. The interaction between a magnetic field and an ionised gas is not the only way a magnetic field can influence the performance of a chemical rocket. Magnetic fields influence the behaviour of all materials as a result of paramagnetism and diamagnetism'>

__________________

magnetism as a mechanism of influence; magnetic field oscillating amplified thruster (plasma engine); magnetic exhaust extraction (pipe coupling); http://www.nederman. com/Vehicle_exhaust_extraction_for_emergency_stations/Magnetic _System_-_diesel_exhaust_removal.aspx; magnetic flow meters; http:/Iwww.omega.com/prodinfo/magmeter.html; http://www.google.com/patents/aboutl6261 525_Process_gas_decomposition_reacto.html ?id=JJQHAAAAEBAJ; A process gas decomposition reactor featuring two intertwined helical coils surrounding a gas flow path. Each of the two coils is energised by a separate magnetron having an associated waveguide and an inductive structural element which couples the microwave energy into the coil. The magnetic flux lines from the coil serve to confine ions and electrons within the coil, causing collisions and hence ionisation of gas entering a flow path through the coil. The gas, containing HFCs and PFCs is broken down by such collisions with ions and electrons within the gas plasma. The gas displaced at the end of the coil contains decomposition products from the HFCs and PFCs.

http://www.appropedia.org/Thermosiphon The principle of the Thermosiphon system is that cold water has a higher specific density than warm water, and so being heavier will sink down. Therefore, the collector is always mounted below the water storage tank, so that cold water from the tank reaches the collector via a descending water pipe. If the collector heats up the water, the water rises again and reaches the tank through an ascending water pipe at the upper end of the collector. The cycle of tank to water pipe to collector ensures the water is heated up until it achieves an equilibrium temperature. The consumer can then make use of the hot water from the top of the tank, with any water used is replaced by cold water at the bottom. The collector then heats up the cold water again. Due to higher temperature differences at higher solar irradiance, warm water rises faster than it does at lower irradiance. Therefore, the circulation of water adapts itself almost perfectly to the level of solar irradiance. A Thermosiphon system's storage tank must be positioned well above the collector, otherwise the cycle can run backwards during the night and all the water will cool down. Furthermore, the cycle does not work properly at very small height differences. In regions with high solar irradiation and flat root architecture, storage tanks are usually installed on the roof. Thermosiphon systems operate very economically as domestic water heating systems, and the principle is simple, needing neither a pump nor a control. However, Thermosiphon systems are usually not suitable for large systems, that is, those with more than 10 m2 of collector surface. Furthermore, it is difficult to place the tank above the collector in buildings with sloping roofs, and single-circuit Thermosiphon systems are only suitable for frost-free regions.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wikilrhermosiphon Thermosiphon (alt. Thermosiphon) refers to a method of passive h. c.hiug. based on natural convection which circulates liquid without the necessity of a mechanical pump.

This circulation can either be open-loop, as when liquid in a holding tank is passed in one direction via a heated transfer tube mounted at the bottom of the tank to a distribution point -even one mounted above the originating tank -or it can be a vertical closed-loop circuit with return to the original vessel. Its intended purpose is to simplify the pumping of liquid and/or heat transfer, by avoiding the cost and complexity of a conventional liquid pump.

coil around flue heat recovery Economiser Boilers create heat for use in a variety of applications, such as space heating, through the combustion of fuel. Typically, the fuel will be natural gas, oil or biomass. The combustion process produces very hot combustion gases, which are discharged to atmosphere via the boiler flue.

In some cases, it is possible to add an economiser, which captures some of the heat From the flue gases and transfers it to heating system water returning from the building before it enters the boiler. This reduces the amount of heat which needs to be added by the boiler, saving energy and carbon.

Appendix 3 Heat Pipe A heat pipe or heat pin is a heat-transfer device that combines the principles of both ther ma conductivity and phase transiflon to efficiently manage the transfer of heat between two soft interfaces.

At the hot interface within a heat pipe, which is typically at a very low pressure, a.q;dd. in contact with a thermally conductive solid surface turns into a vaoour by absorbing heat from that surface.

The vapour condenses back into a liquid at the cold interface, releasing the latent heat.

The.[kjuid then returns to the hot interface through either.ci&rJiJlacy.aQtkai or gravity action where it evaporates once more and repeats the cycle.

In addition, the internal pressure of the heat pipe can be set or adjusted to facilitate the phase change, depending on the demands of the working conditions of the thermally managed system.

The general principle of heat pipes using gravity (commonly classified as two phase ]mosihons) dates back to the steam age. Heat transfer is effected via capillary movement of fluids. The "pumping" action of surface tension forces may be sufficient to move liquids from a cold temperature zone to a high temperature zone (with subsequent return in vapour form using as the driving force, the difference in vapour pressure at the two temperatures) to be of interest in transferring heat from the hot to the cold zone.

In heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems, HVAC, heat pipes are positioned within the supply and exhaust air streams of an air handling system, or in the exhaust gases of an industrial process, in order to recover the heat energy. Moisture removal can also be improved. This without an external power supply.

wider heat dissipation and thermal management tools can include: profiled internal conduit profiles to impact upon capability of thermo-hydraulic transport, heat transport by fluid motion, or heat transport coefficient; diverse profiles, including flat cross-section pipes are also known for heat transport, as are a thermally conductive tapes, phase change interface material and graphite foil; by using an exhaust wrap, it is known to achieve more horsepower and reduce under-bonnet temperatures; wrapping headers maintain hotter exhaust gases that exit the system faster through decreased density; exhaust scavenging is increased, along with lower intake temperatures; so-called Exhaust Insulating Wrap withstands continuous heat up to 2000°F, and contains no asbestos; in practice, It is necessary to control heat build-up and dissipation; per http:/Iwww.aariemach.com/default.php?cPath=7 42 magnetisation or magnetic flux, force lines or fields can be associated with heat energisation and/or fluid flow; a cast iron exhaust manifold could be magnetisable, and then act as permanent magnet with an associated local field; an electric current is induced by fluid motion within such a magnetic field; electromagnetic effects could also trigger motion of previously static fluid and promote ongoing motion; a possible chain of influences from the effects of combustion, includes: flow of exhaust gas ionised by effects of ignition and combustion; effectively constituting an electrical current with associated magnetic field; leading to magnetisation of an exhaust manifold; which influences a coil wrap and in turn disturbs previously static contents; overall, coil flow reinforces, counters or intertwines with manifold flow;