GB2498433A - A polymer based piezoelectric fibre - Google Patents
A polymer based piezoelectric fibre Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2498433A GB2498433A GB1222717.9A GB201222717A GB2498433A GB 2498433 A GB2498433 A GB 2498433A GB 201222717 A GB201222717 A GB 201222717A GB 2498433 A GB2498433 A GB 2498433A
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- fibre
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- piezoelectric
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- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001166 Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002396 Polyurea Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005570 flexible polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/702—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices based on piezoelectric or electrostrictive fibres
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/60—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices having a coaxial cable structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10N30/04—Treatments to modify a piezoelectric or electrostrictive property, e.g. polarisation characteristics, vibration characteristics or mode tuning
- H10N30/045—Treatments to modify a piezoelectric or electrostrictive property, e.g. polarisation characteristics, vibration characteristics or mode tuning by polarising
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10N30/09—Forming piezoelectric or electrostrictive materials
- H10N30/098—Forming organic materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
- H10N30/857—Macromolecular compositions
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Multicomponent Fibers (AREA)
- Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)
Abstract
A piezoelectric fibre comprising a conductive core 17, a polymer based piezo active layer 18 and an electrolyte based outer layer 19. The method of producing such a fibre includes the steps of: melting the polymer; extruding the polymer through a die at a set speed; feeding conductive material through the same die at a faster speed; drawing and poling the fibre; and passing the fibre through an electrolyte solution to create an outer electrode. Also disclosed is a fabric comprising such a fibre, and uses of such a fibre. The polymer may be poly(vinylide fluoride) (PVDF) or other like polymers. The fibre generates a voltage when a mechanical or vibrational force is given to the fibre.
Description
PIEZOELECTRIC FIBRE AND METHOD OF PRODUCTION THEREOF
The invention relates to a piezoelectric fibre comprising core and sheath electrodes, a method and apparatus of production. thereof, fabric comprising such a fibre, and uses of such a fibre.
Piezoelectricity has been known since the early 1980's and piezoelectric materials have been widely used in various applications. Several attempts have been made to generate power from ceramic piezoelectric materials, but with minimal success. Tn addition various application based studies, including energy harvesting, have been reported in the literature since the discovery of piezoelectricity in poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, by Dr. Kawai [1] in 1969. Piezoelectricity in polymers has been an attractive research area for other researchers too, [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]. Certain polymers are now well known for exhibiting the piezoelectric effect, after suitable processing, with a charge displacement coefficient, d33 35pC/N [81, [9], [10]. Apart from possessing a high d33 constant, PVDF is also a stable polymer which is easy to melt extrude into fibres. Thermoplastic polymers have a melting temperature around 175°C making them easier to use in melt eXtTuder.
With the availability of flexible polymers exhibiting highly piezoelectric properties and a renewed interest in renewable energy, it is now possible to generate energy using piezoelectric materials. Most of the previous work on piezoelectric polymer materials has reported on thin film or bulk samples [11]. Polymer fibres are not widely used, but have various potential applications such as sensors, actuators, energy scavenging device etc. When the fibres are used in the form of 2 dimensional structures such as textiles or one dimensional structure such as ropes, the potential applications for energy scavenging are [1] vast-Some of the possible energy scavenging textile applications are in wind, rain, tidal and under-water power generation.
Published thesis specifications [12] describe the proof of an energy harvesting technique using macro fibre composite (ME C). The IVIIFC used in this work is a composite of piezoelectric PZT fibres. Since PZT fibres arc not flexible they need to be prepared as composites to use as energy scavenging piezoelectric materials. Polymer fibres are flexible and making a composite is not necessary hence they can be used in wider applications and can be made cheaper.
Published paper specifications DOl: 10.l038[NMAT2792 [13] has described a complex multi-process to produce a multilayer piezoelectric system by using costly poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluor0ethYlene) copolymer P(VDF-TrFB) and indium. Recent patent application PCT/0B201 1/051734 [14] has described a continuous process of extrusion and poling of polymers for flexible piezoelectric flbres production. Piezoelectric fibres then need two electrodes to be deposited on both sides of the fibre to collect the electrical charged produced.
It would be advantageous to provide a piezoelectric fibre which avoids the usage of costly materials, and does not have need of two electrodes to be deposited on two sides of a fibre.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a piezoelectric fibre comprising a conductive core, a polymer based piezo active layer and an electrolyte based outer layer.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of producing a piezoelectric fibre, the method comprising the steps of: a) melting a piezoelectric polymer; [2] b) extruding the piezoelectric polymer through a die D at a speed S; c) feeding conductive material through the same die D at a faster speed than speed S. such that the conductive material is surrounded by the piezoelectric polymer and together they form a fibre; d) drawing and poling the fibre at an elevated temperature; e) passing the fibre through an electrolyte solution.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for producing a piezoelectric fibre, the apparatus comprising: i) an extrusion die capable of extruding molten piezoelectric polymer at a speed 8, and extruding conductive material at a speed faster than speed 5, to form a fibre having a conductive core and a piezoelectric polymer sheath; ii) a means of simultaneously applying heat, electric field and stress to the fibre; iii) a means of passing the flbre through an electrolyte solution.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a fabric comprising the above-described fibre.
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of the above-described fibre in any of energy conversion, energy harnessing or energy regeneration.
The invention preferably uses a conductive fibre or conductive polymeric material as the core of the fibre. The conductive core ftnctions as an electrode. Preferably this conductive core is coaxial with the other elements of the fibre. To gain the piezoelectric property, the fibre is drawn (put under strain) and poled, preferably simultaneously, at an elevated temperature. This elevated temperature is preferably just below the polymer's T, which is around 80°C for PVDF and 100-120°C for its copolymers [15]. Therefore the [3] elevated temperature is preferably between 60°C and 90 C, more preferably between 70°C and 80°C and most preferably about 75°C. The strain applied to the fibre during the poling process preferably results iii the fibre becoming 400% of its original length and the poling preferably occurs under the application of 15 000V onto the fibre, preferably at a temperature just below Curie temperature (Ta), for example 10°C below T0, preferably 5°C below T, most preferably 1°C below T The speed of the process depends on the fibre diameter and the materials used.
The entire process of making polymer fibres and poling them to make piezoelectric fibres is preferably carried out as a continuous process, preferably in a eustomised melt extruder capable of multi component co-extrusion. This process is a less expensive and less time consuming method of preparing piezoelectric polymer fibres.
The polymers that can be used to produce piezoelectric fibres preferably have a low melting point, for example wiThin the range of 1 50t-250t and include but are not limited to: poly(vinylide fluoride) (PVDF); odd numbered polyamides (PA) such as PA-5, PA-7 and PA-il since the amide dipole alignment of odd numbered polymer results in a net dipole moment; polypropylene (PP); poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE); polyureas. PVDF, odd nunbered polyamides (PA) and PP are preferred. Preferably these polymers are in the form of granules. The poled polymer fibres generate voltage when a mechanical or vibrational stimulus is given to the fibres.
The piezoelectric fibres of the present invention can be used for converting energy from movement or vibrations (mechanical energy) to electrical energy. For example, harnessing unused energy from natural resources such as wind, rain, waves, tides etc and converting it to usable energy. Similarly, they can find applications in energy regeneration devices such as carpets, artificial grass, artificial trees, or other submersible underwater [41! structures. Alternatively they can be used for converting energy from electrical energy to movement or vibrations. In this context, they can find applications in ultrasound generation, actuators, stirrers, or injectors. Additionally, they can be used for converting mechanical energy to electrical and in turn back to mechanical. In this tandem context, they can be used as self powered actuators, vibration dampening mechanisms, self cleaning devices, or artificial muscles.
The invention will now be illustrated by reference to Figures 1-4.
Figure 1 shows a schematic of a piezoelectric polymer fibre of the invention with an electrode on the core and on the shell; Figure 2 shows a cross sectional view of a piezoelectric polymer fibre of the invention; Figure 3 shows a method of making a piezoelectrc polymer fibre of the invention and; Figure 4 shows an apparatus for the manufacture of coaxial piezoelectric polymer fibres according to the invention.
As can be seen in Figure 1, the piezoel.ectric polymer fibre of the invention comprises a conductive core 17, a polymer based piezo active layer 18 which surrounds the core 17, and an electrolyte based outer layer 19 which surrounds the piezo active layer 18.
Preferably the outer layer 19 is polymeric. Both the core 17 and the outer layer 19 act as electrodes.
Figure 2 shows the same piezoelectnc polymer fibre as in Figure 1, but in cross section.
Figure 3 shows a preferable process according to the invention, in this process, polymer granules and conductive fibre/polymer are co-extruded at a temperature above their [5] melting temperature. The extruded fibre formed is then cooled, and the piezo electric effect is gained by poling and drawing, specifically by: i) applying heat below the T0 of the piezoelectric polymer; ii) applying voltage of IMV/m; and iii) causing drawing to a ratio of 4:1.
The second electrode is then applied by passing the fibre through an electrolyte solution, and then a drying step is performed. This results in a piezoelectric fibre with electrodes in the core and on the outer.
Figure 4 shows an apparatus according to tbe invention. This apparatus comprises a feeding unit 1 into which high purity thermoplastic polymer granules are fed. These polymer granules melt in the 3 stage barrel (2) and reach a specially designed die (3) where the fibre is formed. Together components (1), (2) and (3) form a melt extruder. At the same time conductive fibre (4) is fed to the die (3) by an unwinding roller with a faster speed than the extruder speed. Thus the conductive fibre will be formed as spiral in the core to withstand high draw ratios. The die is designed in such a way that melted polymer is formed as a shell around the conductive fibre (6). The fibre is then drawn and poled at an elevated temperature. Stress and electric field are applied simultaneously at optimum poling temperature. The extrusion temperature is kept at 20°C higher than the melting point of polymer inside the feeding screw (2), and at 30°C higher at the die (3) where the fibre is extruded. The extruded fibre is then air cooled with a blower (5) while being rolled on to the rollers. The initial stage rollers are water cooled (7 and 7') which help in ftirther cooling of the extruded fibre.
The poling process then begins. In detail, second stage rollers (8, 8' and 9') have a heating coil inside them to vary the temperature during the process. Temperature of the rolls [6] (9 and 9') is maintained 10°C higher than the desired poling temperature to ensure the poling temperature is obtained on the polymer fibre when it leaves the roll. A voltage of 15kV is applied on the polymer fibre or film using a high voltage power supply on 1mm thick polymer structure when the fibre passes in between the two electrodes (10 and 1.1.).
One of the electrodes (10) is also heated to 10°C higher than the desired poling temperature to ensure that the poling temperature is obtained on the polymer fibre. Polymer fibre is additionally stressed beyond its yielding point to obtain an extension ratio of 4:1 by maintaining a speed ratio of 4:1 on the winding rolls (9' and 12). As a result, the polymer fibre becomes piezoelectric (13) after simultaneous application of temperature, drawing and
electric field.
Finally piezoelectric polymer fibre (13) passes through an electrolyte solution (14), preferably a polymeric electrolyte. The speed of the process detennines the thickness of the electrolyte coated onto the fibre. Piezoelectric polymer fibre is then dried in a drying apparatus (15) and leaves the melt extruder as a ready to use piezoelectric fibre (16) with two electrodes integrated; the one in the core (17), the other one on top (19) and piezoelectric polymer layer (18) in between them.
References [1] H. Kawai, The piezoelectricity of poly(vinylidene fluoride), Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 8 (1969) 975-976.
[2] R. Hayakawa, Y. Wada, Piezoelectricity and related properties of polymer films, Advances in Polymer Science 11(1973)1-55. [7]
[3] H. Sussner, D. Michas, A. Assfalg, S. Hunklinger, K. Dransfeld, Piezoelectric effect in polyvinylidene fluoride at high frequencies, Physics Letters A 45 (1973) 475-476.
[4] E. Fukada, Piezoelectric properties of organic Polymers, Annuals of the New York Academy of Sciences 238 (1974) 7-25.
[5] R. 0. Kepler, R. A. Anderson, Piezoelectricity in polymers, Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences 9 (1980) 399-447.
[6] S. Esayan, J. I. Scheinbeim, B. A. Newman, Pyroelectricity in Nylon 7 and Nylon. 11 ferroelectric polymers, Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995) 623-625.
[71 J. S. Harrison, Z. Ounaies, Piezoelectric polymers, NASAICR-2001-21 1422,2001.
[8] V. Sencadas, R. (}regorio Fillio, S. Lanceros-Mendez, Processing and characterization of a novel nonporous poly(vinilidene fluoride) films in the f3 phase, J. Non Cryst.
Solids. 352 (2006) 2226-2229.
[9] Zhang De-Qing, Structural and Electrical Properties of PZT/PVDF Piezoelectric Nanocomposites Prepared by Cold-Press and Hot-Press Routes, Chinese Physics Letters. 25 (2008) 4410.
[10] A. Jam, J. K.umar 5, D.R. Mahapatra, FI.H. Kumar, Detailed studies on the formation of piezoelectric (3-phase of PVDF at different hot-stretching conditions, Proceedings of SPW -The International Society for Optical Engineering. 7647 (2010). [8]
[11] E. Kliiniec, W. Zaraska, K. Zaraska, KY. Gqsiorski, T. Sadowski, M. Pajda, Piezoelectric polymer films as power converters for human powered electronics, Microelectronics Reliability. 48 (2008) 897-901.
[12] A. H. Sodano, Macro-Fiber Composites for Sensing, Actuation and Power Generation (2003) 9T114.
[13] S. Egusa, Z. Wang, N. Chocat, Z.M. Ruff, A.M. Stolyarov, D. Shemuly, F. Sorin, P.T.
Rakich, J.D. Joannopoulos, Y. Fink, Multimaterial piezoelectri.c fibres, Nat Mater.
Advance online publication (2010).
[14] R. L. Hadimani, D. Vatansever, and E. Siotes, "Piezoelectric Polymer Element and Production Method and Apparatus Therefor," Pending International Patent PCT/GB2OI 1/05 1734 applied September 2011.
[15] P. Ueberschlag, PVDF Piezoelectric Polymers, Sensor Review 21(2001)118-125. [9]
Claims (1)
- <claim-text>Claims 1. A piezoelectric fibre comprising a conductive core, a polymer based piezo active layer and an electrolyte based outer layer.</claim-text> <claim-text>2. The piezoelectrie fibre according to claim 1, wherein the conductive core is a conductive fibre or a conductive polymeric material.</claim-text> <claim-text>3. The piezoelectric fibre according to either of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the polymer based piezo active layer comprises poly (vinylide fluoride), odd numbered polyamides [definition?] or polypropylene.</claim-text> <claim-text>4. The piezoelectric fibre according to any proceeding claim, wherein the electro].yte based outer layer is polymeric.</claim-text> <claim-text>5. A method of producing a piezoelectric fibre, the method comprising the steps of: a) melting a piezoelectric polymer; b) extruding the piezoelectric polymer through a die D at a speed S; c) feeding conductive material through the same die D at a faster speed than speed S, such that the conductive material is surrounded by the piezoeleciric polymer and together they form a fibre; [10] d) drawing and poling the fibre at an elevated temperature [can you provide a range please?]; e) passing the fibre through an electrolyte solution.</claim-text> <claim-text>6. The method of claim 5, wherein the piezoelectric polymer is a thermoplastic polymer.</claim-text> <claim-text>7. The method of claim 6, wherein the conductive material forms a spiral within the piezoelectrie polymer.</claim-text> <claim-text>8. The method of any of claims 5-7, wherein step (c) is performed by heating the fibre to just below the Curie temperature of the piezoelectric polymer, applying an electric field of IMV/M, and stretching the fibre to 4 times its original length.</claim-text> <claim-text>9. The method of any of claims 5-8, wherein the electrolyte solution is a polymeric electrolyte solution.</claim-text> <claim-text>10. The method of any of claims 5-9, wherein the method is continuous.</claim-text> <claim-text>11. An apparatus for producing a piezoelectric fibre, the apparatus comprising: i) an extrusion die capable of extruding molten piezoelectric polymer at a speed S and extruding conductive material, at a speed faster than speed S, to form a fibre having a conductive core and a piezoeleetric polymer sheath; [11] ii) a means of simultaneously applying heat, electric field and stress to the fibre; iii) a means of passing the fibre through an electrolyte solution.</claim-text> <claim-text>12. A fabric comprising the fibre of any of claims 1-4.</claim-text> <claim-text>13. Use of the fibre of any of claims 1-4 in any of energy conversion, energy harnessing or energy regeneration. [12]</claim-text>
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB1200445.3A GB201200445D0 (en) | 2012-01-11 | 2012-01-11 | Piezoelectric fibre and method of production thereof |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB201222717D0 GB201222717D0 (en) | 2013-01-30 |
| GB2498433A true GB2498433A (en) | 2013-07-17 |
| GB2498433B GB2498433B (en) | 2016-08-03 |
Family
ID=45788793
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB1200445.3A Ceased GB201200445D0 (en) | 2012-01-11 | 2012-01-11 | Piezoelectric fibre and method of production thereof |
| GB1222717.9A Expired - Fee Related GB2498433B (en) | 2012-01-11 | 2012-12-17 | Piezoelectric fibre and method of production thereof |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB1200445.3A Ceased GB201200445D0 (en) | 2012-01-11 | 2012-01-11 | Piezoelectric fibre and method of production thereof |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (2) | GB201200445D0 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108701752A (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2018-10-23 | 帝人株式会社 | Cotton rope shape piezoelectric element, the cloth and silk shape piezoelectric element for having used cotton rope shape piezoelectric element and the equipment for having used them |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4183010A (en) * | 1975-12-08 | 1980-01-08 | Gte Sylvania Incorporated | Pressure compensating coaxial line hydrophone and method |
| GB2123602A (en) * | 1982-07-06 | 1984-02-01 | Raytheon Co | Piezoelectric transducer and method of making same |
| EP0156952A2 (en) * | 1984-03-16 | 1985-10-09 | Pennwalt Corporation | Die drawing process and apparatus for piezoelectric polymer films and tubes |
| US5494617A (en) * | 1994-05-16 | 1996-02-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Method of inducing piezoelectric properties in polymers |
| EP1605528A2 (en) * | 2004-06-10 | 2005-12-14 | Société de Technologie Michelin | Piezoelectric ceramic fibers having metallic cores |
| JP2009032773A (en) * | 2007-07-25 | 2009-02-12 | Yamaha Corp | Fibrous polymeric actuator and method of manufacturing the same, and polymeric actuator comprising aggregate of many fibrous polymeric actuators |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2150345A (en) * | 1938-09-28 | 1939-03-14 | Surface Combustion Corp | Air heater |
| US4568851A (en) * | 1984-09-11 | 1986-02-04 | Raychem Corporation | Piezoelectric coaxial cable having a helical inner conductor |
| US7371223B2 (en) * | 2002-10-02 | 2008-05-13 | Boston Scientific Scimed, Inc. | Electroactive polymer actuated heart-lung bypass pumps |
| US20070246353A1 (en) * | 2004-07-12 | 2007-10-25 | Parviz Soroushian | Self-healing and adaptive materials and systems |
-
2012
- 2012-01-11 GB GBGB1200445.3A patent/GB201200445D0/en not_active Ceased
- 2012-12-17 GB GB1222717.9A patent/GB2498433B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4183010A (en) * | 1975-12-08 | 1980-01-08 | Gte Sylvania Incorporated | Pressure compensating coaxial line hydrophone and method |
| GB2123602A (en) * | 1982-07-06 | 1984-02-01 | Raytheon Co | Piezoelectric transducer and method of making same |
| EP0156952A2 (en) * | 1984-03-16 | 1985-10-09 | Pennwalt Corporation | Die drawing process and apparatus for piezoelectric polymer films and tubes |
| US5494617A (en) * | 1994-05-16 | 1996-02-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Method of inducing piezoelectric properties in polymers |
| EP1605528A2 (en) * | 2004-06-10 | 2005-12-14 | Société de Technologie Michelin | Piezoelectric ceramic fibers having metallic cores |
| JP2009032773A (en) * | 2007-07-25 | 2009-02-12 | Yamaha Corp | Fibrous polymeric actuator and method of manufacturing the same, and polymeric actuator comprising aggregate of many fibrous polymeric actuators |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108701752A (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2018-10-23 | 帝人株式会社 | Cotton rope shape piezoelectric element, the cloth and silk shape piezoelectric element for having used cotton rope shape piezoelectric element and the equipment for having used them |
| EP3399562A4 (en) * | 2015-12-28 | 2019-01-09 | Teijin Limited | Braided piezoelectric element, fabric-like piezoelectric element using braided piezoelectric element, and device using same |
| US11101425B2 (en) | 2015-12-28 | 2021-08-24 | Teijin Limited | Braided piezoelectric element, fabric-like piezoelectric element using braided piezoelectric element, and device using same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB201200445D0 (en) | 2012-02-22 |
| GB201222717D0 (en) | 2013-01-30 |
| GB2498433B (en) | 2016-08-03 |
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