GB2491126A

GB2491126A - A vessel for storing gases produced from an electrolyser

Info

Publication number: GB2491126A
Application number: GB1108588.3A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Jake Gould; Detlef Beier
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2011-05-23
Filing date: 2011-05-23
Publication date: 2012-11-28
Also published as: GB201108588D0

Abstract

A vessel comprising a lid (figure 1a, 23) and a body where the vessel body has at least one internal wall (figure 1a, 6,7) defining at least two chambers is described. The internal wall has at least one aperture 14,16, which is sealed by means which prevent the exit of gas, and the lid has at least one gasket or seal located between the lid and body. The lid and body of the vessel are sealed through the use of at least one fastener (figure 1a,18) and the vessel is connected to a water electrolyser. Sensor(s) 7, may be provided to monitor the performance of the operating system and safety of said system. The aperture may have a sponge or porous barrier 15 located thereby thus separating the gas containing chamber from the gas and water containing chamber. Visual means 4 for the monitoring of the water levels in the vessel and heating means are also provided.

Description

Field of invention

[0001] A vessel body, comprising of at least two chambers [Fig. la points 1,2 &3], being fluidly connected [Fig. La Points 4 & 5]. Each chamber is fluidly connected to a circulatory system [Fig. 2a, Points 24,20 & 22].

[0002] Fluid, preferably an aqueous solution, H20 and an electrolyte, circulates from at least one vessel chamber to a hydrogen generator or electrolyzer [Fig. 2a Point 28], also referred to as a cell with at least one positively charged and at least one negatively charged electrode with a chamber there between where electrolysis takes place on either side of a mesh [Fig. 2a point 20) once the cell is electrically energized, separating the 1120 into its elements of hydrogen and oxygen; each element flows separately within the circulation from the electrolyzer to the designated chambers. [Fig. 2a, Points 30 & 31] & [Fig. 2a Points 26 & 27].

[0003] Fluid with hydrogen element [Fig. 2a Point 26] circulates through a hydrogen-designated chamber [Fig. 2a Point 24] in the vessel. Fluid with the oxygen elements {Fig.

2a Point 27] circulates through an oxygen-designated chamber [Fig.2a Point 22] in the vessel; where the 0 and H leave the fluid circulation system. A fluidly connected middle chamber acts as a buffer against gas bubbles between chambers and is an important part of the circulation system. The fluidly connected chambers balance out opposing influences within the circulation system allowing a smooth flow for the separated gas elements. However there is no mixing of the gas elements of H and 0 between the chambers, protected by inner walls and bathers permeable only to fluid but not the gas bubbles.

[0004] The hydrogen element can then be instantaneously used [Fig. 2a Point 11] for combustion engines, heating or boiling liquids, cooking, boiling water, lamps, conversion to electric energy or for collection; but not exclusively.

Background of invention

[0005] Existing hydrogen generators [Fig. 3 Point 1] are fluidly connected to a vessel [Fig. 3 Point 3] by at least one chamber or tube [Fig. 3 Point 2]. The fluid input chamber or tube [Fig.3 Point 5] circulates fluid to the electrolyzer. This flow direction constitutes a circulatory system. Electrolysis in the hydrogen electrolyzer separates H20 into its atomic elements; hydrogen and oxygen. In this system the H and 0 are mixed within the same circulation system and circulate back to the vessel; one chamber.

[0006] The vessel [Fig. 3 Point 3] is a fluid holding tank.

[0007] The gaseous mix of 11+11-1-0 is then available to be used [Fig.3 Point 4] [0008] The resulting gas is highly explosive due to the oxygen content and can ignite under a lower pressure than that needed to ignite pure hydrogen; which is more stable.

[0009J When the gas is used an internal combustion engine of a vehicle for example, the oxygen sensors detect the oxygen element [H+H+O]. The car ECU computer then senses that the engine is running too lean on fuel and will inject more fuel until its predetermined fuellair ratios are reached. To counter this process electronic means have to be introduced to offset the car ECU computer sensor readings so as not to inject more fuel. This process adds complexity and extra costs. By using pure hydrogen, the vehicle oxygen sensors will not be aware that that the fuel/air ratio has changed and the ECU will not cause the injectors to inject more fuel; thus a fuel saving takes place.

Statement of the invention

[0010] A vessel body [Fig. la] comprising of at least two inner walls [Fig. Ia, Points 6 & 7] as partitions to define at least three chambers [Fig. Ia Points 1,2 & 3] whereby the said inner walls having at least one aperture [Fig. Ia, Points 4 & 5] to fluidly connect the three chambers.

[0011] Fluid containing hydrogen circulates into and through the first chamber [Fig. 1; Point 1]. Fluid containing oxygen circulates into and through the third chamber [Fig.la, Point 3]. The chamber there between [Fig.l, Point 2] serves as a reservoir for neutral fluid [free of O+H] and buffers against mixing of the gas elements between the adjacent chambers [Fig. la, Point 1] and [Fig. la, Point 3]. The combined weight of all the fluid in the fluidly connected chambers assists the flow within the fluid circulation system through gravity.

[0012] A major influence to the fluid circulation in the vessel with three fluidly connected chambers is the velocity of 0 and H gas bubbles emitted from the electrodes within the fluidly connected electrolyzer during electrolysis.

[0013] In this embodiment fluid, a preferred aqueous solution, H20 and an electrolyte [Fig. 2 Point 28], circulates to the cell. Electrolysis separates the H20 into the elements of Hydrogen and Oxygen [Fig. 2, Points 30 and 31]. The fluid containing the elements of hydrogen and oxygen circulate out from the electrolyzer through two separate circulation flows; one designated for hydrogen only [Fig. 2 Point 26] and one designated for oxygen only [Fig. 2 Point 27].

[0014] When H20 is electrolyzed into its atomic elements; there are 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen [Ratio 2:1]. The fluid containing hydrogen therefore has a more vigorous and turbulent circulation than the fluid containing oxygen. This results in fluid pressure imbalances during the fluid circulation within the cell, on either side of the mesh and within the fluidly connected chambers of the vessel.

[0015] An electrolyzer has at least one negatively charged electrode that produces hydrogen and at least one positively charged electrode that produce oxygen. In patent application GB1 106736.0 we claim priority over a mesh supported by a frame, essentially located between at least one pair of negatively and positively charged pair of electrodes within an electrolyzer. In the compartment between the pair of electrodes, the said mesh is permeable to fluid but not permeable to the hydrogen and oxygen bubbles due to their surface tension and due to the flow of fluid horizontal to the mesh; thus the atomic elements of H and 0 are kept separate within the cell on either side of the said mesh; and during subsequent circulation.

[0016] The fluid containing hydrogen [Fig. 2 Point 26] circulates to the hydrogen-designated chamber [Fig. 2 Point 24] of the vessel. The fluid containing oxygen [Fig. 2 Point 27] circulates separately, towards the oxygen-designated chamber [Fig. 2 Point 22] of the fluidly connected vessel. It is important to note that the pressures and flow rate within the separate hydrogen and oxygen fluid circulatory systems are out of balance, due to the pressures on either side of the mesh within the electrolyzer being different; 2 hydrogen elements to one oxygen element [Ratio 2:1].

[0017] The 3 fluidly connected chambers absorb the pressures and imbalances of the competing influences within the fluid circulation system associated with non-equilibrium.

Additional imbalances within any part of the circulation through a sudden rise in current or blockage for example, would cause the fluid level in at least one chamber to rise or fall under the increased or lowered pressure; however since the chambers are fluidly connected, the remaining chambers relieve the pressures by either accommodating the rising water levels or passing water to chambers with lowered water levels, thus evening out the pressure imbalances. This process continues within the vessel's fluidly connected chambers ensuring dynamic equilibrium to the fluid circulation system. This process is extremely important in supporting the pressure differentials on either side of the mesh supported by a frame within the electrolyzer.

[0018] In a vessel with at least two chambers, not fluidly connected, fluid pressure differentials on either side of the mesh within an electrolyzer cell compartment would force hydrogen and oxygen bubbles to break the fluid surface tension and pass through the mesh, mixing the gas elements. There would be no evening out of pressure within a system with separate chambers; fluid levels would be higher in one than the other. Under these conditions, a higher pressure in any chamber would form the explosive mix of H+H+0 in the electrolyzer and the purity of the separated atomic elements of water [0019] During normal and abnormal operation of the system, strong flowing currents within the vessel [Fig. 4] influence some bubbles within at least one of the chambers to deviate from their normal flow to the surface.

[0020] The fluid circulation in the outer chambers is under the influence of the fluid output aperture [Fig.4 Point 2] in the middle chamber, where circulation draws fluid downwards to the fluidly connected [Fig. 4 Point 7) electrolyzer cell. The lowering of pressure in the central chamber draws fluid and unwanted small bubbles of 0 and H from the adjacent chambers through the fluidly connected apertures [Fig.4 Points 4 & 5] and into the said middle chamber.

[00211 Fluid containing hydrogen circulates into and through the hydrogen designated chamber [Fig. 4 Points 6] entering at the fluid input aperture [Fig. 4 Point 1]. Fluid containing oxygen circulates [Fig. 4 Point 8] into and through the oxygen designated chamber at the fluid input aperture [Fig. 4 Point 3].

[0022] The fluids carrying H and 0 circulate with velocity, separately, into the 2 designated fluidly connected outer chambers. [See flow direction represented by arrows in fig. 4]. Large bubbles coagulate and flow to the surface whilst turbulence from the said velocity diverts the flow of smaller unwanted bubbles into a vortex, unable to rise to the surface for a substantial period of time.

[0023] The problem of small-unwanted bubbles is exacerbated by the velocity and flow of the said vortices in combination with a simultaneous suction by the low pressure of the middle chamber. The circulation of fluid carrying these bubbles is forced through the fluidly connected apertures [Fig. 4 Points 4 &5] as part of the process for the vessel chambers to reach equilibrium.

[0024] To prevent the bubbles of H from the Hydrogen chamber [Fig.la Point 1] entering the middle chamber [Fig.la Point 2] there is a porous barrier or sponge [Fig. la, Point 12] supported by at least one inner wall or rib [Fig. Ia, Point 11] in substantial contact with at least one partition wall [Fig. la Point 6] between the first chamber [hydrogen] [Fig. la Point 1] and the second chamber [Fig. la Point 2], covering and protecting the fluid connecting aperture [Fig. Ia Point 4].

[0025] To prevent the small bubbles of 0 from the Oxygen chamber [Fig. la Point 3] entering the middle chamber [Fig.la Point 2] there is a porous barrier or sponge [Fig. la, Point 13] supported by at least one inner wall or rib [Fig. la, Point 14] in substantial contact with at least one partition wall [Fig. la Point 7] between the third chamber [oxygen] [Fig. la Point 3] and the second chamber [Fig. Ia Point 2], covering and protecting the fluid connecting aperture [Fig. la Point 5] [0026] The sponge or porous barrier is permeable to the aqueous fluid but not permeable to the bubbles. The bubbles are dispersed by the circulation flow about the surface area of the sponge or porous barrier. When in the proximity of the porous surface area of the sponge or porous barrier, surface tension prevents the bubbles penetrating. Thus the middle chamber [Fig.la Point 2] is free of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles.

[0027] The cross section area of the fluid circulation system from the vessel fluid output aperture [Fig. 2a Point 20] to the cell fluid input [Fig. 2a Point 34 & 35] and cell fluid output [Fig. 2a Points 32 & 33] back to the vessel through the fluid input apertures [Fig.

2a Points 22 & 24] are substantially the same, in order to prevent competing influences associated with fluid pressures within the circulatory system and therefore maintain a balanced pressure throughout The said cross section area is substantially the same as the fluid apertures in the top and bottom rails of the frame supporting a mesh between the electrodes of the elecirolyzer in our Patent application GB1 106736.0 [0028] At least one partition wall [Fig. 4 Points 9 & 10] in the vessel that defines a plurality of chambers has at least one fluid-connecting aperture [Fig. 4 Points 4 & 5].

[0029] In another embodiment, with or without a sponge or porous bather covering and protecting the fluid connecting apertures [Fig.5 Points 1 & 2] between the chambers of the vessel, the gas input apertures for hydrogen [Fig. S Point 3] and oxygen [Fig. S Point 4] are moved to the front outer corner of theft designated chamber whilst the fluid output aperture [Fig. 5 PointS] is moved furthest away to the proximity of the middle of the back wall of the vessel chamber or visa versa. The greatest distance between the input and output apertures forms a fluid buffer zone preventing bubbles of H and 0 entering the others designated chamber.

[0030] In another embodiment where the turbulent fluid and bubbles circulate separately into and through the H and 0 chambers [Fig. 5 Points 3 & 4], at least one chamber has at least one inner wall or rib [Fig. 5 Point 6 & 7] to protect the fluid connecting apertures by deflecting the turbulent vortex of fluid and bubbles from the proximity of the said fluid connecting apertures. The bubbles of H and 0 are prevented from entering the others designated chamber.

[0031] In another embodiment [Fig. 6], at least one fluid input aperture of H [Fig. 6 Point 7] and 0 [Fig. 6 Point 8] is located on a vertical wall of the vessel, at a higher level than the fluid output aperture [Fig. 6 Point 6]. The bubbles enter the chamber from a higher level [Fig. 6 Point 9] reaching the surface faster, thus preventing the flow of bubbles entering the proximity of the fluid connecting apertures [Fig. 6 Points 4 & 5]. In this embodiment at least one chamber would comprise of at least one rib or inner wall in the proximity of the fluid connecting apertures as in [0030] [Fig. 5 Points 6 & 7] to deflect and protect bubbles of H and 0 from entering the other's designated chamber.

[0032] In another embodiment of the vessel [Fig. 7a], at least one chamber would comprise of a sponge or porous bather [Fig. 7a Point 6] supported by at least one inner wall or rib [Fig. 7a PointS] in the vessel and or vessel lid [Fig. 7a Point 9]. The sponge or porous bather would extend from its position as a bather protecting the fluid-connecting aperture [Fig. 7a Point 7] from bubbles, to the top of the chamber vessel [Fig. 7bj and held in place by at least one inner wall or rib either in the vessel or vessel lid. The sponge or porous bather is positioned directly below the gas exit nozzle [Fig. 7b Point 11.

In this embodiment there is at least one porous bather or sponge, or a plurality of sponges or porous bathers in at least one chamber, one protecting the fluid connecting aperture from bubbles and the other located below the gas exit nozzle.

[0033] With the circulation of turbulent bubbles in at least one vessel chamber [Fig. 8 Point 1], the velocity causes the electrolyte, impurities or additives in the aqueous fluid to form unwanted foam [Fig. 8 Point 2] in the vessel chamber. Ejection of this foam through either gas exit nozzle [Fig. 8 Point 5 or 6] causes loss of fluid and electrolyte in the vessel and it is not desirable to have a mix of gas and foam in the intended applications of the system. This problem is solved in at least one of the vessel chambers by the said sponge or porous barrier [Fig. 8 Point 3], or at least two separate sponges [0032] supported by at least one inner wall [Fig. 8 Point 4], at the top of the chamber directly below the gas exit nozzle [Fig. 8 Point 5]. The sponge or porous barrier allows the gas to permeate through but not the foam, vapor or moisture, sometimes in the form of steam.

[00341 In another embodiment [Fig. I b] there is a gaseous connection through at least one aperture in at least one partition wall between the Oxygen chamber and the neutral chamber [Fig. lb Point I]. In this embodiment Oxygen with either steam or foam can pass into the neutral chamber allowing more time for the moisture to condense and for the foam to settle before the oxygen leaves through the oxygen exit nozzle above the neutral chamber [Fig. lb Point 2]. In such an embodiment there is no need for an oxygen gas exit nozzle above the Oxygen designate chamber.

[0035] In another embodiment we claim priority over an aperture through any wall of the vessel or lid to accommodate a one-way valve [Fig. 5 Point 8]. In the event that during abnormal operation, the gaseous connection external to the vessel [Fig. 5 Point 10], endures an extremely low pressure area [Fig. 5 Point 9] through suction [e.g. the gas is injected between the turbo fan and combustion chambers or by a powerful external pump but not exclusively] then the vessel wall, under abnormal vacuum, will risk imploding, breaking or ejecting fluid into the external gaseous connection [Fig. 5 Point 10]. The one-way valve will allow external air to enter at least one chamber of the vessel; thus equalizing the pressure. Under normal operation a one way valve with an adjustable tap will enable a pump at the gaseous connection external to vessel to operate an appliance for cooking, heating etc but not exclusively, by adjusting the air/gas ratio.

[0036] In another embodiment a vessel body comprising of at least two fluidly connected chambers [Fig. 2a] having at least one external wall or bracket [Fig. 2a Point 38] with at least one connecting point [Fig. 2a Point 36] for supporting the said vessel to a separate wall.

[0037] In another embodiment at least one external wall of the vessel becomes a common carrier to all operating systems including the electronic sensor board [Fig. 2a Point 23], electronic systems, and at least one of the systems associated with safety and operating functions comprising of at least one sensor [Fig. la Point 15] and pneumatic valves [Fig.

2a Points 10 & 5]. At least one of the vessel's external walls or brackets has at least one connecting point [Fig. 2b] to support at least one of the said safety and operating systems to the vessel wall.

[0038] In another embodiment a common carrier [Fig. 9 Point 11] supports at least one of the said safety and operating systems [0037] [e.g. Fig. 9 Point 1] arid supports at least one of the vessels [Fig. 9 Point 12] through at least one fixing location between the vessel and carrier [Fig. 9 Point 2]. The common carrier has at least one fixing location [Fig. 9 Point 6] to be supported by a separate wall. In this embodiment with or without a common carrier the separate vessels are fluidly connected by a chamber there between [Fig. 9 Point 10]. The cross section areas of the fluid output and fluid input apertures in the vessels are substantially the same to allow for a balanced circulation flow through the system.

[0039] In another embodiment at least one vessel wall or common carrier has a recess [Fig. 11 Point 4] enabling at least one LED or LED strip or at least one light source, [Fig.

11 Point 1] to be supported therein and protecting its outward facing surface when in proxiniity of a vibrating or static supporting wall. The sensor board [Fig. 11 Point 3] through an electrical connection [Fig. 11 Point 2] will cause at least one of the said lights to be switched on when the system or electrolyzer is energized, illuminating the vessel and enabling the gaseous functions to be seen clearly whether night or day [light or dark] with visual indication as to the fluid level in the vessel or chamber.

[0040] In another embodiment the vessel lid has at least one partition wall congruent to that of at least one partition wall in the vessel [Fig. la Point 21] & [Fig.la Point 26] & [Fig. 11 Point 5]. When the lid is fastened and secured to the vessel, a gasket there between creates a seal [Fig. 1 a Points 20,22 & 16] between the vessel walls and Lid walls, the vessel partition walls and lid partition walls [Fig. 11 Point 5] & [Fig. la Points 7 & 21], preventing gas or fluid from leaking out of the vessel chambers and ensuring that there is no gaseous connection between the chambers. The said seal has a plurality of apertures within the confines of its edges [Fig. 13b Point I], through which fasteners can connect the vessel lid to the body. This method protects against gas leaking through the screw holes or fasteners or the apertures in the lid through which the fasteners penetrate.

[004l]In another embodiment the gasket or seal has rebates disposed at its edges; instead of apertures [Fig. 13a Points 1 and 2]. The rebates are disposed on the outer edges or inner edges of the gasket or seal. In either case there is a residual continuous area to seal and protect the total circumference of the said gasket or seal between the vessel lid and vessel body when connected.

[0042] In another embodiment the vessel lid has no inner partition walls [Fig. 12 Point 1], but instead, a seal or gasket between the top of at least one partition wall of the vessel and the inner lid surface [Fig. 12 Point 2] to seal at least one chamber. The said seal is either separate or part of the gasket or seal between the outer walls of the vessel and lid [Fig. la Point 16].

[0043] It is important to describe the functions and operations with regard to the safety systems in embodiments associated with the vessels and chambers. They are an important characteristic of this patent application. A description of the hydrogen side ensues. When the hydrogen generator is energized, fluid-containing hydrogen circulates into and through the hydrogen designated chamber [Fig. 2a Point 24]. Hydrogen gas leaves the said chamber via the gas exit nozzle to continue its flow direction [Fig. 2a Point 9]. The hydrogen arrives at the pneumatic valve [Fig. 2a Point 10] which when energized during nomial operation remains open and the flow continues its direction [Fig. 2a Point 11] towards the internal combustion engine for example, but not exclusively. Once the combustion engine power has been switched to power off, the electronic control system [Fig. 10 Point 1] or sensor board [Fig. 10 Point 6] associated with the pneumatic valve [Fig. 10 Point 2], will close the gas flow from direction [Fig. 2a flow from 9 to 11] and divert the flow harmlessly into the environment [Fig. 2a Flow from 9 to 12] where it quickly disperses. The diversion of gas flow protects against various scenarios. For example the electrolyzer is power off, a short circuit in the electronics could continue gas production in the electrolyzer, drawing power from a battery; dangerous gas would build up in the engine. In another scenario gas build up could occur through a residual voltage in the electrodes after the power to the electrolyzer has been switched off. In both scenarios an explosion could occur when the power is switched back on; caused by a spark or when the combustion engine is started.

[0044] A predetermined volume of fluid is required within the fluidly connected chambers to add the combined weight of the fluid through gravity into the circulation system through the fluid output aperture [Fig. 4 Point 2].

[0045] A predetermined volume of fluid in at least one chamber ensures a predetermined maximum of gas [by fluid displacing gas] as a safety feature minimizing explosive capacity.

[0046] A predetermined volume of fluid in at least one chamber acts as an effective bubbler or flashback arrestor.

[0047] The aforesaid system safety functions [0044 & 0045 & 0046] are achieved by an auto refill system activated by at least one sensor in substantial contact with at least one vessel wall [Fig. 4 Point 12] or at least one chamber or by being immersed in the fluid of the said chamber. In the event the fluid level falls below a predetermined level in at least one chamber, the electronics system [Fig. 10 Point 3,45 & 6] responds to the sensor to ensure that the fluid chamber is refilled and maintained at the predetermined level [Fig. 4 Point 11] between the "Max and Mm", within the fluidly connected chambers.

[0048] A description of the auto refill system ensues. The fluid is received from an external vessel [Fig. 2a Point 1] into at least one of the chambers [Fig. 2a Point 20] or vessels [Fig. 9 Point 4]. The external vessel [Fig. 2a Point 1] supports a pump or is fluidly connected to a pump [Fig. 2a Point 2].

[0049] At least one sensor [Fig. 4 Point 12] senses that the water level in any chamber or vessel is below the predetermined level. The sensor board [Fig. 2a Point 23] electrically connected to the pump and valve sends a signal to activate, the pump [Fig. 2a Point 2] and to activate the pneumatic valve [Fig. 2a Point 5], to the open position, substantially at the same time. Fluid moves towards and through the pneumatic valve [Fig. 2a Point 3] and into any chamber. Once the predetermined fluid level in the vessel or any chamber has been reached, at least one sensor then sends a signal to the pneumatic valve to close and for the pump to stop at substantially the same time, and the flow of fluid is stopped.

[The electronic sensing circuits and power connections are illustrated in Fig. 10]. This refilling process operates in a continuous automatic cycle, protecting the vessel and ensuring a continuous predetermined fluid level.

[0050] The sensor board supported by the vessel or common carrier is electrically connected to a display monitor [Fig. 10 Point 10]. The said monitor reflects the status of the hydrogen electrolyzer performance in sync with the vessel, with regard to temperature of vessel, fluid or electrolyzer, amperage, gas output but not exclusively. The monitor reflects the status of the fluid level of at least one chamber and indicates when the predetermined fluid level is too low. The said monitor reflects the gas flow [e.g. liters per minute] of at least one gas element being produced by the hydrogen electrolyzer or the gas flow of at least one gas element as it leaves its designated H or 0 chamber of the vessel through a flow meter, sometimes fitted with at least one sensor [Fig. 10 Point 11].

[00511 hi another embodiment the said vessel with fluidly connected chambers and hydrogen electrolyzer are structurally and fluidly integrated with each other as a single integral unit. This embodiment saves space and easier to utilize with various applications.

[0052] In another embodiment at least one fluid or gas flow meter or fluid or gas flow sensor is connected in substantial contact with at least one of the said vessel's wall, nozzle, chamber or connected fluidly or by gaseous means.

[0053] In another embodiment a heat pad or heat source is placed in thermal contact with at least one vessel wall or chamber to prevent freezing of the fluid in the said vessel. The said heat pad is operated either by a manual switch or by at least one sensor in thermal contact with the vessel or immersed in at least one chamber, to sense a predetermined temperature to switch on the electric power to the heat pad and at least one sensor to switch the heat -power off once a predetermined time or temperature has been reached. This process, when automatic, runs in a continuous cycle protecting the circulation system against freezing.

[0054] lii another embodiment at least one sensor is in thermal contact with at least one vessel wall or immersed in at least one chamber to sense the temperature of the fluid. If the temperature of the fluid is too high, a substantial amount of steam will build up in the vessel chambers indicating that the performance of the electrolyzer is inefficient with energy being lost and wasted. At least one sensor will then interrupt the power to the electrolyzer until a predetermined acceptable temperature is reached. if during winter for example the temperature of the fluid falls to a predetermined minimum level, at least one sensor will interrupt the power to the electrolyzer until a predetermined acceptable temperature is reached. This process will run in a continuous automatic cycle protecting the electrolyzer, the vessel and the circulatoiy system against excess heat and sub zero temperatures causing icing.

Description of drawings

[0055] Diagrammatical representations Fig. Ia 1. Chamber into which a fluid circulation containing hydrogen elements flow.

2. Neutral chamber as a buffer between the adjacent 0 & H chambers; fluid circulates to the electrolyzer.

3. Chamber into which a fluid circulation containing oxygen elements flow.

4. Fluid connecting aperture in the partition wall between hydrogen chamber and neutral buffer chamber, fluidly connecting the two chambers.

5. Fluid connecting aperture in the partition wall between the oxygen chamber and neutral buffer chamber fluidly connecting the two chambers.

6. Partition wall between hydrogen chamber and neutral buffer chamber.

7. Partition wall between oxygen chamber and neutral buffer chamber.

8. Fluid containing hydrogen elements circulate from the electrolyzer to the hydrogen chamber through the fluid input aperture.

9. Aperture through which fluid circulates from the neutral buffer chamber through a nozzle to the electrolyzer.

10. Fluid containing oxygen elements circulate from the electrolyzer to the oxygen chamber through the fluid input aperture.

11. Inner wall or rib to support the sponge or porous bather and deflect H bubbles swirling in the flow away from the fluid-connecting aperture, preventing them from entering any adjacent chambers.

12. Sponge or porous barrier in the hydrogen chamber allowing fluid to pass through the fluidly connected chambers but not the H gas bubbles.

13. Sponge or porous bather in the oxygen chamber allowing fluid to pass through the fluidly connected chambers but not the 0 gas bubbles.

14. Inner wall or rib to support the sponge or porous bather and deflect 0 bubbles swirling in the flow away from the fluid-connecting aperture, preventing them from entering any adjacent chambers.

15. Fluid auto refill sensor inside a chamber to sense the fluid level in the fluidly connected vessel chambers.

16. Seal or gasket forming a gas and fluid tight seal between the vessel lid outer walls and the vessel body outer walls; and a seal between the vessel lid partition walls and the vessel body partition walls.

17. Hydrogen exit nozzle.

18. A fastener or screw to secure the vessel lid to the vessel body.

19. A removable cap to manually refill the vessel. [Can contain a sensor] 20. Aperture through a lid-housing boss to support a fastener.

21. Cut away showing lid inner partition wall between the oxygen chamber and neutral buffer chamber.

22. A housing boss on the vessel wall to support a fastener.

23. Vessel lid.

24. Fluid input nozzle from separate fluid vessel for auto refill.

25. Gas output nozzle for oxygen.

26. Position of inner partition wall of vessel lid between the hydrogen chamber and the adjacent neutral buffer chamber.

Fig. lb 1. Aperture in partition wall; a gaseous connection with the adjacent chamber.

2. Oxygen gas exit nozzle above neutral chamber.

Fig. 2a 1. External auto refill vessel.

2. Auto refill fluid pump.

3. Fluid flows to pneumatic valve for auto refill.

4. LED strip 5. Pneumatic valve opens to refill fluid.

6. Cut away to show seal or gasket.

7. Removable cap for manual fluid refill which can support a sensor.

8. Oxygen exit nozzle in neutral buffer chamber in the embodiment [Fig. lb] when aperture 13 is through the partition wall, forming a gaseous connection between oxygen and neutral buffer chamber to allow more time for moisture and foam to condense before exiting the neutral buffer chamber.

9. Flow direction of hydrogen gas from hydrogen chamber.

10. Pneumatic valve when open allows hydrogen to flow to 11.

11. Hydrogen flow to the internal combustion engine or other applications.

12. When the electrolyzer is deactivated and power off, the pneumatic valve will close and evacuate the hydrogen harmlessly into the environment.

13. In another embodiment an aperture to create a gaseous connection between the oxygen and neutral buffer chamber.

14. Aperture in partition wall to fluidly connect the adjacent chamber.

15. Sponge or porous barrier to prevent gas bubbles from passing into adjacent chambers.

16. Aperture in partition wall to fluidly connect to the adjacent chambers.

[7. Sponge or porous bather to prevent gas bubbles from passing into adjacent chambers.

18. Partition wall between hydrogen chamber and adjacent neutral buffer chamber.

19. Inner wall or rib to secure sponge and deflect bubbles from entering the adjacent aperture fluidly connecting the chambers.

20. Fluid output aperture circulating fluid from the neutral buffer chamber to the electrolyzer.

21. Inner wall or rib to secure sponge and deflect gas bubbles from entering the adjacent aperture fluidly connecting the chambers.

22. Fluid Input aperture through which fluid containing oxygen elements circulates into the oxygen designated chamber.

23. Sensor board controlling all safety and operational flmctions.

24. Fluid Input aperture through which fluid containing hydrogen elements circulates into the hydrogen designated chamber 25. T-Connector creating an extra mute for fluid through the cell to balance pressure.

26. Direction of fluid circulating hydrogen bubbles from the electrolyzer to the hydrogen designated chamber through the connecting chambers there between.

27. Direction of fluid circulating oxygen bubbles from the electrolyzer to the oxygen designated chamber through the connecting chambers there between.

28. Direction of fluid circulation from the neutral buffer chamber of the vessel to the electrolyzer through the connecting chambers there between.

29. Direction of fluid under gravitational weight of the fluidly connected chambers.

30. 1120 separates into two atomic elements of hydrogen.

31. 1120 separates into one atomic element of oxygen.

32. Fluid output nozzle circulating only hydrogen from cell.

33. Fluid output nozzle circulating only oxygen from the cell.

34. Fluid input nozzle to cell circulating from neutral buffer chamber.

35. Fluid input nozzle to cell circulating from neutral buffer chamber.

36. Connecting point on external wall or bracket to support the vessel to a separate wall.

37. An external wall of the vessel -bracket.

38. Connecting points in the external wall or bracket to support the pneumatic valve.

Fig. 2b 1. Illustrating the pneumatic valves supported by the external wall or bracket after being connected.

Fig. 3 1. Electrolyzer or Hydrogen generator or Cell 2. Fluid circulating mixed hydrogen and oxygen elements towards the vessel through a chamber or tube.

3. Vessel containing fluid and performing as a bubbler or flashback arrestor.

4. Gas exit nozzle circulating mixed elements of 1-1+1-1+0 to the exterior of the vessel.

5. Fluid circulates from the vessel to the electrolyzer through a chamber or tube there between.

Fig. 4 1. Fluid input aperture to the hydrogen designated chamber -The flow creates a swirling vortex trapping bubbles and preventing them rising to the surface; some bubbles flowing towards the fluid connecting aperture.

2. Fluid output aperture to the electrolyzer-Fluid from the neutral buffer chamber circulates through the fluid exit aperture to the electrolyzer. The circulation flow thaws fluid from the adjacent chambers.

3. Fluid input aperture to the oxygen designated chamber -The flow creates a swirling vortex trapping bubbles and preventing them rising to the surface; some bubbles flowing towards the fluid connecting aperture.

4. Fluid connecting aperture in the partition wall between the hydrogen and neutral buffer chamber.

5. Fluid connecting aperture in the partition wall between the oxygen and fluid neutral buffer chamber.

6. Fluid input tubes or chambers circulating hydrogen elements into hydrogen designated chamber.

7. Fluid output tubes or chambers from the fluid neutral buffer chamber to the electrolyzer.

8. Fluid input tubes or chambers circulating oxygen elements into the oxygen designated chamber.

9. Partition wall between the hydrogen designated chamber and the fluid neutral buffer chambers.

10. Partition wall between the oxygen designated chamber and the fluid neutral buffer chamber.

11. Water level in the fluidly connected chambers between a predetermined maximum and minimum level.

12. Sensor for auto refill.

Fig. 5 1. Apertures in the partition walls fluidly connecting the hydrogen chamber and adjacent neutral buffer chamber.

2. Apertures in the partition walls fluidly connecting the oxygen chamber and adjacent neutral buffer chamber.

3. Fluid input aperture -fluid-circulating hydrogen enters the front of the vessel chamber outer corner, furthest distance from the fluid output aperture in the adjacent chamber.

4. Fluid input aperture -fluid-circulating oxygen enters the front of the vessel chamber outer corner, furthest distance from the fluid output aperture in the adjacent chamber.

5. The fluid output aperture is moved to the back of the neutral buffer chamber at the furthest distance from the fluid connecting apertures in the chambers partition walls.

6. Inner wall of rib deflecting the flow of H bubbles away from the fluid-connecting aperture.

7. Inner wall of rib deflecting the flow of 0 bubbles away from the fluid-connecting aperture.

8. Aperture in vessel wall to accommodate one-way valve.

9. Low pressure caused by abnormal operation.

10. External gaseous connection Fig. 6 1. Fluid circulating hydrogen into the fluid input aperture located on the sidewall of the hydrogen chamber at a level above the fluid output aperture in the adjacent neutral buffer chamber.

2. Fluid circulating oxygen into the fluid output aperture located on the sidewall of the oxygen chamber at a level above the in the adjacent neutral buffer chamber.

3. The fluid output nozzle is positioned as far to the back of the chamber as possible circulating fluid to the electrolyzer.

4. Fluid connecting aperture between the hydrogen chamber and neutral chamber.

5. Fluid connecting aperture with the oxygen chamber and the neutral chamber.

6. The fluid output aperture in the neutral buffer chamber is located as far back as possible from the fluid connecting apertures between the adjacent partition walls.

7. Raised fluid input aperture H 8. Raised fluid input aperture 0.

9. Arrow denoting higher level of the fluid input apertures than the fluid output aperture.

Fig. 7a 1. Fluid filled hydrogen designated chamber fluidly connected to the other two chambers.

2. Fluid filled neutral buffer chamber fluidly connected to the other two chambers.

3. Fluid filled oxygen designated chamber, fluidly connected to the other two chambers.

4. Hydrogen exit nozzle directly above the sponge.

5. Inner wall or rib supporting the sponge and deflecting bubbles.

6. Sponge or porous bather covering and protecting the fluid connecting aperture in the partition wall of the hydrogen chamber and covering the hydrogen gas exit nozzle outlet at the underside of the vessel lid 7. Fluid connecting aperture between the hydrogen chamber and the adjacent fluid neutral buffer chamber.

8. The hydrogen gas collected above the fluid level in the hydrogen chamber has to pass and filter through the sponge to reach the gas output nozzle above it.

9. Inner wall or rib in vessel lid to support sponge or porous bather.

10. Cut away view through lid of vessel to illustrate the gasket seal between the lid partition wall and at least one inner partition wall.

Fig. 7b 1. A cut away view through the lid showing the hydrogen gas output nozzle directly above the sponge.

Fig. 8 1. Circulating fluid, turbulent, due to velocity of hydrogen bubbles.

2. Foam and impurities.

3. Porous bather or sponge protecting fluid connecting aperture to and gas exit nozzle.

4. Inner wall or rib on the vessel lid to support the sponge or porous barrier.

5. Gas exit nozzle in the hydrogen designated chamber directly above the sponge to filter out the foam.

6. Gas exit nozzle in the oxygen designated chamber directly above the sponge to filter the foam.

7. Turbulent circulation of fluid due to the velocity of oxygen bubbles.

Fig. 9 1. Supporting or fixing points that connects the valve to the common carrier.

2. Supporting or fixing points that connects the vessels to the common carrier.

3. Porous barrier or sponge supported by an inner wall or rib.

4. Fluidly connected neutral buffer vessel.

5. Fluidly connected oxygen designated vessel.

6. Supporting or fixing points to support the common carrier against a separate wall.

7. Fluid refill sensor.

8. Valve, which opens to allow fluid into the vessel upon signal from sensor.

9. Electronic sensor board.

10. Fluidly connected chamber between two vessels.

11. Common carrier.

12. One of the vessels connected by a chamber there between, Fig. 10 1. Power box 2. Electrical connection between sensor board and gas exit valve.

3. Electrical connection between sensor board and auto refill sensor.

4. External reservoir tank for refill.

5. Electrical connection between sensor board and water pump for auto refill.

6. Electronic Sensor Board.

7. Electrical connection between power box and sensor board.

8. Hydrogen generator [electrolyzer or cell] 9. Electrical connection between power box and active electrode of cell.

10. Electrically connected display monitor.

11. Gas flow meter with sensor electrically connected to the sensor board.

Fig. 11 1. Strip with LED lights.

2. Electrical connection between LED and sensor board.

3. Sensor board.

4. Recess in vessel wall to support and protect the LED strip.

5. Lid with partitions congruent to partitions in the vessel.

Fig. 12 1. Vessel lid without inner partition walls.

2. Seal or gasket between top of the vessel partition walls and inner lid surface.

Fig. l3a 1. Rebate for fasteners disposed on the inner side of the gasket or seal providing an uninterrupted seal around the outer part of gasket or seal, protecting against leaking from chambers.

2. Rebate for fasteners disposed on the outer side of the gasket or seal providing an uninterrupted seal around the inner part of the gasket or seal, protecting against leaking from the chambers.

3. Fastener or screw.

Fig. 13b 1. Apertures in gasket or seal -Fastener or screw completely surrounded by the seal or gasket, protecting against leaking from the proximity of the receptacle and boss and complete surround of vessel walls when joined and fastened to the vessel lid.

Claims

Claims 1. A vessel body comprised of at least one inner wall, as a partition to defme at least two chambers whereby the said inner wall having at least one aperture to fluidly connect the chambers.
2. A vessel body as in claim 1 comprising of a lid with at least one inner wall as a partition to define at least two chambers therein, whereby the outer walls of at least one lid chamber and at least one lid inner partition wall are congruent with the outer walls of at least one vessel chamber and at least one vessel inner partition wall that when fastened together form at least one chamber.
3. A vessel as in claim 2 with a seal or gasket between the connecting walls of the said vessel lid and vessel body, to form at least one gaseous chamber that when fluidly connected to at least one other chamber, gas is unable to enter the said chamber through its fluidly connecting aperture in the partition wall.
4. A vessel body as in claim 3 whereby at least one vessel wall at the connecting point to the vessel lid forms a boss with receptacle to receive a fastener and to reinforce the structural integrity of the said connecting wall when fastened to the said vessel lid.
5. A vessel lid as in claim 4 whereby at least one lid wall forms a boss with an aperture, disposed at its connecting point to the vessel body, through which a fastener can penetrate to connect with the said vessel boss, forming a tight protective seal against gas and fluid leakages.
6. A vessel as in claimS whereby a seal or gasket disposed between the said vessel lid and vessel body has a plurality of apertures substantially within the edges of the said seal so that a protective seal is formed around the said fastener, protecting against the leakages of gas or fluid from within at least one chamber.
7. A vessel as in claim 6 whereby the said gasket or seal is disposed with at least one rebate on at least one outer edge or inner edge, to accommodate a fastener, thus maintaining a residual continuous area to seal and protect the total circumference of at least one chamber between the vessel lid and vessel body when connected together.
8. A vessel as in claim 7 where the chambers are fluidly connected but not connected by gaseous means.
9. A vessel as in Claim 8 having at least one aperture in at least one outer wall whereby fluid, containing H20 and an electrolyte circulates into at least one chamber of the said vessel whilst the said fluid circulates out from at least one fluidly connected chamber of the said vessel as part of a circulation flow.
10. A vessel as in claim 9 comprised of at least two fluidly connected chambers whereby fluid containing oxygen elements circulates through an oxygen designated chamber and fluid containing hydrogen elements circulates through a hydrogen designated chamber of the said vessel, thus separating the gas elements.
11. A vessel as in claim 10 having at least one aperture through at least one outer wall of at least one chamber to release hydrogen elements and an aperture in at least one outer wall of at least one chamber to release oxygen elements to the exterior of the vessel.
12. A vessel as in claim 11 whereby a fluidly connected chamber is disposed between the said designated hydrogen and oxygen chambers to act as a fluid reservoir and buffer there between; preventing the mixing of gas elements.
13. A vessel as in claim 12 whereby the fluidly connected chambers are fluidly connected to a hydrogen electrolyzer forming a circulation flow there between.
14. A vessel as in claim 13 whereby the oxygen and hydrogen vessel chamber fluid input apertures and the middle neutral buffer chamber fluid output aperture have substantially the same cross section area to maintain an even fluid pressure and flow rate within the circulation system.
15. A vessel as in claim 14 whereby the circulation chambers between vessel and electrolyzer have substantially the same cross section area as the said fluid input and output apertures of the said fluidly connected vessel chambers.
16. A vessel as in claim 15 whereby the said cross section areas of the fluidly connected circulation system having substantially the same cross section area in at least one aperture of the frame supporting a mesh in the electrolyzer as per Patent Application GBI 106736.0
17. A vessel as in claim 16 whereby the cross section area of the vessel chamber input and output cross section areas are substantially the same as the circulation apertures within the said electrolyzer.
18. Avessel as inclaim l7withatleastoneaperture inatleastone outerwallofat least one chamber to refill with fluid.
19. A vessel as in claim 18 having at least one sensor in substantial contact with a vessel wall, chamber or immersed in fluid, to sense a predetermined fluid level, that when the fluid level falls below this value, a pump is activated sending fluid from an external tank into at least one fluidly connected chamber until the predetermined fluid level is reached.
20. A vessel as in claim 19 whereby the said sensor opens a pneumatic valve at substantially the same time as the pump is activated, to allow the said fluid to automatically refill and maintain a predetermined fluid level essential in minimizing the amount of gas in at least one chamber and providing a predetermined voluminous fluid weight to the circulation system.
21. A vessel as in claim 20 whereby the said fluid refill system automatically maintains the predetermined fluid levels in a continuous cycle during normal operation.
22. A vessel as in claim 21 having at least one aperture in at least one vessel wall connected to at least one, one-way valve, so that during any abnormal operation whereby the pressure in at least one chamber has cause to fall substantially, thereby ejecting fluid, stressing the vessel walls or causing the vessel to implode, air is immediately drawn into at least one vessel chamber to equalize the pressure.
23. A vessel as in claim 22 whereby at least one, one-way valve or at least one gas chamber output aperture is connected directly, or by gaseous means, to a regulator, to allow a predetermined amount of gas element to mix with air when drawn externally from the chamber under normal operation, by a pump or vacuum for an intended application of the system.
24. A vessel as in claim 23 whereby the said vessel is a common carrier and comprised of at least one connecting point on at least one vessel wall to support an electrically connected pneumatic valve, part of the automatic fluid refill system.
25. A vessel as in claim 24 whereby the said vessel comprises of at least one vessel wall with at least one connecting point to support an electrically operated pneumatic valve that when the electric power to the electrolyzer is switched off, gas flow from at least one vessel chamber is diverted away from its intended direction of flow, harmlessly into the environment, preventing dangerous gas build up through abnormal operation or from residual voltage in the electrodes of the electrolyzer.
26. A vessel as in claim 25 having at least one vessel wall with a rebate to support at least one light source or LED and protect any exposed surface of the said LED or light source, against a vibrating or static supporting wall that comes into substantial contact with the said vessel wall.
27. A vessel as in claim 26 whereby the said light source or LED is functional in illuminating the said vessel, allowing at any time, visual monitoring of the fluid levels or a visual monitoring of the oxygen production, the separate hydrogen production or the neutral buffer chamber there between.
28. A vessel as in claim 27 comprised of at least one inner wall or rib in at least one chamber in the proximity of a fluid-connecting aperture between chambers, to deflect and protect against the gas bubbles in the fluid from entering the adjacent chambers as the fluid circulates towards the said chamber through velocity from circulation associated with the electrolyzer.
29. A vessel as in claim 28 where the fluid input aperture in at least one wall of one chamber is set out of alignment to at least one fluid output aperture in at least one adjacent fluidly connected chamber to avoid bubbles being drawn directly therein through circulation flow when the electrolyzer is energized.
30. A vessel as in claim 29 whereby at least one fluid input aperture in at least one chamber is located on a side wall allowing the bubbles to begin traveling to the surface from a higher level than the level of the fluid output aperture in the middle neutral buffer chamber, thus forming a buffer against bubbles there between.
31. A vessel as in claim 30 whereby a porous bather or sponge protects at least one fluid connecting aperture from gas bubbles containing the elements of hydrogen or oxygen entering the adjacent fluidly connected chambers, but allowing the through flow circulation of their fluid medium to pass through the said porous bather or sponge into the fluidly connected chambers.
32. A vessel as in claim 31 whereby at least one chamber has at least one inner wall supporting a porous bather or sponge in substantial contact with at least one partition wall or at least one vessel wall, covering and protecting the fluid connecting aperture between at least two adjacent chambers, from gas bubbles, but allowing the through flow circulation of their fluid medium to pass through.
33. A vessel as in claim 32 whereby the said sponge or porous barrier is at least one piece and covers and protects the gas exit aperture, allowing the passage of gas to the exterior of at least one vessel chamber but preventing the passage of foam, enabling an uncontaminated gas supply without loss of electrolyte and moisture.
34. A vessel as in claim 33 whereby a diameter of at least one of the plurality of holes in the porous bather or sponge is at least 20 microns.
35. A vessel as in claim 34 whereby the pressure and flow through the fluid connecting apertures of the chambers, protected by the sponge or porous bather, is substantially the same pressure and flow as the fluid through the vessel fluid input and output apertures, so that a dynamic equilibrium between all opposing circulatory influences can be maintained including those caused by the separate hydrogen and oxygen circulation where the hydrogen elements are greater than those of the oxygen elements at a ratio of 2:1.
36. A vessel as in claim 35 whereby the said vessel is a common cather with at least one connection point to support the electronic sensor board connected electrically to at least one sensor, safety system and operating system providing the predetermined operating responses under normal and abnormal operation.
37. A vessel as in claim 36 whereby at least one sensor is in thermal contact with at least one vessel wall or chamber or immersed in fluid within at least one chamber that when the temperature of the said fluid reaches a predetermined minimum or maximum temperature value at least one sensor will interrupt the power to the hydrogen electrolyzer until further predetermined temperature values are reached, protecting against a frozen circulation system and against energy loss from overheating.
38. A vessel as in clause 37 whereby the said power interruption process is automatic and operates continuously cycling on and off, protecting the system against abnormal operation and extremes of weather.
39. A vessel as in Claim 38 whereby at least one sensor is in thermal contact with at least one vessel wall or chamber or immersed in fluid, so that when a predetermined minimum temperature value is reached a heat pad or heat element in substantial thermal contact with the said vessel will be electrically activated, cycling on and off, maintaining a minimum predetermined temperature, thus providing continuous protection to the system.
40. A vessel as in claim 39 whereby the said vessel has at least one exterior wall or at least one bracket with at least one fixing point to connect to and be supported by a separate wall.
41. A vessel as in claim 40 whereby the said vessel has at least one fixing point on at least one wall to support a common carrier.
42. A vessel as in claim 41 whereby the said common carrier supports at least one sensor, safety system, valve, sensor board or operating system.
43. A vessel as in claim 42 whereby the said common carrier has at least one fixing point to connect with and be supported by a separate wall or surface.
44. A vessel as in 43 whereby the middle neutral buffer chamber and outer oxygen designated chamber are connected by gaseous means through at least one aperture in the partition wall, allowing the flow of oxygen and foam to pass into the middle chamber, to condense before exiting from an oxygen gas exit aperture in the middle chamber, negating the need for an oxygen gas exit aperture in the oxygen chamber.
45. A vessel as in claim 44 whereby the said vessel is structurally and fluidly integrated with an electrolyzer, to form one single unit, to reduce overall size and saving space within its application.
46. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body with a partition to define at least two chambers, fluidly connected by a chamber there between.
47. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 46 supported by a common carrier.
48. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 47 whereby the said common carrier has connecting points or brackets to be supported by a separate wall.
49. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 48 whereby a vessel or common carrier has a sensor in substantial contact with a said vessel or chamber or immersed in the fluid of a chamber, sensing when the fluid level reaches a predetermined level then activating a pump substantially simultaneously with a pneumatic valve that opens to refill a chamber or vessel to a predetermined level.
50. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 49 whereby a vessel or common carrier supports an electrically connected valve that diverts the gas flow harmlessly into the environment when the electrolyzer is power off.
51. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 50 whereby a vessel or common carrier supports an electronic sensor board that controls the electrical safety or operating functions of the system.
52. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 51 whereby at least one vessel wall or inner wall or rib supports at least one sponge or porous barrier protecting at least one connecting chamber there between from hydrogen or oxygen bubbles entering the said chamber.
53. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 52 whereby at least one vessel or chamber supports at least one sponge or porous bather that covers and protects the gas exit aperture, allowing the passage of gas to the exterior of at least one vessel or chamber but preventing the passage of foam, enabling an uncontaminated gas supply without loss of electrolyte and moisture.
54. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 53 whereby at least one of the pluralities of holes in the sponge or porous bather is at least 25 microns.
55. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 54 whereby at least one vessel or chamber has a supporting inner wall or rib to deflect and protect from bubbles entering the chamber there between.
56. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 55 whereby the circulation of fluid containing hydrogen elements is designated to a specific hydrogen designated vessel or chamber and the circulation of fluid containing oxygen elements is designated to a specific oxygen designated vessel or chamber thus separating the gas elements.
57. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 56 whereby a third vessel or chamber is fluidly connected by a chamber there between, to the said designated oxygen and hydrogen vessels or chambers, circulating fluid away from the said vessel or chamber towards an electrolyzer.
58. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 57 whereby the fluidly connected vessels are associated with a fluidly connected hydrogen electrolyzer where the circulation system maintains an even fluid pressure and even flow rate assisted by fluid input and fluid output apertures in each vessel or chamber with substantially the same cross section areas.
59. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 58 whereby a flow meter or sensor is directly connected with or connected by gaseous means to at least one vessel or vessel chamber, to measure the flow of gas or fluid.
60. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 59 whereby at least one vessel or chamber is structurally and fluidly integrated with a hydrogen electrolyzer to form one unit.
61. At least two vessel bodies or one vessel body as in claim 60 where at least one vessel is.a common carrier supporting the electrolyzer.
62. A vessel as in claims 1 to 45 whereby a predetermined level of fluid therein, forms a bubbler or flashback arrestor protecting the vessel against flashback.
63. A vessel as in claim 62 whereby the said predetermined level of fluid is controlled by a sensor and automatic refill system.
64. A vessel as in any of the above claims whereby at least one vessel or at least one chamber is either flUidly connected or by gaseous means connected to a valve, by a chamber there between.