GB2484995A - Making metal powder from a metal salt of an organic acid and reacting said powder with hydrogen - Google Patents
Making metal powder from a metal salt of an organic acid and reacting said powder with hydrogen Download PDFInfo
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- GB2484995A GB2484995A GB1019362.1A GB201019362A GB2484995A GB 2484995 A GB2484995 A GB 2484995A GB 201019362 A GB201019362 A GB 201019362A GB 2484995 A GB2484995 A GB 2484995A
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- Prior art keywords
- chemical reagent
- metal
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- reactor
- hydride
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraphosphorus decaoxide Chemical compound O1P(O2)(=O)OP3(=O)OP1(=O)OP2(=O)O3 DLYUQMMRRRQYAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 60
- 230000002547 anomalous effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000155 isotopic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims 36
- -1 Rubidium hydride Chemical compound 0.000 claims 4
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 3
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 claims 2
- CPRMKOQKXYSDML-UHFFFAOYSA-M rubidium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Rb+] CPRMKOQKXYSDML-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- IATRAKWUXMZMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Sr+2] IATRAKWUXMZMIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethanol Chemical compound NCC(O)C1=CC=CC=C1F MFGOFGRYDNHJTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- CSDQQAQKBAQLLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C1C(C=CS2)=C2CCN1 CSDQQAQKBAQLLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ZGLFRTJDWWKIAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M [2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-2-oxoethyl]-triphenylphosphanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C=1C=CC=CC=1[P+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)(CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZGLFRTJDWWKIAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- RQPZNWPYLFFXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ba+2] RQPZNWPYLFFXCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001863 barium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium hydroxide Inorganic materials [OH-].[Cs+] HUCVOHYBFXVBRW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- KOPBYBDAPCDYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Cs+].[Cs+] KOPBYBDAPCDYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001942 caesium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000103 lithium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000105 potassium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- NTTOTNSKUYCDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium hydride Chemical compound [KH] NTTOTNSKUYCDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000106 rubidium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001952 rubidium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- CWBWCLMMHLCMAM-UHFFFAOYSA-M rubidium(1+);hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Rb+].[Rb+] CWBWCLMMHLCMAM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000104 sodium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012312 sodium hydride Substances 0.000 claims 1
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 4
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N furo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,7-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=N1 AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910013698 LiNH2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018502 Ni—H Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007707 calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Substances O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011872 intimate mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- AFRJJFRNGGLMDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium amide Chemical compound [Li+].[NH2-] AFRJJFRNGGLMDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- DOLZKNFSRCEOFV-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);oxalate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O DOLZKNFSRCEOFV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010408 sweeping Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
- B22F9/30—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with decomposition of metal compounds, e.g. by pyrolysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B6/00—Hydrides of metals including fully or partially hydrided metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds ; Compounds containing at least one metal-hydrogen bond, e.g. (GeH3)2S, SiH GeH; Monoborane or diborane; Addition complexes thereof
- C01B6/02—Hydrides of transition elements; Addition complexes thereof
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
Metal powder is made by thermal decomposition of the metal salt of an organic acid, preferably mixed with a non-metallic material. The metal can be nickel, cobalt, iron or palladium. The salt can be oxalate, formate or acetate. Contaminants are removed using P2O5, SO3 or a metal, hydride, oxide, amide or hydroxide of a Group I or Group II metal. The resulting powder, optionally mixed with a non-metallic material or beryllium, can be reacted with hydrogen in a reactor. The reactor can comprise an insulated electrode used to monitor the emission of charged particles, its temperature and/or pressure be monitored by a computer and/or its valves and pumps be controlled by a computer.
Description
Further methods for optimizing anomalies in hydrogen loaded metals
Description
Background to the Invention
For over twenty years there have been substantiated claims of anomalous heat production from metals loaded with isotopic hydrogen. Initially it was speculated that such anomalous heat was due to nuclear fusion reactions of closely packed Deuterium nuclei in a Palladium lattice. However the absence of radiations expected from nuclear reactions precluded such an interpretation.
Prof. F. Piantelli later showed that Nickel loaded with natural hydrogen at high temperature was also able to produce anomalous heat [1] . However the scientific community in general tended to ignore this observation and continued to study more expensive Deuterium / Palladium systems in the hope of verifying cold nuclear fusion of Deuterium at close to room temperature. This expectation was never verified. In particular no study demonstrated that Deuterium is a fuel. It is unlikely that "cold nuclear fusion" is an explanation for anomalous heat production.
High temperature gas loading as a basis of energy production was confirmed independently by other groups [2] using accurate flow calorimetry on the Ni/H system. Nevertheless, this study and others demonstrated that significant operational parameter (s) remained unknown. In particular, the excess heat did not commence immediately but was delayed, variable and of limited magnitude.
In other words it was neither reproducible on demand nor controllable -a major shortcoming for scientific investigation and for commercial exploitation.
The detailed causes of irreproducibility remain unknown. The problem appeared to be that the metal surface failed to absorb hydrogen readily and instead required repeated cycles of cleansing at high temperature at high vacuum and then hydrogen [1, 5] . The effect of these cycles is the removal of surface contaminants including carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, phosphorous, sulphur, chlorine etc. mainly as volatile hydrides. (These contaminants are readily identified by low resolution mass spectroscopy.) This vacuum cycling is neither a fast nor efficient way to clean the metal surface and remove impurities. n
-L -
Independently of these studies, research continued into the Palladium / Deuterium system and some success were achieved by Arata and Zhang [31 with Palladium black. The high surface area of the metal powder facilitated the absorption of isotopic hydrogen. This study, and many like it, used expensive Palladium and Deuterium, and low quality heat was produced at near room temperature.
References [1] S. Focardi, R. Habel, F. Piantelli: Anomalous heat production in Ni-H systems, Nuovo Cimento 107, pp 163-167, 1994 [2] Cammarota, C., Collis W., et al. A flow calorimeter study of the Ni/H system, SIF Conference Proceedings 64. 3rd Asti Workshop on Anomalies in Hydrogen / Deuterium Loaded Metals. Asti, Italy (1997), www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/CammarotaGaflowcalor.pdf [3] Arata Y., Zhang Y. Solid-State Deuteriuin Nuclear Fusion Using Double structure Cathode, Proc. ICCF12 (2005), www.iscmns.org/iccf12/ArataY.pdf [4] Rossi A. Wa 2009125444 20091015 Method and apparatus for carrying out Nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions [5] Piantelli F. Wa/2010/058288 Method for producing energy and apparatus therefor
Statement of Invention
Clean metal powders synthesized by the thermal decomposition of organic metal salts including Nickel Oxalate, Ni(COO)2, can be used in anomalous heat generators. Residual contaminants poisoning the heat generating process can be removed by chemical or physical means and / or by simply sweeping them away by ensuring a flow of hydrogen gas through the reactor. The effect is to improve output powers, reproducibility, and controllability of an as yet unknown source of thermal power. Details are given showing how secondary low level charged particle emission can be used to monitor reactor state and supply a weak neutron source.
Detailed Description
The basis of the present invention is to combine well known techniques of preparing pure fuels, particularly hydrogen gas and metal powders such that potential contaminants are either not present (unless added deliberately), or are removed by physical and / or chemical methods. This is a major improvement on the unreliable methods currently in the public domain -for example inefficacious attempts are made to clean metal samples using chromic acid [2] Finely divided metals react rapidly with hydrogen, but also with air. Accordingly this invention specifies a method to create metal powder which has never been exposed to air or to any electrolyte and consequently is not contaminated thereby. In the chemical industry, metal catalysts, particularly Nickel and cobalt can be synthesized from the thermal decomposition of their oxalates at about 350 degrees Celsius. There should be no difficulty achieving this thermal decomposition "in situ" because this is below the typical reactor operating temperature.
Ni(C00)2 --> Ni + 2C02 (la) Oxalate thermal decomposition Ni(C00)2 --> Ni0 + Co + CO2 (lI) Oxalate thermal decomposition Ni(COOH)2 --> Ni + 2C02 + H2 (2a) Formate thermal decomposition Ni(COOH)2 --> Ni + Co + C02+ H20 (2b) Formate thermal decomposition Other metal salts such as formate could be used, and may have the advantage of generating hydrogen on their thermal decomposition as shown in equation (2a) above. However it is likely that some undesirable Nickel carbonyl Ni(CO)4 could also be formed from reaction of Nickel metal and carbon monoxide CO which will tend to redistribute Nickel metal within the reactor. In theory CO can be formed from (ib) but this reaction is endothermic. Any traces of CO and carbonyls will eventually be removed by reduction with hydrogen.
One problem with thermal decomposition of metal salts is that the nano particles so formed tend to aggregate at the temperatures used. In order to limit such aggregation and thereby control nano particle size, this invention proposes to disperse the metal salt in some other non metallic material.
Because contamination can also have origin in the components of the heat generating reactor, it is useful to remove gaseous impurities even if the metal powder is clean. Fortunately, these impurities are volatile at the typical reactor operation temperatures. Contaminated hydrogen gas can be purified in several ways. Most simply, impurities can be simply swept away by allowing pressurized gas simply to flow through the system. In a refinement of this, hydrogen oan also be foroed through a hot Palladium foil to ensure purity. Alternatively, or additionally, given that impurities are volatile hydrides, most of them (not alkanes) oan be removed using chemical getters. Water and basic gasses such as ammonia can be absorbed on phosphorous pentoxide.
Acidic gasses such as HC1, H2S, HF, can be absorbed on group II oxides or hydrides such as CaO.
Advantageosly, IUPAC group I or II hydrides can be used to remove both acidic and alkaline gasses. The hydride can be created in situ by reacting the metal with hydrogen.
LiH + NH3 -* LiNH2 + H2 It is advantageous to filter industrial sources of hydrogen through a heated Palladium metal. In a further refinement of this idea, the hydrogen gas can be slowly re-circulated thought the Palladium by means of a pump. No gasses should diffuse through hot Palladium except hydrogen and consequently very pure hydrogen results.
The measurement of pressures and temperatures can be carried out by computer which may adjust any heaters, electro-valves and pumps to ensure optimal performance and safety. The reactor state can be communicated remotely using standard technology including the Internet.
Given that hydrogen loaded Nickel is known to emit unidentified charged particles as shown in Wilson Cloud Chamber studies, this invention proposes that Beryllium in intimate mixture with the Nickel can be used as a low level source of neutrons.
As the reaction chamber can be successfully operated also at low pressure, it can be used as an ionization chamber and consequently particle emission can be monitored in real time by insertion into the chamber an insulated electrode. This has the advantage that any charged particles do not need to pass through any window which The physical form and dimensions of the reaction chambers are not critical and are either obvious or already in the public domain.
Consequently no drawings are provided.
This is an environmentally-friendly invention which facilitates the production of energy without significant pollutants.
Claims (54)
- Claims 1. A method for creating metal powders with clean surfaces through the thermal decomposition of the metal salts of organic acids for use in anomalous heat generating reactors.
- 2. A method for producing anomalous heat by loading metal powders with isotopic hydrogen where the principal source of heat is not of nuclear origin.
- 3. The method according to any of the previous claims where the metals are Nickel, Cobalt, Iron, Palladium.
- 4. The method according to any of the previous claims where the organic acids are oxalic or formic or acetic.
- 5. The method according to any of the previous claims where the metal powder is synthesized directly in the reactor chamber.
- 6. A method according to any of the previous claims where the hydrogen gas, is maintained pure, by forcing hydrogen to flow through the anomalous heat generating reactor.
- 7. Any of the previous methods using chemical reagents to remove contaminants.
- 8. The method of claim 7 where the chemical reagent is or includes P205.
- 9. The method of claim 7 where the chemical reagent is or includes SO3
- 10. The method of claim 7 where the chemical reagent is or includes any IUPAC Group I or Group II metal, or hydride, or oxide or amide, or hydroxide.
- 11. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Lithium metal
- 12. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Sodium metal.
- 13. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Potassium metal
- 14. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Rubidium metal.
- 15. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Cesium metal
- 16. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Calcium metal.
- 17. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Strontium metal
- 18. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Barium metal.
- 19. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Lithium oxide
- 20. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Sodium oxide.
- 21. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Potassium oxide
- 22. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Rubidium oxide
- 23. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Cesium oxide.
- 24. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Calcium oxide
- 25. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Strontium oxide.
- 26. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Barium oxide
- 27. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Lithium hydride.
- 28. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Sodium hydride
- 29. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Potassium hydride.
- 30. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Rubidium hydride
- 31. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Cesium hydride.
- 32. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Calcium hydride
- 33. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Strontium hydride.
- 34. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Barium hydride.
- 35. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Lithium hydroxide
- 36. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Sodium hydroxide.
- 37. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Potassium hydroxide
- 38. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Rubidium hydroxide.
- 39. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Cesium hydroxide
- 40. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Calcium hydroxide.
- 41. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Strontium hydroxideS
- 42. The method of claim 10 where the chemical reagent is or includes Barium hydroxide.
- 43. Any of the previous methods where the metal powder is created or used in a dispersed form by intimately mixing it or its precursor salt with other non metallic materials.
- 44. Any of the previous methods where hydrogen is filtered by forcing it to flow through thin Palladium metal.
- 45. Any of the previous methods where the hydrogen re-circulates through a Palladium filter.
- 46. Any of the previous methods where the palladium filter is maintained at the appropriate temperature by the heat of the metal powder.
- 47. Any of the previous methods where beryllium is intimately mixed with the metal powder so the apparatus can be used as a low level neutron generator.
- 48. Any of the previous methods where an anomalous heat generating reactor used also as a low pressure ionization chamber and contains an insulated electrode used to monitor charged particle emission.
- 49. Any of the previous methods where the reactor temperatures are monitored by a computer.
- 50. Any of the previous methods where the reactor pressures are monitored by a computer.
- 51. Any of the previous methods where the reactor's valves are controlled by a computer.
- 52. Any of the previous methods where the reactor's pumps are controlled by a computer.
- 53. Any of the previous methods where the state of the reactor is communicated to a remote operating console or computer.
- 54. Any of the previous methods where remote communication of the reactor state takes place over the Internet.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB1017903.4A GB201017903D0 (en) | 2010-10-25 | 2010-10-25 | Methods for optimizing anomalies in hydrogen loaded metals |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB201019362D0 GB201019362D0 (en) | 2010-12-29 |
| GB2484995A true GB2484995A (en) | 2012-05-02 |
Family
ID=43334273
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB1017903.4A Ceased GB201017903D0 (en) | 2010-10-25 | 2010-10-25 | Methods for optimizing anomalies in hydrogen loaded metals |
| GB1019362.1A Withdrawn GB2484995A (en) | 2010-10-25 | 2010-11-16 | Making metal powder from a metal salt of an organic acid and reacting said powder with hydrogen |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB1017903.4A Ceased GB201017903D0 (en) | 2010-10-25 | 2010-10-25 | Methods for optimizing anomalies in hydrogen loaded metals |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (2) | GB201017903D0 (en) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3923496A (en) * | 1945-04-26 | 1975-12-02 | Us Energy | Nickel powder and a process for producing it |
| JPH05179317A (en) * | 1992-01-06 | 1993-07-20 | Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc | Production of high purity fine copper powder |
| US5250101A (en) * | 1991-04-08 | 1993-10-05 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. | Process for the production of fine powder |
| JP2004099979A (en) * | 2002-09-10 | 2004-04-02 | Shoei Chem Ind Co | Process for manufacturing metal powder |
-
2010
- 2010-10-25 GB GBGB1017903.4A patent/GB201017903D0/en not_active Ceased
- 2010-11-16 GB GB1019362.1A patent/GB2484995A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3923496A (en) * | 1945-04-26 | 1975-12-02 | Us Energy | Nickel powder and a process for producing it |
| US5250101A (en) * | 1991-04-08 | 1993-10-05 | Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. | Process for the production of fine powder |
| JPH05179317A (en) * | 1992-01-06 | 1993-07-20 | Mitsubishi Gas Chem Co Inc | Production of high purity fine copper powder |
| JP2004099979A (en) * | 2002-09-10 | 2004-04-02 | Shoei Chem Ind Co | Process for manufacturing metal powder |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB201017903D0 (en) | 2010-12-01 |
| GB201019362D0 (en) | 2010-12-29 |
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| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |