GB2479705A - Seizure detection - Google Patents

Seizure detection Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2479705A
GB2479705A GB1000678A GB201000678A GB2479705A GB 2479705 A GB2479705 A GB 2479705A GB 1000678 A GB1000678 A GB 1000678A GB 201000678 A GB201000678 A GB 201000678A GB 2479705 A GB2479705 A GB 2479705A
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signal
user
acoustic signal
microphone
change
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GB1000678A
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GB2479705B (en
GB201000678D0 (en
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Timothy James Midgley
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/40—Detecting, measuring or recording for evaluating the nervous system
    • A61B5/4076—Diagnosing or monitoring particular conditions of the nervous system
    • A61B5/4094—Diagnosing or monitoring seizure diseases, e.g. epilepsy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
    • A61B5/024—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse rate or heart rate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B7/00—Instruments for auscultation
    • A61B7/001—Detecting cranial noise, e.g. caused by aneurism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
    • A61B8/08—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
    • G01N33/497—Physical analysis of biological material of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Neurology (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Physiology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Measuring And Recording Apparatus For Diagnosis (AREA)

Abstract

A seizure detection apparatus 10 comprising a sensor arrangement for monitoring a characteristic of a user 20, a controller 24 for detecting a change in the characteristic, and an alarm 12. The controller 24 is operable to activate the alarm 12 on detection of the change to alert the user that the change has occurred. In one embodiment the sensor arrangement is an acoustic signal sensor, a parabolic microphone, arranged to detect the signal produced or emitted by the brain. The arrangement is further able to record the acoustic signals and alert the user to any change in the monitored characteristic. In a further embodiment the sensor arrangement includes an odour sensor 22 arranged to detect a chemical signal emitted from the patient's glands.

Description

Seizure Detection The present invention relates to seizure detection, and particularly, but not exclusively, to apparatus for detecting an epileptic seizure.
Epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Patients suffering from epilepsy are at risk of injury during a seizure, for example, as a result of the patient falling to the ground or impacting nearby objects during the seizure.
Patients often have little or no warning of an impending seizure, thereby making it difficult to prepare for a seizure in order to reduce the risk of injury to the patient.
Moreover, epilepsy can be difficult to diagnose, as seizures similar to those caused by epilepsy may also be caused by other conditions such as diabetes. S..
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a seizure detection apparatus comprising a sensor arrangement for monitoring a characteristic of a user, a controller for detecting a change in the characteristic, and an alarm, wherein the controller is operable to activate the I.....
* alarm on detection of the change to alert the user that the change has occurred.
We have determined that certain physical characteristics of an individual may change in advance of an epileptic seizure. Such a change may indicate that a seizure is likely to take place shortly, e.g. within less than minutes, or within the next one, two, five or ten minutes. Thus the change in the characteristic of a user may be indicative of an epileptic seizure.
In particular, a user's brain may produce an acoustic signal in the form of a high frequency sound, which may be detected by a suitable microphone.
The frequency of that sound may change in advance of an epileptic seizure.
Thus, the characteristic may comprise an acoustic signal. The change in the acoustic signal may comprise a change in the frequency of the signal, or may comprise the onset of an acoustic signal within a predetermined frequency range.
The sensor arrangement may include an acoustic signal sensor for detecting an acoustic signal, which signal may be produced by or emitted from the brain of a patient. The acoustic signal sensor may include a microphone which may be wearable by the user.
The microphone, which may be a parabolic microphone, may be arranged to detect sound within a specified range. Alternatively, or additionally, a filter may be provided to substantially filter out sound that is not within a specified range. S...
S
The specified range may be between 50 KHz and 150 KHz, and preferably may be between 86KHz and 118 KHz.
The fundamental frequency of the acoustic signal following the change may be between 50 KHz and 150 KHz, and preferably may be between 86KHz and 118 KHz. Sound at such a frequency is not produced in advance of other types of seizure (e.g. a diabetic seizure) and so its presence or absence may be used by a medical practitioner to determine the type of seizure, as well as to indicate to the user the onset of a seizure.
The acoustic signal sensor may include a cavity, which may be located adjacent the microphone. The cavity may be filled with a gas, which may comprise helium. This increases the accuracy of the signal processing, and in particular the sound filters.
The detection apparatus may include an acoustic signal processor for processing the sensed acoustic signal. The acoustic signal processor may be arranged to reduce the background noise of the sensed signal to produce a processed signal.
Alternatively, or additionally, the characteristic may comprise a chemical signal (for example, in the form of an odour). The change may comprise the detection of one or more specified chemicals.
The sensor arrangement may include an odour sensor for detecting a chemical signal, which may be emitted from the patient, and in particular from a gland of the patient. In particular the chemical signal may be emitted from any of the serous glands, the mucous glands or the sebaceous glands of the patient.
The chemical signal may comprise any of anisole (C7H80), urea ((NH2)2C0), Ethyl Maltol (C7H503) and isomaltol (C6H603) or any combination thereof.
* The alarm means may include a loudspeaker. Alternatively, or in addition, the alarm means may include a vibrator. An alarm may be sounded remote from the apparatus, and may signal another person, such as a next of kin.
The apparatus may further include a radio transmitter which may be arranged to transmit a second alarm signal to a receiver located remotely from the apparatus.
The apparatus may be arranged such that the radio transmitter transmits the second alarm signal only after the sensor arrangement continuously senses at least one of the chemical signal and the acoustic signal for a predetermined period of time.
The sensor arrangement may also include a heart rate monitor for monitoring the user's heart rate.
The apparatus may also include a memory for storing data from the sensor arrangement. The apparatus may include a data connector for transmitting data from the memory to a computer terminal.
According to another aspect of the invention there is provided apparatus for recording an acoustic signal, the apparatus comprising a microphone wearable by the user, the microphone being operable to record acoustic signals produced by the brain of the user.
S.....
* According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a I...
: method of alerting a user, the method comprising: monitoring a characteristic of the user; detecting a change in the characteristic; and * alerting the user that the change has occurred. *.. * .
It will be appreciated that features of the invention discussed with respect to the first aspect of the invention may also be employed in the other aspects of the invention.
There will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a seizure detection apparatus according to the invention; Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a part of the seizure detection apparatus of Fig. 1; and Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic side view of the apparatus of Fig. 1.
Referring to Figs. 1 and 2, there is shown a seizure detection apparatus 10 for alerting a user to an imminent epileptic seizure. The seizure detection apparatus 10 includes alarm means 12 for producing a first alarm signal. The apparatus 10 also includes a sensor arrangement comprising an acoustic signal sensor apparatus 14 for sensing an acoustic signal 16 produced by the brain of the user 20.
The apparatus also includes an odour signal sensor 22 for detecting an odour signal 18 emitted by the user 20. The apparatus 10 also includes a controller in the form of an activation processor 24 for activating the alarm means 12 upon at least one of the acoustic signal 16 and the chemical signal 18 being sensed by the respective sensors 14, 22. S...
Referring to Fig. 2, the acoustic signal sensor apparatus 14 comprises * *. a main body 16 and includes a microphone 36 connected to an acoustic :.: signal processor by wires 44. In this example, the microphone is a parabolic *....S * microphone. The main bodyl6 also includes a closed hollow cavity 38 located adjacent the microphone 36. The closed hollow cavity 38 is filled with helium gas for providing improved detection of high frequency sound.
The hollow cavity 38 is defined with the main body 16 between the microphone 36 and a cover 42. However, as some helium will leak out of the cavity over time, a refill valve 46 is provided for periodical refilling of the cavity by the user. The cavity may include a gold lining.
An acoustic signal processor 26 is provided, which receives an electrical signal from the acoustic signal sensor apparatus 14. The acoustic signal processor 26 is adapted to reduce the noise in the signal provided by the acoustic signal sensor apparatus 14 in order to provide a processed signal to the activation processor 24.
The acoustic signal processor 26 may comprise a Dynamic Noise Limiter (DNL) system, or any other appropriate noise reduction system.
In use, the apparatus 10 is worn by the user 20, for instance on the user's shirt or blouse (not shown). Prior to an epileptic seizure, a high frequency acoustic signal is generated by the user's brain. These acoustic signals are in the range of 86 KHz to 118 KHz, although the precise frequency produced will depend on the individual user. The acoustic signal is detected by the acoustic signal sensor apparatus 14 which converts the acoustic signal to an electrical signal and transmits the electrical signal to the acoustic signal *...* * processor 26. The acoustic signal processor 26 reduces the noise in the ****** * signal as described above. Once processed, the processed signal is then sent S. SI *..: to the activation processor 24.
* ** An odour signal is also produced by the user prior to and during an :.: epileptic seizure. This odour signal is detected by the odour signal sensor 22, I.....
* which transmits an electrical signal to the activation processor 24.
The odour signal could comprise one of a range of chemicals produced by the body, and could include C7H80, (NH2)2C0, C7H803 and C6H603 or any combination thereof. It has been found in that, prior to a seizure, the production of some or all of these chemicals by the body may increase or decrease.
The activation processor 24 receives the processed signal from the acoustic signal processor 26 and the electrical signal from the odour sensor 22. The activation processor 26 then determines whether to activate the alarm means 12 in accordance with an algorithm. Where a signal is received from the odour signal sensor 22, the alarm means 12 is then activated; alternatively, or additionally, if an acoustic signal within the pre-set frequency range is detected, the alarm means 12 is then activated.
The alarm means 12 in the present embodiment is in the form of a loudspeaker, although other alarm means such as visual or vibration alarms could be used.
When the alarm means 12 is activated, the activation processor 24 also transmits the processed acoustic signal and the electrical signal from the odour sensor 22 to a memory unit 28. The signals may be converted to digital signals in order to be stored in memory. The memory unit 28 could be in the form of a solid state or a magnetic storage device, although other storage media could be used. Alternatively, or additionally, the activation processor 24 may store records of all the signals detected by the acoustic and/or odour sensors, regardless of whether or not those signals cause the alarm to be *.: activated.
* ** The stored data can then be downloaded to a computer 30 via a connection 32, such as a USB cable.
*e.S.I S * The apparatus also includes a power supply for providing power to the sensor arrangement, activation processor, alarm means and radio transmitter.
The power supply comprises a battery, and could be recharged via the USB cable.
The apparatus could optionally include a heart rate monitor 34, which could be wearable by the user 20, for instance on the users wrist, to monitor the user's heart rate during a seizure.
Electrical signals from the heart rate monitor 34 could be received by the activation processor 24 and transmitted to the storage means 28 for storage and later downloading.
Referring to Fig. 3, in one embodiment the apparatus 10 includes a transmitter, for example, in the form of a mobile telephone 40. The mobile telephone 40 is arranged to transmit a radio signal to alert persons remote from the user that the user is about to have, or is currently having, an epileptic seizure.
The mobile telephone 40 could include the microphone 14 in addition to a more conventional microphone 48 to enable the mobile telephone 40 to be used for telephone calls at the same time as monitoring the user.
The apparatus could be arranged such that the mobile telephone 40 will only transmit a signal when the activation processor 24 detects that the user's seizure has continued for a set period of time, i.e. the user has entered a state of persistent seizure known as status epilepticus, which requires *.
urgent medical treatment.
Various advantages are provided by the described invention. The apparatus provides an early warning to a user that an epileptic seizure is S.....
* imminent. This allows the user to prepare himself and his surroundings, by for example, lying down or finding a safe area.
In tests, the apparatus has generally been found to provide a warning from 30 minutes to 6 hours in advance of a seizure.
The apparatus can also be employed to monitor a user's seizures. The storage and download features allow a user to analyse features of a seizure, such as duration and heart rate during the seizure.
The apparatus can also be employed to diagnose epilepsy, as the acoustic signals will not be produced where the seizures are due to other medical conditions, such as diabetes.
Various modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For instance, different alarm means could be used.
The apparatus could include only one of the acoustic signal sensor and the odour signal sensor, although it has been found that the combination of these features increases accuracy.
Whilst endeavouring in the foregoing specification to draw attention to those features of the invention believed to be of particular importance it should be understood that the applicant claims protection in respect of any patentable feature or combination of features hereinbefore referred to and/or shown in the drawings whether or not particular emphasis has been placed thereon.
S..... * S I... * *..* * .. * S S SS. S
S
S..... S (. * 10

Claims (39)

  1. Claims 1. A seizure detection apparatus comprising a sensor arrangement for monitoring a characteristic of a user, a controller for detecting a change in the characteristic, and an alarm, wherein the controller is operable to activate the alarm on detection of the change to alert the user that the change has occurred.
  2. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, in which the sensor arrangement includes an acoustic signal sensor for detecting an acoustic signal.
  3. 3. An apparatus according to claim 2, in which the signal is produced by or emitted from the brain of a patient.
  4. 4. An apparatus according to claim 2 or claim 3, in which the acoustic signal sensor includes a microphone.
  5. 5. An apparatus according to claim 4, in which the microphone is wearable by the user.
  6. 6. An apparatus according to any of claim 4 or claims 5, in which the microphone is a parabolic microphone.
  7. 7. An apparatus according to any of claims 4 to 6, in which the *.S microphone is arranged to detect sound within a specified range.S S
  8. 8. An apparatus according to any of claims 2 to 7, in which a filter is * provided to substantially filter out sound that is not within a specified range.S
    ::5:. 30
  9. 9. An apparatus according to claim 7 or claim 8, in which the specified range is between 50 KHz and 150 KHz.
  10. 10. An apparatus according to claim 9, in which the specified range is between 86 KHz and 118 KHz.
  11. 11. An apparatus according to any of claims 2 to 10, in which the fundamental frequency of the acoustic signal following the change is between KHz and 150 KHz.
  12. 12. An apparatus according to claim 11, in which the fundamental frequency of the acoustic signal following the change is between 86 KHz and 118KHz.
  13. 13. An apparatus according to any of claims 2 to 12, in which the acoustic signal sensor includes a cavity.
  14. 14. An apparatus according to claim 13, in which the cavity is located adjacent to the microphone.
  15. 15. An apparatus according to claim 13 or claim 14, in which the cavity is filled with a gas.
  16. 16. An apparatus according to claim 15, in which the gas comprises helium.
  17. 17. An apparatus according to any of claims 2 to 16, in which the detection apparatus includes an acoustic signal processor for processing the sensed S.....* * acoustic signal. S. * .*
  18. 18. An apparatus according to claim 17, in which the acoustic signal S..processor is arranged to reduce the background noise of the sensed signal to ::. 30 produce a processed signal.S *S*
    S
  19. 19. An apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, in which the sensor arrangement includes an odour sensor for detecting a chemical signal.
  20. 20. An apparatus according to claim 19, in which the chemical signal is emitted from the patient.
  21. 21. An apparatus according to claim 20, in which the chemical signal is emitted from a gland of the patient.
  22. 22. An apparatus according to claim 21, in which the chemica' signal is emitted from any of the serous glands, the mucous glands or the sebaceous glands of the patient.
  23. 23. An apparatus according to any of claims 19 to 22, in which the chemical signal comprises any of anisole (C7H30), urea ((NH2)200), Ethyl Maltol (C7H803) and isomaltol (C6H603) or any combination thereof.
  24. 24. An apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, in which the alarm means includes a loudspeaker.
  25. 25. An apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, in which the a'arm means includes a vibrator.
  26. 26. An apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, in which an alarm is sounded remote from the apparatus. * *
  27. 27. An apparatus according to claim 26, in which the alarm signals another * person, such as a next of kin. ***
  28. 28. An apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, in which the :. apparatus includes a radio transmitter.
  29. 29. An apparatus according to claim 28, in which the radio transmitter is arranged to transmit a second alarm signal to a receiver located remotely from the apparatus.
  30. 30. An apparatus according to claim 29 when dependent on claim 2 and claim 19, or any claim dependent thereon, in which the apparatus is arranged such that the radio transmitter transmits the second alarm signal only after the sensor arrangement continuously senses at least one of the chemical signal and the acoustic signal for a predetermined period of time.
  31. 31. An apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, in which the sensor arrangement includes a heart rate monitor for monitoring the user's heart rate.
  32. 32. An apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, in which the apparatus includes a memory for storing data from the sensor arrangement.
  33. 33. An apparatus according to claim 32, in which the apparatus includes a data connector for transmitting data from the memory to a computer terminal.
  34. 34. An apparatus for recording an acoustic signal, the apparatus comprising a microphone wearable by the user, the microphone being operable to record acoustic signals produced by the brain of the user. ..
    ... 25
  35. 35. A method of alerting a user, the method comprising: monitoring a characteristic of the user; detecting a change in the characteristic; and * *;: alerting the user that the change has occurred.
    :..:. 30
  36. 36. A seizure detection apparatus substantially as hereinbefore described and with reference to the drawings.
  37. 37. Apparatus for recording an acoustic signal substantially as hereinbefore described and with reference to the drawings.
  38. 38. A method of alerting a user substantially as hereinbefore described and with reference to the drawings.
  39. 39. Any novel subject matter or combination including novel subject matter disclosed herein, whether or not within the scope of or relating to the same invention as any of the preceding claims. * * *******.** * * * * * ,*$ * *** * * I* * -*CS
GB201000678A 2010-01-15 2010-01-15 Seizure detection Expired - Fee Related GB2479705B (en)

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GB2479705A true GB2479705A (en) 2011-10-26
GB2479705B GB2479705B (en) 2014-06-25

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2020069084A1 (en) * 2018-09-28 2020-04-02 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Detection, localization, and/or suppression of neural activity using acoustic waves and/or ultrasound

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US4008711A (en) * 1975-06-30 1977-02-22 Charles P. Olinger Method and apparatus for non-invasive detection of intracranial aneurysms
US20020095099A1 (en) * 2000-04-27 2002-07-18 Centre National De La Recherche Scientificque Method and device for the medical monitoring in real time of a patient from the analysis of electro-encephalograms, application of this method to characterize and to differentiate between physiological or pathologial conditions, and a method for anticipating epileptic seizures in real time
US6422991B1 (en) * 1997-12-16 2002-07-23 Symphonix Devices, Inc. Implantable microphone having improved sensitivity and frequency response
US20020099412A1 (en) * 1997-10-27 2002-07-25 Neuropace, Inc. Methods for using an implantable device for patient communication
WO2002071923A2 (en) * 2001-03-12 2002-09-19 Active Signal Technologies Brain assessment monitor
US20050203366A1 (en) * 2004-03-12 2005-09-15 Donoghue John P. Neurological event monitoring and therapy systems and related methods
US20070073150A1 (en) * 2005-09-29 2007-03-29 University Of Chicago Surface acoustic wave probe implant for predicting epileptic seizures
US20080146958A1 (en) * 2006-10-12 2008-06-19 Kenneth Shane Guillory Self-contained seizure monitor and method

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4008711A (en) * 1975-06-30 1977-02-22 Charles P. Olinger Method and apparatus for non-invasive detection of intracranial aneurysms
US20020099412A1 (en) * 1997-10-27 2002-07-25 Neuropace, Inc. Methods for using an implantable device for patient communication
US6422991B1 (en) * 1997-12-16 2002-07-23 Symphonix Devices, Inc. Implantable microphone having improved sensitivity and frequency response
US20020095099A1 (en) * 2000-04-27 2002-07-18 Centre National De La Recherche Scientificque Method and device for the medical monitoring in real time of a patient from the analysis of electro-encephalograms, application of this method to characterize and to differentiate between physiological or pathologial conditions, and a method for anticipating epileptic seizures in real time
WO2002071923A2 (en) * 2001-03-12 2002-09-19 Active Signal Technologies Brain assessment monitor
US20050203366A1 (en) * 2004-03-12 2005-09-15 Donoghue John P. Neurological event monitoring and therapy systems and related methods
US20070073150A1 (en) * 2005-09-29 2007-03-29 University Of Chicago Surface acoustic wave probe implant for predicting epileptic seizures
US20080146958A1 (en) * 2006-10-12 2008-06-19 Kenneth Shane Guillory Self-contained seizure monitor and method

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2020069084A1 (en) * 2018-09-28 2020-04-02 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Detection, localization, and/or suppression of neural activity using acoustic waves and/or ultrasound
US11260248B2 (en) 2018-09-28 2022-03-01 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Detection, localization, and/or suppression of neural activity using acoustic waves and/or ultrasound
US20220152428A1 (en) * 2018-09-28 2022-05-19 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Detection, localization, and/or suppression of neural activity using acoustic waves and/or ultrasound
US11857811B2 (en) 2018-09-28 2024-01-02 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Detection, localization, and/or suppression of neural activity using acoustic waves and/or ultrasound

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GB201000678D0 (en) 2010-03-03

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Effective date: 20160115