GB2475224A - Method of controlling a piezoelectric injector - Google Patents

Method of controlling a piezoelectric injector Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2475224A
GB2475224A GB0916974A GB0916974A GB2475224A GB 2475224 A GB2475224 A GB 2475224A GB 0916974 A GB0916974 A GB 0916974A GB 0916974 A GB0916974 A GB 0916974A GB 2475224 A GB2475224 A GB 2475224A
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GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
value
actuator
electric parameter
energy
current
Prior art date
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Granted
Application number
GB0916974A
Other versions
GB2475224B (en
GB0916974D0 (en
Inventor
Massimo Lucano
Filippo Parisi
Paolo Casasso
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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Publication date
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Priority to GB0916974.9A priority Critical patent/GB2475224B/en
Publication of GB0916974D0 publication Critical patent/GB0916974D0/en
Publication of GB2475224A publication Critical patent/GB2475224A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2475224B publication Critical patent/GB2475224B/en
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D41/2096—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils for controlling piezoelectric injectors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
    • F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
    • F02M51/0603—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using piezoelectric or magnetostrictive operating means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
    • F02D2041/1413—Controller structures or design
    • F02D2041/1418—Several control loops, either as alternatives or simultaneous
    • F02D2041/1419—Several control loops, either as alternatives or simultaneous the control loops being cascaded, i.e. being placed in series or nested
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D2041/202—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit
    • F02D2041/2051—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit using voltage control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D2041/202—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit
    • F02D2041/2058—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit using information of the actual current value
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/30—Controlling fuel injection
    • F02D41/38—Controlling fuel injection of the high pressure type
    • F02D41/40—Controlling fuel injection of the high pressure type with means for controlling injection timing or duration
    • F02D41/402—Multiple injections

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)

Abstract

A method for controlling a piezoelectric injector 1 where the injector comprises an injection needle 2 operated by a piezoelectric actuator 3 and a charge current profile is applied to the piezoelectric actuator, the method comprises choosing an electric parameter expressive of an energy, which is transferable to the actuator, choosing for each injection cycle a setpoint value of the electric parameter, which is expressive of the energy that should be transferred to the actuator, monitoring the value of the current flowing through the piezoelectric actuator during an injection cycle, calculating a value of the electric parameter, determining the difference between the electric parameter setpoint value and the electric parameter value expressive of the energy transferred to the actuator, using the difference between them to generate a correction index to be applied to the current profile in order to minimize said difference, in the same injection cycle. The method may be repeated a plurality of times during the same injection cycle and the electric parameter expressive of the energy may be the charge or energy.

Description

METHOD FOR CONTROLLING A PIEZOELECTRIC INJECTOR
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a method for controlling a piezoelectric fuel injector for an internal combustion engine.
BACKGROUND
The fuel injection system of internal combustion engine is provided, for each cylinder, with at least a fuel injector comprising an injection needle allowing the injection of fuel from a distribution pipe, known as rail, into the cylinder. The injection needle works as a valve member opening and closing a valve seat.
The movement of the injection needle can be operated by means of a piezoelectric actuator comprising a stack of piezoelectric elements whose displacement is proportional to the charge transferred to the piezoelectric elements
S
S.....
* : according to a current profile.
* S*.*S * During its operation, piezoelectric actuator can be considered as a capacitor, whose equivalent electric value is strictly depending on voltage across the stack of the * * * .
V
piezoelectric elements, the stack's temperature, and the injector aging. Hence, in order to control the piezoelectric displacement during an injection cycle, it's necessary to control the relevant electric parameters across the piezoelectric actuator.
The electrical parameter that is typically used by piezoelectric injector control systems, is the voltage across piezoelectric actuator between the end of the charging phase, and the beginning of the discharging phase.
Prior art control systems perform, during an injection cycle, a stable voltage closed ioop control on piezoelectric injector comparing the voltage measured across the stack of piezoelectric elements with a reference voltage setpoint value in order to apply a corrected current profile during the next injection cycle. The reference setpoint values are usually mapped in function of engine parameters, such as engine speed, or the fuel pressure in the rail or the temperature of the stack of the piezoelectric elements.
A drawback of the above cited prior art control system is that, when the reference setpoint value changes, the system applies the new setpoint value electric parameter only in the next cycle. As a consequence a wrong quantity of fuel is injected in the combustion chamber of the cylinder.
A wrong injected quantity of fuel has effects on engine emission of polluting substances and on combustion noises. * S. * S S * .* **.
The use of the cited control system, in controlling the working of piezoelectric injector of a multi-jet i.c.
engine, produces also a further drawback.
As known multi-jet diesel i.c. engines provide, for each injection cycle, at least three fuel injections: a PRE-injection, a MAIN injection, and a POST injection.
However, knew control system are configured to control, during the entire injection cycle, only one of the multiple injections, usually the MAIN injection. Therefore the control system works adapting the current profile on the basis of the quantity of fuel that has to be injected during the MAIN injection and not also for the other injections. As a consequence, during the PRE and the POST injections a wrong quantity of fuel is metered into the combustion chamber with related release of polluting substances and engine noise.
It is accordingly at least one object of the present invention to solve, or at least to positively reduce, the above mentioned drawbacks with a simple, rational and inexpensive solution.
An object of an embodiment of the invention is attained by the characteristics of the invention as reported in independent claim 1. The dependent claims recite preferred and/or especially advantageous features of the invention. I... * S. * S * * .. S..
DISCLOSURE
The invention provides a method for controlling a piezoelectric injector for metering fuel inside the cylinder of a combustion engine, wherein the injector comprises an injection needle operated by means of a piezoelectric actuator and a current profile is supplied to the piezoelectric actuator.
The method comprises the following steps: a) to choose an electric parameter expressive of an energy, which is transferable to the actuator.
b) to choose for each injection cycle at least a setpoint value of the electric parameter, said value being expressive of the energy that should be transferred to the actuator, c) to monitor, during an injection cycle, the variation of the current flowing through the piezoelectric actuator, d) to calculate a value of the electric parameter, said value being expressive of the energy transferred to the actuator on the basis of at least the monitored electric current, e) to determine the difference between the electric parameter setpoint value and the electric parameter value expressive of the energy transferred to the actuator, f) to use, during the same injection cycle, the difference S...
between the electric parameter setpoint value and the * *. * * S * ..
S **.
S
I
electric parameter value, expressive of the energy transferred to the actuator, to generate a correction index to be applied to the current profile in order to minimize said difference.
As electric parameter expressive of the energy the charge or the energy can be chosen being such parameters stable parameters which does not suffer of voltage or current undulation or fluctuation. If the chosen electric parameter is the energy, the method according to the invention provides to monitor both the variation of the current and of voltage across the piezoelectric actuator in order to calculate the energy transferred to it.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the steps b) to f) are repeated a plurality of times during the same injection cycle, with the advantage to realize a real-time control of the current profile supplied to the piezoelectric actuator.
The generated correction index is used to correct the current flowing through the piezoelectric actuator and it can be an electric parameter chosen between current or voltage in function of the components used in the control system circuit. In this last case the generated correction index is associated to an electric parameter which is representative of the current flowing through the piezoelectric actuator, such as the current itself or the * ** * * * * S. *S* voltage across the actuator.
The method according to the invention can be realized in the form of a computer program comprising a program-code to carry out all the steps of the method of the invention and in the form of a computer program product comprising means for executing the computer program.
The computer program product comprises, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a control apparatus for an IC engine, for example the ECU of the engine, in which the program is stored so that the control apparatus defines the invention in the same way as the method. In this case, when the control apparatus execute the computer program all the steps of the method according to the invention are carried out.
The method according to the invention can be also realized in the form of an electromagnetic signal, said signal being modulated to carry a sequence of data bits which represent a computer program to carry out all steps of the method of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will now be described, by way of * * example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: ***.
Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a first circuit * ** * * * * S. * S..
S
allowing the method according to the invention; Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of a second circuit allowing the method according to the invention; Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of the Energy curve during an injection obtained by applying the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The invention provides a method for controlling a piezoelectric injector 1 for metering fuel inside a cylinder of a combustion engine, not shown in the figures, wherein the injector 1 comprises an injection needle 2 operated by means of a piezoelectric actuator 3 and a current profile is supplied to the piezoelectric actuator 3, which is electrically connected to a control circuit.
Fig.l shows a first embodiment of a circuit 4 actuating the method according to the invention.
The control circuit 4 comprises a current profile generator which is able to supply a current profile to the piezoelectric actuator 3 in order to operate its displacement ad hence the movement of the needle associated to it.
The current profile generator is supplied by an usual electric power supply source 6 and it comprises a current control and a power driver circuit, both not shown because known to the skilled man. * ** * * S * S. * S..
S
The current profile supplied to the piezoelectric actuator is generated by the current profile generator on the basis of a reference setpoint value of an electric parameter, said parameter being expressive of the energy that must be transferred to the actuator in order to displace the needle 2 in a suitable position to inject in the combustion chamber of the cylinder a desired fuel quantity.
According to the invention, an electric parameter expressive of the energy can be chosen between charge and energy. In the circuit disclosed in Fig. 1, the charge has been chosen as electric reference parameter. The control circuit 4 comprises a memory module 7 in which, as a map, setpoint charge values are stored. Usually the setpoint charge values are mapped in function of an engine parameter, such as, for instance, the engine speed, the temperature of the piezoelectric actuator or the fuel pressure, and the ECU of the engine choose to apply a charge setpoint reference value Q according to a predetermined strategy.
The value of the current flowing through the piezoelectric actuator 3 is monitored by a current sensor device 8 and sent to usual integrator 9, which performs an integral calculus of the current flowing through the * ** S *.
* 5 piezoelectric actuator 3 during an injection cycle in order to calculate the charge Q stored in the electric actuator S... 3. * ** * * * * *. *.
S
The calculated values of the charge Q, transferred to the piezoelectric actuator, are sent to an adder 10 with which is also connected the memory module 7 storing the setpoint charge. The adder 10 calculates the difference (e) between the charge setpoint reference value Q and the calculated transferred charge Q stored in the piezoelectric actuator: (e)= Q -The difference (e) is supplied to a controller 11, for instance a P1 controller, which output is connected to an input of a second adder 12. The second adder 12 comprises also a second input which is connected to the current sensor device 8.
The controller 11 generates a current reference index ref in function of the difference (e) between the charge setpoint reference value and the calculated transferred charge stored in the piezoelectric actuator.
While the adder 12 calculates the difference (e') between the current reference index ref and value of the current flowing through the piezoelectric actuator 3 and which is monitored by the current sensor device 8. The positive or negative sign of the result of said difference (e') is used as input signal of the current profile generator 5 to * .* *** * * correct and adapt, during the same injection cycle, the current profile supplied to the piezoelectric actuator 3.
A second embodiment of a circuit actuating the method * ** * * S * **
S S..
S
according to the invention is illustrated disclosed in Fig.2.
In the disclosure of the second embodiment the components equal to those already disclosed in the first embodiment will be referred to with the same reference signs.
The second embodiment of the invention differs from the above described first embodiment mainly because energy, instead of charge, is chosen as electric parameter expressive of the energy.
In order to calculate the energy it's necessary to monitor both the voltage and the current across the piezoelectric actuator.
For this reason the control circuit 13, electrically connected to the piezoelectric actuator 3, comprises also a multiplier 14 provided with two inputs, respectively connected to the integrator 9 and to a voltage sensor device 15, which monitors respectively the current and the voltage values across the piezoelectric actuator 3.
The multiplier 14 is provided with an output electrically connected to the adder 10, to which is also connected the memory module 7. According to this second embodiment of the method of the invention, in the memory module 7 are stored S.....
* energy setpoint values, instead of charge setpoint values, as disclosed in the first embodiment of the invention. *.
The method according the present second embodiment provides * .* * . a * .* a the same operations already disclosed for the first embodiment with the only difference that the current reference index ref is generated, in the present embodiment, by the controller 11 in function of the difference between an energy setpoint value E5 and the transferred energy value.
The transferred energy value is calculated by the multiplier 14 by multiplying the calculated charge Q, transferred to the piezoelectric actuator 3, for the voltage value measured by the voltage sensor device 15.
According to the method of the invention the control system 4 and 13 are configured to repeat the disclosed operations a plurality of times for each injection cycle and therefore to correct and adapt the supplied current profile a corresponding plurality of times during the same injection cycle. This has the advantage of a faster control of the supplied current profile and, as a consequence, of a more accurate injection of the fuel quantity in the combustion chamber. In other words, thanks to the disclosed method it's possible to obtain a substantially real time control on the fuel quantity injected for each injection during an injection cycle.
Fig. 3 shows the variation of energy during an injection of an injection cycle. As can be noticed, both the charge and S...
the discharge phase comprises a plurality of steps, each of * S. * S * * *. *.
S
them representing a setpoint energy value. The number of steps is in function of the work frequency of the controller 11 of the control circuit 4 or 11.
While the present invention has been described with respect to certain preferred embodiments and particular applications, it is understood that the description set forth herein above is to be taken by way of example and not of limitation. Those skilled in the art will recognize various modifications to the particular embodiments are within the scope of the appended claims. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the disclosed embodiments, but that it has the full scope permitted by the language of the following claims. *.*** * *
* .*.*S * S S. S. a ** S * *a * S * * ..
S 5.

Claims (13)

  1. CLAIMS1. A method for controlling a piezoelectric injector for metering fuel inside a cylinder of a combustion engine, wherein the injector comprises an injection needle operated by means of a piezoelectric actuator and a charge current profile is applied to the piezoelectric actuator, the method comprises the following steps: a. to choose an electric parameter expressive of an energy, which is transferable to the actuator.b. to choose for each injection cycle a setpoint value of the electric parameter, said value being expressive of the energy that should be transferred to the actuator, c. to monitor, during an injection cycle, the value of the current flowing through the piezoelectric actuator, d. to calculate a value of the electric parameter, said value being expressive of the energy transferred to the actuator on the basis of at least the monitored electric current, e. to determine the difference between the electric parameter setpoint value and the electric parameter value expressive of the energy transferred to the actuator, f. to use, during the same injection cycle, the difference between the electric parameter setpoint value and the electric parameter value expressive of the energy * S. * S * * S. *Stransferred to the actuator to generate a correction index to be applied to the current profile in order to minimize said difference.
  2. 2. Method according to claim 1, wherein the steps b) to f) are repeated a plurality of times during the same injection cycle.
  3. 3. Method according to claim 1, wherein the electric parameter expressive of the energy is the charge.
  4. 4. Method according to claim 1, wherein the electric parameter expressive of the energy is the energy.
  5. 5. Method according to claim 1 and 4, characterized by the step of monitoring the variation of voltage across the actuator during the injection cycle.
  6. 6. Method according to claim 5, wherein the step to calculate a value of the electric parameter expressive of the energy transferred to the actuator is performed on the basis of the variation of the current and of the variation of the voltage.
  7. 7. Method according to claim 1, wherein said correction index is an electric parameter chosen between current or voltage.
  8. 8. Method according to claim 1 and 8, wherein if the correction index is a voltage value, the step of applying the correction index to the current profile provides to a...calculate the difference between the voltage correction * .. * * S * S. *.index and a value of a voltage which is representative of the current flowing through the piezoelectric actuator, and to adapt the profile current supplied to the actuator in function of the negative or positive sign of said difference.
  9. 9. Method according to claim 1 and 8, wherein if the correction index is a current value, the step of applying the correction index to the current profile provides to calculate the difference between the current correction index and the value of a current flowing through the piezoelectric actuator, and to adapt the profile current supplied to the actuator in function of the negative or positive sign of said difference.
  10. 10. Computer program comprising a computer-code for carrying out a method according to claim 1.
  11. 11. Computer program product comprising a computer program according to claim 10.
  12. 12. Computer program product as in claim 11, comprising a control apparatus wherein the computer program is stored.
  13. 13. An electromagnetic signal modulated as a carrier for a sequence of data bits representing the computer program according to claim 10.* .**.* * . 0I**S S... * SS * . S * S.S *5.S
GB0916974.9A 2009-09-28 2009-09-28 Method for controlling a piezoelectric injector Expired - Fee Related GB2475224B (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0916974.9A GB2475224B (en) 2009-09-28 2009-09-28 Method for controlling a piezoelectric injector

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB0916974.9A GB2475224B (en) 2009-09-28 2009-09-28 Method for controlling a piezoelectric injector

Publications (3)

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GB0916974D0 GB0916974D0 (en) 2009-11-11
GB2475224A true GB2475224A (en) 2011-05-18
GB2475224B GB2475224B (en) 2016-03-16

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104302899A (en) * 2012-05-23 2015-01-21 法国大陆汽车公司 Method for current-controlling at least one piezoelectric actuator of a fuel injector of an internal combustion engine
CN104421082A (en) * 2013-07-29 2015-03-18 法国大陆汽车公司 Means for repolarizing piezoelectric actuator of injector of internal combustion engine of used vehicle
EP3092709A4 (en) * 2014-01-10 2017-09-13 EcoMotors, Inc. Piezoelectric actuator control for high rate of operation
EP3367451A1 (en) * 2017-02-23 2018-08-29 Koninklijke Philips N.V. An actuator device incorporating an electroactive polymer actuator and a driving method

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6236190B1 (en) * 1996-10-25 2001-05-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for driving a capacitive actuator
DE10307460A1 (en) * 2003-02-21 2004-09-02 Robert Bosch Gmbh Piezoelectric actuator control method for a vehicle combustion engine fuel injector, whereby a value characterizing the onset of hydraulic triggering is measured and used to determine a correction value for a predefined set value
GB2399656A (en) * 2003-03-14 2004-09-22 Bosch Gmbh Robert A method for controlling the actuation of a piezo-electric element in a fuel injector
US20060289670A1 (en) * 2003-12-18 2006-12-28 Jorg Beilharz Method and apparatus for controlling a valve, and method and apparatus for controlling a pump-nozzle apparatus with the valve

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6236190B1 (en) * 1996-10-25 2001-05-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for driving a capacitive actuator
DE10307460A1 (en) * 2003-02-21 2004-09-02 Robert Bosch Gmbh Piezoelectric actuator control method for a vehicle combustion engine fuel injector, whereby a value characterizing the onset of hydraulic triggering is measured and used to determine a correction value for a predefined set value
GB2399656A (en) * 2003-03-14 2004-09-22 Bosch Gmbh Robert A method for controlling the actuation of a piezo-electric element in a fuel injector
US20060289670A1 (en) * 2003-12-18 2006-12-28 Jorg Beilharz Method and apparatus for controlling a valve, and method and apparatus for controlling a pump-nozzle apparatus with the valve

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104302899A (en) * 2012-05-23 2015-01-21 法国大陆汽车公司 Method for current-controlling at least one piezoelectric actuator of a fuel injector of an internal combustion engine
CN104421082A (en) * 2013-07-29 2015-03-18 法国大陆汽车公司 Means for repolarizing piezoelectric actuator of injector of internal combustion engine of used vehicle
EP3092709A4 (en) * 2014-01-10 2017-09-13 EcoMotors, Inc. Piezoelectric actuator control for high rate of operation
EP3367451A1 (en) * 2017-02-23 2018-08-29 Koninklijke Philips N.V. An actuator device incorporating an electroactive polymer actuator and a driving method
WO2018153708A1 (en) * 2017-02-23 2018-08-30 Koninklijke Philips N.V. An actuator device incorporating an electroactive polymer actuator and a driving method
US11563163B2 (en) 2017-02-23 2023-01-24 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Actuator device incorporating an electroactive polymer actuator and a driving method

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Publication number Publication date
GB2475224B (en) 2016-03-16
GB0916974D0 (en) 2009-11-11

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PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 20170928