GB2467409A - Noble/inert gas treatment of a material to increase its resistance to flash fire exposure - Google Patents

Noble/inert gas treatment of a material to increase its resistance to flash fire exposure Download PDF

Info

Publication number
GB2467409A
GB2467409A GB1000083A GB201000083A GB2467409A GB 2467409 A GB2467409 A GB 2467409A GB 1000083 A GB1000083 A GB 1000083A GB 201000083 A GB201000083 A GB 201000083A GB 2467409 A GB2467409 A GB 2467409A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
fabrics
poly
fabric
inert gas
nanoclay
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB1000083A
Other versions
GB201000083D0 (en
Inventor
Shonali Nazare
Arthur Richard Horrocks
Baljinder Kaur Kandola
Dennis Price
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of Bolton
Original Assignee
University of Bolton
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by University of Bolton filed Critical University of Bolton
Priority to GB1000083A priority Critical patent/GB2467409A/en
Publication of GB201000083D0 publication Critical patent/GB201000083D0/en
Publication of GB2467409A publication Critical patent/GB2467409A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M10/00—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements
    • D06M10/02—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements ultrasonic or sonic; Corona discharge
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M10/00—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements
    • D06M10/02—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements ultrasonic or sonic; Corona discharge
    • D06M10/025—Corona discharge or low temperature plasma
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M10/00—Physical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. ultrasonic, corona discharge, irradiation, electric currents, or magnetic fields; Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements
    • D06M10/04—Physical treatment combined with treatment with chemical compounds or elements
    • D06M10/06—Inorganic compounds or elements
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
    • D06M11/77—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with silicon or compounds thereof
    • D06M11/79—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with silicon or compounds thereof with silicon dioxide, silicic acids or their salts
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
    • D06M11/83—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with metals; with metal-generating compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls; Reduction of metal compounds on textiles
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/244—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus
    • D06M13/282—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus with compounds containing phosphorus
    • D06M13/313—Unsaturated compounds containing phosphorus atoms, e.g. vinylphosphonium compounds
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/50—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with organometallic compounds; with organic compounds containing boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium atoms
    • D06M13/51—Compounds with at least one carbon-metal or carbon-boron, carbon-silicon, carbon-selenium, or carbon-tellurium bond
    • D06M13/513—Compounds with at least one carbon-metal or carbon-boron, carbon-silicon, carbon-selenium, or carbon-tellurium bond with at least one carbon-silicon bond
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D06M15/37—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06M15/643—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing silicon in the main chain
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M2101/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, to be treated
    • D06M2101/02—Natural fibres, other than mineral fibres
    • D06M2101/04—Vegetal fibres
    • D06M2101/06—Vegetal fibres cellulosic
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M2101/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, to be treated
    • D06M2101/16—Synthetic fibres, other than mineral fibres
    • D06M2101/30—Synthetic polymers consisting of macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06M2101/34—Polyamides
    • D06M2101/36—Aromatic polyamides
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M2200/00—Functionality of the treatment composition and/or properties imparted to the textile material
    • D06M2200/30—Flame or heat resistance, fire retardancy properties

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)

Abstract

In one aspect, a material which has been treated with a non-polymer forming noble/inert gas plasma, and a nanoclay material and/or a cross-linking agent. The preferred noble gas plasma is Argon. The nanoclay includes a range of layered silicates and also multiwalled/single-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs/SWCNTs). The preferred nanoclay is sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) clay that has been functionalized with a quaternary phosphonium salt, preferably vinyltriphenylphosphonium bromide. Preferred fabrics to be treated include cotton and meta-aramid. The cross-linking agent may be the noble/inert gas plasma per se, although a silicon-containing monomer, especially hexamethyldisiloxane (HDMSO) is preferred In another aspect, a method of preparing a material having an increased resistance to flash fire exposure comprising contacting the material with a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma. In yet another aspect, the use of a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma in increasing resistance of a material to flash fire exposure.

Description

Flash Fire Resistant Material The present invention relates to a flash fire resistant material which substantially retains the properties and characteristics of the material in an untreated form.
Flash fires result from the rapid movement of a supersonic heat pulse emanating from an explosive or pyrotechnic device. Typically, such pulses are equivalent to a heat flux of the order of 75-100 kW/m2 incident on a target for up to 3 seconds. Under such conditions, many normal materials such as textiles, even those with moderate levels of flame retardancy, may ignite. The only cunent standard performance test for flash fire resistant garments is defined in the United States as NFPA 2112; Standard on Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire (published in 2000), in which minimum performance criteria for flame resistant fabrics and guidelines for testing on instrumented thermal manikins are described. This performance standard requires that garment assemblies are subjected to manikin testing as defined in ASTM P1930-00; Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for Protection Against Flash Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin (also published in 2000). NFPA 2112 calls for testing to be conducted under the flame source set at 84 kW/m2 for the duration of 3 seconds with a pass/fail rate of 50% under the testing protocols set in ASTM F1930. Only textile fabrics having the highest levels of flame resistance and comprising a suitably high area density (typically >300 g/m2) will conform to this performance standard. Certain flame retardant cottons, meta-and para-aramid (Nomex ITT�, DuPont) and PBI� (Celanese)/Kevlar� (DuPont) are typical examples.
A normal soldier's battledress, for example, comprises a clothing system having internal garments designed for comfort and external garments offering varying degrees of protection to external agencies. The outer materials such as cotton, polyester, polyamide and blends thereof, are rarely flame resistant unless the user is to be working in a high fire risk area (e.g. tank crew, special services). Furthermore, much so-called fire resistant clothing, tentage and rigid composite items will also be ignited following flash fire exposure. Similarly, the use of fibre-reinforced composite materials in military applications may also be ignited when subjected to high heat fluxes during flash fire and similar exposures.
Fire and heat resistance is normally conferred upon materials such as textile fabrics and composites and thin composites by conferring varying degrees of these properties upon the components present in a way that, at worst, has an overall additive effect. For instance, flame retardant fabrics based on conventional flammable fibres may be rendered flame retardant by the use of applied chemical treatments (on cotton and wool, for example), introduction of additives during manufacture (e.g. flame retardant viscose variants) or by the introduction of flame retardant co-monomers within the fibre/polymer structure (e.g. flame retardant acrylic (modacrylic) and polyester). The use of inherently fire resistant fibres such as the polyaramids, has enabled a class of materials possessing both heat and flame resistance to be developed in more recent years. Similarly, within the area of composites, heat and flame resistance is conferred upon them by the choice of resin and fibre components present.
The results of these possible solutions has given rise to a complex mix of materials such as textiles and composites in use and which may be the part of the same system chosen to create specified levels of heat and fire resistance at both individual component and full system levels. For instance, a modern firefighter wears a clothing system comprising an upper body clothing set, a lower body clothing set, gloves, shoes and head protection, each of which are constructed from a variety of materials to provide defined levels of protection and which, when worn together, must also provide complete body protection to a simulated fire condition. A similar situation exists on the battlefield where combat personnel use a variety of textile and composite materials within their clothing and equipment which may individually have varying levels of heat and fire performance.
However, while many of the above examples resist heat and flame to levels commensurate with the more common fire hazards, very few will resist the high temperature heat front associated with a neighbouring explosion or flash fire where for a short duration (typically <3s), flame front temperatures may exceed 1000 and even 2000°C. It is both impractical and not cost effective to manufacture such a level of fire resistance into all material textile and composite components because they are far in excess of normally-expected risk conditions. However, there would be considerable value in being able to add flash fire performance to culTent heat and fire resistant materials in a way which would be largely independent of material type and in a cost-effective manner.
Currently, there is only one example of such a method, namely the metallisation of the material surface by vapour deposition or fine coating with a metal such as aluminium, stainless steel or some other heat reflective metal. Such metal reflective treatments are applied to some metal workers clothing components including gloves as well as to other applications requiring radiant energy protection.
However, the use of such coatings significantly affects the appearance, handle and comfort and so limits their use on wide ranges of substrates and applications.
Also, in hot environments such as those encountered in processes in, for example, hot gas filtration, fires are often a problem initiated by oxidation of suspended particles in gas streams. There is also a need to provide film materials which are used in such processes which are also resistant to flash fire exposure.
Currently, there is no technology available that can apply a flash fire resistant surface coating to the outer surface of thin materials without adding undue weight and cost to the underlying material, coupled with the ability not to affect the underlying substrate properties, such as maintaining fabric camouflage effects and JR signatures; increasing weight and changing physical properties of thin composite shells and components.
The present invention addresses one or more of these shortcomings. It describes a material, such as a textile fabric or film, which has been provided with durable flash fire resistance without substantially impacting upon the properties and characteristics of the material in comparison with its untreated state.
Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a material which has been treated with a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma, and a nanoclay material and/or a cross-linking agent. The material is typically a textile fabric or film.
The present invention describes a means of providing durable flash fire resistance to any flexible and/or thin material, such as a clothing item, tent, camouflage netting or composite structure, in addition to any other inherent fire resistant character present in the material. The invention provides an immediate heat barrier that will protect the underlying material (e.g. textile, composite) when the wearer, occupant or other item is exposed to a flash fire typical of that emitted by an exploding and/or incendiary device. Thus the wearer or interior (if the material is a composite external container/component) is protected from the short term, high heat flux for a period in addition to that normally expected of the underlying material. The applied technology does not affect the functionality and performance of the base material, whether a textile or composite.
The non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma may comprise any noble or inert gas, other inert gas (for example nitrogen) but typically comprises argon. The addition of a reactive gas such as oxygen may also be included as a component in order to increase the subsequent reactivity of the material to the nanoparticle material, typically a functionalised nanoclay.
The non-polymer-forming noble or inert gas plasma, such as argon, acts to activate and cause surface erosive roughening at the nano-and micro-levels of the component fibre surfaces of the material.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the material may be further treated with a nanoclay material. The term "nanoclay" is a general term which encompasses a range of layered silicates, or clays. Most clays are 2:1 smectite layered silicates, meaning that there are 2 Si04 tetrahedral layers sandwiching one MO6 octahedral layer (where M is most commonly aluminium or magnesium). Non-limiting examples of nanoclay materials which may be used in the invention include sodium montmorillonite, POSS materials (polyhedral oligomer silsesquioxanes) - which are synthetic silica-cored organic species enabling the formation of inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticle species, laponite [Na0.7 [(SigMg5.5Lio.3)020(OH)4]o.7], hectorite [M(Mg&Li)SigO2o(OH)4], saponite [MMg6(SigAl)O2o(OH)4] and magadiite [NaSi7On (OH)3.4(H20)], or multiwalled and single-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs and SWCNTs).
Also included within the meaning of "nanoclay" according to the present invention are materials known as layered double hydroxides (LDH). The typical LDH has a Brucite (naturally occuning Mg(OH)2) structure in which some aluminium ion substitutes for magnesium ion to give an excess of positive charge on the clay layers which are balanced by anions in the gallery space. Such double layered hydroxides have an added advantage of being able to release significant amounts of water upon reaching burning temperatures, a favourable property for flame retardant polymer nanocomposite applications.
The nanoday materia' may be functionalised or non-functionalised. If the nanoclay material is functionalised, it is typically functionalised using a salt of a quaternised element from Group YB of the Periodic Table. Non-limiting examples of a functionalising agent include a quaternary phosphonium salt such as vinyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide, or an irnidazollum salt. If the nanoclay is not functionalised, an ionic character would typically be required in the material. Such an ionic character may be found, for example, in materials such as wool and polyamide.
According to a further embodiment of the invention, the material may be further treated with a cross-linking agent. This treatment with a cross-linking agent may be applied to a material which has only been treated with the non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma, or alternatively it may be applied to a material which has been treated with both the non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma and the functionalised or non-functionalised nanoclay material. The cross-linking agent may comprise, for example, a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma alone, or it may comprise a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma in combination with a silicon-containing monomer. A non-limiting example of a silicon-containing monomer which may be used comprises hexamethyldisiloxane (HDMSO).
However, other monomers comprising an element which would promote ceramisation could be used; such monomers would be apparent to a skilled person. Non-limiting examples of such monomers include silicon-containing monomers such as siloxanes (e.g. HMDSO, 1,1,3,3 tetramethyl disiloxane), and vinyl and allyl silanes (e.g. vinyltriethoxysilane).
The use of LDHs as the nanoclay in the invention also allows the possibility of introducing other metals into the particles. This allows for the improvement of the ceramisation process when subjected to high temperature.
Examples of a textile fabric material which may be used in accordance with the invention include a fabric selected from cotton, cotton which has been first treated with a flame-retardant substance, or an aromatic polymeric fabric. Non-limiting examples of aromatic polymeric fabrics which may be used include meta-or para-aramids (aromatic polyamides), polybenzamidizoles such as PBI�, polybenzoxazoles such as Zylon�, semicarbon and oxidised acrylic fabrics such as Panox� or Sigrafil O�, poly(aramid-arimid) fabrics such as Kermel�, poly(arimid) or polyimide fabrics such as P84�, novoloid fabrics such as Kynol�, polyfluoro-based fabrics such as PTFE�, PVF or FEP, poly(ether ketone) fabrics such as PEEK�, poly(phenylene) sulphide fabrics such as Ryton�, or poly(etherimide) fabrics which are often referred to as PET.
Examples of film materials which may be used in accordance with the invention include those selected from aromatic polymeric fabric including but not limited to meta-or para-aramids (aromatic polyamides), polybenzamidizoles such as PBI�, polybenzoxazoles such as Zylon�, poly(aramid-arimid) fabrics such as Kermel�, poly(arimid) or polyimide fabrics such as P84�, novoloid fabrics such as Kynol�, polyfluoro-based fabrics such as PTFE�, PVF or FEP, poly(ether ketone) fabrics such as PEEK�, poly(phenylene) suiphide fabrics such as Ryton�, or poly(etherimide) fabrics which are often referred to as PEI.
The invention combines new atmospheric plasma and nanoceramisation technologies to deposit one or more nanoceramic layers on the surface of any polymer-based substrate material in order to provide a thermal shield that will add a degree of flash fire resistance to any underlying substrate fire performance properties.
This is undertaken by the development and application of nanoparticulate species to the plasma-etched, material surface to provide a coherent ceramic nanolayer that has minimal effect to the aesthetics and other desirable material properties.
Further in accordance with the present invention there is provided a method of preparing a material having an increased resistance to flash fire exposure comprising contacting the material with a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma.
The non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma may comprise any noble or inert gas, other inert gas (for example nitrogen) but typically comprises argon. The addition of a reactive gas such as oxygen may also be included as a component in order to increase the subsequent reactivity of the material to the nanoparticle material, typically a functionalised nanoclay.
The method may further include treating the material with a nanoclay. Non-limiting examples of nanoclay materials which may be used in the invention include sodium montmorillonite, POSS materials (polyhedral oligomer silsesquioxanes) which are synthetic silica-cored organic species enabling the formation of inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticle species, or multi-walled and single-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs and SWCNTs).
The nanoclay material may be functionalised or non-functionalised. If the nanoclay material is functionalised, it is typically functionalised using a salt of a quaternised Group VB element. Non-limiting examples of a functionalising agent include a quaternary phosphonium salt such as vinyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide, or an imidazolium salt. If the nanoclay is not functionalised, an ionic character would typically be required in the material. Such an ionic character may be found, for example, in a material such as wool and polyamide.
The method may also further include treating the material with a cross-linking agent. This treatment with a cross-linking agent may be applied to a material which has only been treated with the non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma, or alternatively it may be applied to a material which has been treated with both the non- polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma and the functionalised or non-functionalised nanoclay material. The cross-linking agent may comprise, for example, a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma alone, or it may comprise a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma in combination with a silicon-containing monomer. A non-limiting example of a silicon-containing monomer which may be used comprises hexamethyldisiloxane.
The textile fabric material which may be treated to increase the flash fire resistant properties may include a fabric selected from cotton, cotton which has been first treated with a flame-retardant substance, or an aromatic polymeric fabric. Non-limiting examples of aromatic polymeric fabrics which may be used include meta-or para-aramids (aromatic polyamides), polybenzamidizoles such as PBI�, polybenzoxazoles such as Zylon�, semicarbon and oxidised acrylic fabrics such as Panox� or Sigrafil O�, poly(aramid-arimid) fabrics such as Kermel�, poly(arimid) or polyimide fabrics such as P84�, novoloid fabrics such as Kynol�, polyfluoro-based fabrics such as PTFE�, PVF or FEP, poly(ether ketone) fabrics such as PEEK�, poly(phenylene) sulphide fabrics such as Ryton�, or poly(etherimide) fabrics which are often referred to as PET.
Examples of film materials which may be used in accordance with the invention include those selected from aromatic polymeric fabric including but not limited to meta-or para-aramids (aromatic polyarnides), polybenzamidizoles such as PBT�, polybenzoxazoles such as Zylon�, poly(aramid-arimid) fabrics such as Keirnel�, poly(arimid) or polyimide fabrics such as P84�, novoloid fabrics such as Kynol�, polyfluoro-based fabrics such as PTFE�, PVF or FEP, poly(ether ketone) fabrics such as PEEK�, poly(phenylene) sulphide fabrics such as Ryton�, or poly(etherimide) fabrics which are often referred to as PET.
Further according to the invention there is provided a material or a method of increasing the flash fire resistance of a material as detailed above, wherein the presence of particles of the nanoclay and/or a silicon-containing polymer deposited on a surface of the material, which material may be untreated or treated with a flame retardant material, increases the time-to-ignition (TTI) and/or time-to-peak heat (TTP) release and/or reduces the peak heat release rate (PHRR) values when measured by a cone calorimeter of the material when subjected to a heat flux which promotes normal material ignition in excess of 30 kW/m2. The materials which may be used for this include cotton which may or may not have been first treated with a flame-retardant substance.
Further according to the invention there is provided a material or method of increasing the flash fire resistance of a material as detailed above, wherein the presence of particles of the nanoclay and/or a silicon-containing polymer deposited on a surface of the material, which material may be untreated or treated with a flame retardant material, increases the time-to-ignition and/or time-to-peak heat release and/or reduces the peak heat release rate (PHRR) values when measured by a cone calorimeter of the material and/or increases the heat flux (or critical heat flux) required to promote ignition of the material when subjected to a heat flux which promotes normal material ignition in excess of 50 kW/m2. The materials which may be used for this include, but are not limited to, flame retardant forms of conventional fabrics such as flame retardant cotton or wool, an aromatic polymeric fabric such those selected from a meta-or para-aramid, polybenzarnidizoles such as PBI�, polybenzoxazoles such as Zylon�, semicarbon and oxidised acrylic fabrics such as Panox� or Sigrafil O�, poly(aramid-arimid) fabrics such as Kermel�, poly(arimid) or polyimide fabrics such as P84�, novoloid fabrics such as Kynol�, polyfluoro-based fabrics such as PTFE�, PVF or FEP, poly(ether ketone) fabrics such as PEEK�. poly(phenylene) sulphide fabrics such as Ryton�, or poly(etherimide) fabrics which are often referred to as PET.
Non-limiting examples of film materials which may be used in accordance with the invention include those selected from aromatic polymeric fabric including meta-or para-aramids (aromatic polyamides), polybenzamidizoles such as PBI�, polybenzoxazoles such as Zylon�, poly(aramid-arimid) fabrics such as Kermel�, poly(arimid) or polyimide fabrics such as P84�, novoloid fabrics such as Kynol�, polyfluoro-based fabrics such as PTFE�, PVF or FEP, poly(ether ketone) fabrics such as PEEK�, poly(phenylene) sulphide fabrics such as Ryton�, or poly(etherimide) fabrics which are often referred to as PEI.
The time-to-ignition is the time the material takes to ignite under exposure to flash fire conditions. Clearly, the greater the time, the more effective the material is at resisting ignition, thus providing a greater degree of protection. The peak heat release rate (PURR) is a measure of the rate of heat energy output that a material generates when it has ignited and determines the rate of energy transfer to an underlying surface such as an underlying garment and wearer's body. The lower the value, the lower is the potential burn risk to a wearer.
Also provided is the use of a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma as described hereinabove in increasing resistance of a material to flash fire exposure.
The present invention will now be further described with reference to the following Examples and Figure, which are intended to be illustrative only and in no way limiting upon the scope of the invention.
Figure 1 depicts a graph showing the relationship between the time-to-ignition and time to peak heat release for (a) Cotton and (b) Proban-treated samples at 35 kW/m2 heat flux.
Examples
Plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) A two-step atmospheric, cold plasma process was carried out to produce a functionalised nano-particulate plasma coating on to the fabric surface. The first step comprised a non-polymer-forming argon (Ar) plasma for activation and surface erosive roughening at the nano-and micro-levels of the component fibre surfaces. This was followed by dusting the fabric sample with a functionalised nanoclay and a subsequent cross-linking of the latter to the pre-treated fibre surfaces using the Ar or Ar-HMDSO cold plasma where the active silicon-containing monomer hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) had been introduced.
Changes in fabric mass arose from the ba'ance of initia' tosses during p'asma-activation and subsequent gains following depositions of nanoparticle and/or flame retardant monomer. Overall mass changes were monitored gravimetrically: Degree of grafting (%) = (Wg-Wo) x 100/ Wo where Wo and Wg are the weights of the fabric samples before and after plasma treatment.
Fabrics Cotton fabric and Proban�-treated, flame retardant cotton fabric of area densities 242 and 300 g/m2 respectively and meta-aramid (Nomex�) of area density g/m2 were selected as textile substrates for nanoparticulate treatments using atmospheric plasma. These fabrics were selected because of their wide usage in military clothing applications.
Nanoparticles Sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) clay was functionalised with a quaternary phosphonium salt (vinyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide). The salt was dissolved in distilled water and gently agitated to obtain a homogeneous solution of 0.1 M, to which 50g of Na-MMT was added and stirred for 6 hours at room temperature. The resulting mixture was filtered and washed repeatedly with hot water (60°C) until free of excess organic modifier (tested with AgNO3 solution). The exchange process was repeated for another 48 hrs and the resulting clay was collected by filtration, washed, finally dried in a vacuum oven (40°C, 24 hrs) and then ground into a fine powder.
To remove any unexchanged or excess organic modifier and anion exchanged product (sodium bromide/chloride), the clay was first extracted with ethanol and then with tetrahydrofuran using routine soxhlet extraction procedures for 4 hours. The organo-modified clay was dried under high vacuum for 18 hours at 120°C.
Durability to washing testing It is important that any flash fire treatment can withstand a laundering treatment with substantially no, or a minimal, loss of effectiveness in its flash fire resistivity, and so may be termed durable to washing. An accelerated laboratory-based washing procedure may be used to assess the durability of plasma treated fabrics. One such accelerated method which is considered to be equivalent to at least 10 domestic laundry cycles is that reported by W.F. McSherry, G.L. Drake, A.B. Cooper, A.R.
Markezich (Am. Dyest. Report., 1974: 63, 52) and used here. Samples were placed in a 1500 ml liquid solution, containing 0.5% w/v tribasic sodium phosphate and 0.1% v/v Triton X-100. Samples were kept in solution at 40°C for 1 h with continuous stirring. Samples were removed from solution after 1 h, rinsed with distilled water and allowed to dry overnight at room temperature.
Therefore, also provided in accordance with the present invention is a material or method as described herein wherein the material exhibits substantially no loss of effectiveness in its flash fire resistivity upon being washed.
Flash fire testing A cone calorimeter (Fire Testing Technology Ltd., UK) was used at an incident heat flux initially of 35 kW/m2. 75 x 75 mm samples were exposed to incident heat flux and auto-ignition times for all the samples that were recorded. In these experiments the spark ignition was not switched in accordance with the ISO 5660 standard. Significant burning parameters measured were time-to-ignition and peak heat release rate (PHRR), time at which PHRR occurs. The presence of a flash fire protective (nano-) coating and effect will manifest itself as an increase in TTI and/or and increase in TTP and a commensurate reduction in PHRR values.
For fabrics based on cellulose which starts to decompose at about 300°C and lower in the presence of flame retardants such as Proban�, a heat flux of 35 kW/m2 will promote ignition of the fabrics and so the above parameters may be determined.
For fabrics comprised of fibres with higher decomposition temperatures such as those based on all aromatic polymer chain structures, higher heat fluxes of often >50 kW/m2 are required for ignition to occur. In the case of the meta-aramid fibre Nornex� in Tables 1 and 2, a heat flux of 60 kW/m2 was required for the untreated fabric to ignite. Table 3 presents the cone calorimetric data from Proban�-treated cotton and the meta-aramid Nomex� when subjected to a heat flux of 70 kW/m2 before and after receiving an accelerated washing process.
Results Table 1 shows the fabric codes and conditions used to generate them.
Table 1. Fabric/sample codes and treatment conditions
Sample description Treatment
Cotton Untreated, bleached cotton fabric Ar-Cotton Cotton fabric exposed to Ar Plasma for 15 mm ArHMDSO-Cotton Cotton fabric exposed to ArHMDSO Plasma for 15 mm ArClayAr-Cotton Cotton fabric exposed to Ar plasma for 15 mm followed by dusting the fabric surface with functionalised clay and subsequent exposure to Ar plasma for 15 mm.
ArC1ayArHMDSO-Cotton fabric exposed to Ar plasma for 15 mm followed Cotton by dusting the fabric surface with functionalised clay and subsequent exposure to ArHMDSO plasma for 15 mm.
Proban-treated cotton Untreated Proban-treated cotton fabric Ar-Proban-treated cotton Proban-treated cotton fabric exposed to Ar Plasma for 15 mm ArHMDSO-Proban-Proban-treated cotton fabric exposed to ArHMDSO treated cotton Plasma for 15 mm ArClayAr-Proban-treated Proban-treated cotton fabric exposed to Ar plasma for 15 cotton mins followed by dusting the fabric surface with functionalised clay and subsequent exposure to Ar plasma for 15 mm.
ArC1ayArHMDSO-Proban-treated cotton fabric exposed to Ar plasma for 15 Proban-treated cotton mm followed by dusting the fabric surface with functionalised clay and subsequent exposure to ArHMDSO plasma for 15 mins Meta-aramid (Nomex�) Untreated Meta-aramid fabric Ar-Meta-aramid Meta-aramid fabric exposed to Ar Plasma for 15 mm ArHMDSO-Meta-aramid Meta-aramid fabric exposed to ArHMDSO Plasma for 15 mm ArClayAr-Meta-aramid Meta-aramid fabric exposed to Ar plasma for 15 mins followed by dusting the fabric surface with functionalised clay and subsequent exposure to Ar plasma for 15 mm.
ArC1ayArHMDSO-Meta-Meta-aramid fabric exposed to Ar plasma for 15 mm aramid followed by dusting the fabric surface with functionalised clay and subsequent exposure to ArHMDSO plasma for 15 mins Notes: Ar-= plasma treating in argon only; ArHMDSO-= plasma-treating in argon and HMDSO vapour; ArClayAr-= plasma treating in argon and in the presence of nanoclay; ArC1ayArHMDSO-= plasma treating in argon and in the presence of nanoclay and HMDSO Table 2 presents the cone calorimetric data from the samples in Table 1: Cotton samples It can be seen from Table 2 and Figure 1 that the TTI for Ar plasma-treated cotton sample is increased by about 30% when compared to untreated cotton. The time-to-ignition for ArHMDSO-treated cotton fabric does not show any significant change in TTI value despite its containing flame retardant monomer, albeit at a very low level where the degree of deposition of the HMDSO monomer is less than the mass loss following plasma ablation. A significant almost 50% increase in TTI is evident for cotton samples with a layer of functionalised nanoclay only on the fabric surface. Combined plasma HMDSO polymerisation in presence of the nanoclay also shows a significant increase (-40%) in ignition delay time. Times-to-peak heat release values show a marked increase for the Ar-nanoclay-only sample.
Proban�-cotton samples In Table 2 and Figure 1, Proban�-treated cotton samples show no change in ignition times but both the ArClay-and ArHMDSO-treated Proban� cotton show significant increases in TTP values, suggesting that while initial ignition is not suppressed, the overall time to achieve maximum burning rates is. The flash fire suppressing effect here is therefore shown as an increased TTP parameter.
Furthermore, the clay-containing Proban� samples show much reduced PHRR values are with respect to the non-plasma-treated fabric.
Meta-aramid (Nomex�) samples Table 2 shows clearly that even simple plasma treatment under argon increased the time-to-ignite of the fabric subjected to 60 kW/m2 incident heat flux as well as the time to achieve peak heat release. The PHRR value was also reduced from 83 to 73 kW/m2, a reduction of over 10%. More significant, however, was that subsequent treatment with HMDSO, clay alone or HMDSO and clay combined all prevented the ignition of the Nomex� fabric under the a heat flux of 60 kW/m2. It is evident that all three treatments have significantly increased the resistance of this already fire resistant fabric to high heat flux exposures that are typical of flash fire conditions.
Effect of accelerated washing: Proban� cotton and Nomex� Before washing, exposure of both fabrics to the high heat flux of 70 kW/m2, yields TTI and TTP values that are quite short but these are significantly increased only when each fabric has been subjected to the combined plasma treatment incorporating both clay and HMDSO. PHRR values are significantly reduced when fabrics are exposed to either the plasma treatment in the presence of clay only or clay and HMDSO are both present. Table 3 shows that the PHRR value for the clay-treated Proban� fabric is less than 50% of that of the untreated fabric and that plasma treatment when both clay and HMDSO are present renders it non-ignitable. For plasma-exposed Nomex� fabric this latter combined treatment reduces the value PHRR by about 20% with respect to the untreated fabric.
After accelerated washing, similar behaviour is observed with the plasma-treated clay Proban� fabric exhibiting non-ignitability and the PHRR of the clay and HMDSO, with the plasma-treated Nomex� sample showing a further lowering in value. For all plasma-treated Nomex� fabrics, PHRR values are reduced slightly after washing whereas if the treatments were not durable to washing, PHRR values would have been expected to increase. 2U
Table 2. Cone caloaimeic data from all plasmatreated samples Sample Code Mass change, % Incident Heal Ihneto.ignition, III, s Tinielopeak heal Peak heal release rate.
___________________ _______________ Flux, KvIni2 ____________________ release, TIP, s PHRR, Kv/rn2 Cotton 35 14 23 56 ArCoaon L4 19 25 58 ArHMDSOCotton 2 15 21 58 ArC1ayArCotton +2 27 32 45 AiClayArRMDSO + U.7 22 23 54 Cotton ________________ ______________ _______________________ __________________ _________________________ Proban-treated cotton 35 12 14 37 Ar-Proban-treated -27 to -32 12 17 39 cotton ArIIMDSO-Proban--2 to -3 12 14 41 treated cotton ArClayAr-Proban-2. 13 32. 33 treated cotton ArC1ayArRMDSO-+0.5 12 17 29 Proban-treated cotton _______________ _____________ ____________________ ________________ ______________________ Meta-aramid 60 13 16 83 Ar-Meta-aramid -2.8 16 20 73 ArFIMDSO-Meta--0.6 NP --aramid ArClayAr -Meta-1.6 NP --aramid ArC1ayArFIMDSO 3.5 NI* Meta-aramid _______________ _____________ 20) (20) (57) Notes: * NI: No Ignition; ( ) values are for one sample that ignited.
Table 3: Cone caloiimetry data for Proban� cotton and Nofflex� fabrics exposed to 70 kW/ril1 heat flux before and after washing.
Samples Cane Calorimetric data Before washing After washing TI!, s TIP, PIIRR, TI!, s TIP. s PHRR. kW/n __________________ ___ ___ kWIni ___ ____ ________ Proban� -treated cotton (7 kVIrn2) Untreated Proban�-treated cofton 3 4 113 3 4 100 Ar Proban�-treated cotton 4 4 110 4 4 131 Ar HMDSO Proban�-treated cotton 5 8 112 5 6 95 ArClayAr Proban�-treated cotton 4 4 52 N! * * ArClayArHMDSO Proban�-treated 7 8 * 7 11 107 cotton Nomex� (70 kWIm2) UntreatedNoiriex� 9 12 119 9 12 111 Ar Nomex� 8 10 119 10 10 114 Ar4IMDSO Nornex� 9 12 113 11 12. 107 ArClayArNomex� 9 12 109 11 12 107 ArClay-ArHMDSO Nomex� 12 16 99 12 14 80 Note: NI: no ignition, * no data recorded

Claims (30)

  1. Claims 1. A material which has been treated with a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma, and a nanoclay material and/or a cross-linking agent.
  2. 2. A material according to claim 1 wherein the non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma comprises argon.
  3. 3. A material according to claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the nanoclay has been functionalised.
  4. 4. A material according to claim 3 wherein the nanoclay has been functionalised using a salt of a quaternised Group VB element.
  5. 5. A material according to any preceding claim wherein the cross-linking agent comprises a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma alone or in combination with a silicon-containing monomer.
  6. 6. A material according to claim 5 wherein the silicon-containing monomer comprises hexamethyldisiloxane (HDMSO).
  7. 7. A material according to any preceding claim wherein the material is a textile fabric or film.
  8. 8. A material according to claim 7 wherein the textile fabric comprises a fabric selected from cotton, cotton which has been first treated with a flame-retardant substance, or an aromatic polymeric fabric.
  9. 9. A material according to claim 8 wherein the aromatic polymeric fabric is selected from a meta-or para-aramid, polybenzarnidizoles, polybenzoxazoles, semicarbon and oxidised acrylic fabrics, poly(aramid-arimid), poly(arimid) or polyimide fabrics, novoloid fabrics, polyfluoro-based fabrics, poly( ether ketone) fabrics, poly(phenylene) sulphide fabrics, or poly(etherimide) fabrics.
  10. 10. A material according to claim 7 wherein the film material is selected from meta-or para-aramids, polybenzamidizoles, polybenzoxazoles, poly(aramid-arimid) fabrics, poly(arimid) or polyimide fabrics, novoloid fabrics, polyfluoro-based fabrics, poly(ether ketone) fabrics, poly(phenylene) sulphide fabrics, or poly(etherimide) fabrics.
  11. 11. A method of preparing a material having an increased resistance to flash fire exposure comprising contacting the material with a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma.
  12. 12. A method according to claim 11 wherein the non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma comprises argon.
  13. 13. A method according to claim 12 further comprising contacting the material with a nanoclay.
  14. 14. A method according to claim 13 wherein the nanoclay is functionalised.
  15. 15. A method according to claim 14 wherein the nanoclay has been functionalised using a salt of a quaternised Group VB element.
  16. 16. A method according to any of claims 10-15 wherein the material is further treated with a cross-linking agent.
  17. 17. A method according to claim 16 wherein the cross-linking agent is a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma alone or in combination with a silicon-containing monomer.
  18. 18. A method according to claim 17 wherein the silicon-containing monomer comprises hexamethyldisiloxane.
  19. 19. A method according to any of claims 10-18 wherein the material is a textile fabric or film.
  20. 20. A method according to claim 19 wherein the textile fabric comprises a fabric selected from cotton, cotton which has been first treated with a flame-retardant substance, or an aromatic polymeric fabric.
  21. 21. A method according to claim 19 wherein the aromatic polymeric fabric is selected from a meta-or para-aramid, polybenzarnidizoles, polybenzoxazoles, semicarbon and oxidised acrylic fabrics, poly(ararnid-arimid), poly(arimid) or polyimide fabrics, novoloid fabrics, polyfluoro-based fabrics, poly(ether ketone) fabrics, poly(phenylene) suiphide fabrics, or poly(etherimide) fabrics.
  22. 22. A method according to claim 19 wherein the film material is selected from meta-or para-aramids, polybenzamidizoles, polybenzoxazoles, poly(aramid-arimid) fabrics, poly(arimid) or polyimide fabrics, novoloid fabrics, polyfluoro-based fabrics, poly(ether ketone) fabrics, poly(phenylene) sulphide fabrics, or poly(etherimide) fabrics.
  23. 23. A material or method according to any of claims 1-10 and 13-22 wherein the presence of particles of the nanoclay and/or a silicon-containing polymer deposited on a surface of the material, which material may be untreated or treated with a flame retardant material, increases the time-to-ignition and/or time-to-peak heat release values of the material when subjected to a heat flux which promotes normal material ignition in excess of 30 kW/m2.
  24. 24. A material or method according to claim 23 wherein the material comprises a fabric selected from cotton which may or may not have been first treated with a flame-retardant material.
  25. 25. A material or method according to any of claims 1-10 and 13-22 wherein the presence of particles of the nanoclay and/or a silicon-containing polymer deposited on a surface of the material, which material may be untreated or treated with a flame retardant material, increases the time-to-ignition and/or time-to-peak heat release values of the material and/or increases the heat flux (or critical heat flux) required to promote ignition of the material when subjected to a heat flux which promotes normal material ignition in excess of kW/m2.
  26. 26. A material or method according to claim 25 wherein the material comprises an aromatic polymeric fabric.
  27. 27. A material or method according to claim 26 wherein the aromatic polymeric fabric is selected from a meta-or para-aramid, polybenzamidizoles, polybenzoxazoles, semicarbon and oxidised acrylic fabrics, poly(aramid-arimid), poly(arimid) or polyimide fabrics, novoloid fabrics, polyfluoro-based fabrics, poly(ether ketone) fabrics, poly(phenylene) sulphide fabrics, or poly(etherimide) fabrics.
  28. 28. A material or method according to any preceding claim wherein the material exhibits substantially no loss of effectiveness in its flash fire resistivity upon being washed.
  29. 29. Use of a non-polymer forming noble or inert gas plasma in increasing resistance of a material to flash fire exposure.
  30. 30. A material or method substantially as herein described in the description and drawings.
GB1000083A 2010-01-05 2010-01-05 Noble/inert gas treatment of a material to increase its resistance to flash fire exposure Withdrawn GB2467409A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1000083A GB2467409A (en) 2010-01-05 2010-01-05 Noble/inert gas treatment of a material to increase its resistance to flash fire exposure

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1000083A GB2467409A (en) 2010-01-05 2010-01-05 Noble/inert gas treatment of a material to increase its resistance to flash fire exposure

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB201000083D0 GB201000083D0 (en) 2010-02-17
GB2467409A true GB2467409A (en) 2010-08-04

Family

ID=41796162

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB1000083A Withdrawn GB2467409A (en) 2010-01-05 2010-01-05 Noble/inert gas treatment of a material to increase its resistance to flash fire exposure

Country Status (1)

Country Link
GB (1) GB2467409A (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012101036A1 (en) * 2011-01-28 2012-08-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Fibre composite polymer and production method therfor
EP3146106A4 (en) * 2014-05-20 2017-05-31 The Bombay Textile Research Association Method and system for manufacturing multifunctional cotton fabric
US10233082B2 (en) 2016-10-14 2019-03-19 International Business Machines Corporation Functionalized carbon nanotubes
CN112227072A (en) * 2020-09-30 2021-01-15 周建萍 Special acid and alkali resistant fabric for special clothes and processing technology thereof

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3870610A (en) * 1972-03-09 1975-03-11 Grace W R & Co Cold plasma treatment of materials
JPH0314677A (en) * 1989-06-08 1991-01-23 Toray Ind Inc Processing of polyester-based fiber-structured material
JPH05140874A (en) * 1991-11-19 1993-06-08 Kanebo Ltd Method for improving fastness to rubbing of textile product
JPH06136664A (en) * 1992-10-26 1994-05-17 Toray Ind Inc Production of flame retardant fabric
US5376413A (en) * 1990-08-22 1994-12-27 Sommer Societe Anonyme Treatment of textile fibers

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3870610A (en) * 1972-03-09 1975-03-11 Grace W R & Co Cold plasma treatment of materials
JPH0314677A (en) * 1989-06-08 1991-01-23 Toray Ind Inc Processing of polyester-based fiber-structured material
US5376413A (en) * 1990-08-22 1994-12-27 Sommer Societe Anonyme Treatment of textile fibers
JPH05140874A (en) * 1991-11-19 1993-06-08 Kanebo Ltd Method for improving fastness to rubbing of textile product
JPH06136664A (en) * 1992-10-26 1994-05-17 Toray Ind Inc Production of flame retardant fabric

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2012101036A1 (en) * 2011-01-28 2012-08-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Fibre composite polymer and production method therfor
EP3146106A4 (en) * 2014-05-20 2017-05-31 The Bombay Textile Research Association Method and system for manufacturing multifunctional cotton fabric
US10233082B2 (en) 2016-10-14 2019-03-19 International Business Machines Corporation Functionalized carbon nanotubes
US10633531B2 (en) 2016-10-14 2020-04-28 International Business Machines Corporation Functionalized carbon nanotubes
CN112227072A (en) * 2020-09-30 2021-01-15 周建萍 Special acid and alkali resistant fabric for special clothes and processing technology thereof
CN112227072B (en) * 2020-09-30 2021-11-02 福建七匹狼实业股份有限公司 Special acid and alkali resistant fabric for special clothes and processing technology thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB201000083D0 (en) 2010-02-17

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Rao et al. Highly efficient, transparent, and environment-friendly flame-retardant coating for cotton fabric
Li et al. Intumescent all‐polymer multilayer nanocoating capable of extinguishing flame on fabric
Lazar et al. Flame-retardant surface treatments
Zhang et al. Eco-friendly flame retardant and electromagnetic interference shielding cotton fabrics with multi-layered coatings
Wang et al. Multifunctional MXene/chitosan-coated cotton fabric for intelligent fire protection
Mayer-Gall et al. Permanent flame retardant finishing of textiles by allyl-functionalized polyphosphazenes
Liu et al. Superhydrophobic self-extinguishing cotton fabrics for electromagnetic interference shielding and human motion detection
Horrocks et al. Surface modification of fabrics for improved flash‐fire resistance using atmospheric pressure plasma in the presence of a functionalized clay and polysiloxane
Zope et al. Development and evaluation of a water-based flame retardant spray coating for cotton fabrics
Cain et al. Phosphorous-filled nanobrick wall multilayer thin film eliminates polyurethane melt dripping and reduces heat release associated with fire
Miao et al. High-efficiency flame retardants of a P–N-rich polyphosphazene elastomer nanocoating on cotton fabric
Wang et al. A polydopamine-bridged hierarchical design for fabricating flame-retarded, superhydrophobic, and durable cotton fabric
Jiang et al. Durable flame‐retardant and antidroplet finishing of polyester fabrics with flexible polysiloxane and phytic acid through layer‐by‐layer assembly and sol–gel process
Basak et al. Green fire retardant finishing and combined dyeing of proteinous wool fabric
Wang et al. Construction of a novel B/N/Si synergistic flame retardant system and its application on cotton fabric
Li et al. A multifunctional coating towards superhydrophobicity, flame retardancy and antibacterial performances
Kulkarni et al. Bio-based flame-retardant coatings based on the synergistic combination of tannic acid and phytic acid for Nylon–Cotton blends
Gaan et al. Flame retardant functional textiles
Li et al. Layer-by-layer self-assembly of organic-inorganic hybrid intumescent flame retardant on cotton fabrics
GB2467409A (en) Noble/inert gas treatment of a material to increase its resistance to flash fire exposure
Kozłowski et al. Improving the flame retardancy of natural fibres
Nabipour et al. Laponite-based inorganic-organic hybrid coating to reduce fire risk of flexible polyurethane foams
Ma et al. Eco-friendly, efficient and durable fireproof cotton fabric prepared by a feasible phytic acid grafting route
Palen et al. Clay-filled polyelectrolyte complex nanocoating for flame-retardant polyurethane foam
Narkhede et al. Layer‐by‐layer assembly of halogen‐free polymeric materials on nylon/cotton blend for flame retardant applications

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
WAP Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1)