GB2462526A - A composition for the control of ectoparasites - Google Patents
A composition for the control of ectoparasites Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2462526A GB2462526A GB0913595A GB0913595A GB2462526A GB 2462526 A GB2462526 A GB 2462526A GB 0913595 A GB0913595 A GB 0913595A GB 0913595 A GB0913595 A GB 0913595A GB 2462526 A GB2462526 A GB 2462526A
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- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- composition
- essential oil
- active
- derivative
- carrier
- Prior art date
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 117
- 244000078703 ectoparasite Species 0.000 title claims description 7
- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- FQTLCLSUCSAZDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+) E(S) nerolidol Natural products CC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCCC(C)(O)C=C FQTLCLSUCSAZDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- FQTLCLSUCSAZDY-ATGUSINASA-N Nerolidol Chemical compound CC(C)=CCC\C(C)=C\CC[C@](C)(O)C=C FQTLCLSUCSAZDY-ATGUSINASA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- WASNIKZYIWZQIP-AWEZNQCLSA-N nerolidol Natural products CC(=CCCC(=CCC[C@@H](O)C=C)C)C WASNIKZYIWZQIP-AWEZNQCLSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 208000028454 lice infestation Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 241000517307 Pediculus humanus Species 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000000749 insecticidal effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000001984 ectoparasiticidal effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000002995 phenylpropanoid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- -1 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- XMSXQFUHVRWGNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane Chemical compound C[Si]1(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O1 XMSXQFUHVRWGNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 210000004681 ovum Anatomy 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 102000002322 Egg Proteins Human genes 0.000 claims description 10
- 108010000912 Egg Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229940086555 cyclomethicone Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229960001275 dimeticone Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octamethyltrisiloxane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C CXQXSVUQTKDNFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 206010061217 Infestation Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000011321 prophylaxis Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- HIQIXEFWDLTDED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-hydroxy-1-piperidin-4-ylpyrrolidin-2-one Chemical compound O=C1CC(O)CN1C1CCNCC1 HIQIXEFWDLTDED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IUMSDRXLFWAGNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane Chemical compound C[Si]1(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)O1 IUMSDRXLFWAGNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 231100000344 non-irritating Toxicity 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 26
- 241001674048 Phthiraptera Species 0.000 description 18
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 10
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 210000003278 egg shell Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 6
- 210000001161 mammalian embryo Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229930015704 phenylpropanoid Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 206010020751 Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001474 phenylpropanoid group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005996 Blood meal Substances 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000003642 hunger Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003151 ovacidal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002453 shampoo Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000037351 starvation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005068 transpiration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010003497 Asphyxia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005949 Malathion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000028389 Nerve injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005662 Paraffin oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000517308 Pediculus humanus capitis Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010042496 Sunburn Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004125 X-ray microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000441 X-ray spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- VXSIXFKKSNGRRO-MXOVTSAMSA-N [(1s)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-[(2z)-penta-2,4-dienyl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl] (1r,3r)-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate;[(1s)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-[(2z)-penta-2,4-dienyl]cyclopent-2-en-1-yl] (1r,3r)-3-[(e)-3-methoxy-2-methyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl Chemical class CC1(C)[C@H](C=C(C)C)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@@H]1C(C)=C(C\C=C/C=C)C(=O)C1.CC1(C)[C@H](/C=C(\C)C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@@H]1C(C)=C(C\C=C/C=C)C(=O)C1 VXSIXFKKSNGRRO-MXOVTSAMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003187 abdominal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 208000030961 allergic reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001136 chorion Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 231100000433 cytotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001472 cytotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC(SP(=S)(OC)OC)C(=O)OCC JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000002257 embryonic structure Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008029 eradication Effects 0.000 description 1
- JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-GNIYUCBRSA-N gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane Chemical compound Cl[C@H]1[C@H](Cl)[C@@H](Cl)[C@@H](Cl)[C@H](Cl)[C@H]1Cl JLYXXMFPNIAWKQ-GNIYUCBRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007794 irritation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002809 lindane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000453 malathion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000008764 nerve damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000194 ovacidal Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000003359 percent control normalization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003504 photosensitizing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HYJYGLGUBUDSLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrethrin Natural products CCC(=O)OC1CC(=C)C2CC3OC3(C)C2C2OC(=O)C(=C)C12 HYJYGLGUBUDSLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940070846 pyrethrins Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002728 pyrethroid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000011514 reflex Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004761 scalp Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010183 spectrum analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008791 toxic response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003437 trachea Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing liquids as carriers, diluents or solvents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N49/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds containing the group, wherein m+n>=1, both X together may also mean —Y— or a direct carbon-to-carbon bond, and the carbon atoms marked with an asterisk are not part of any ring system other than that which may be formed by the atoms X, the carbon atoms in square brackets being part of any acyclic or cyclic structure, or the group, wherein A means a carbon atom or Y, n>=0, and not more than one of these carbon atoms being a member of the same ring system, e.g. juvenile insect hormones or mimics thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N55/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing organic compounds containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen, halogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/24—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, halogen, nitrogen or sulfur, e.g. cyclomethicone or phospholipids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/46—Ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. skin, bone, milk, cotton fibre, eggshell, oxgall or plant extracts
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
Abstract
An ectoparasiticidal composition is provided that comprises a mixture of a carrier and an active. The carrier comprises a mixture of a volatile siloxane and an essential oil and/or a derivative of an essential oil in an amount such that it is incapable of adding any significant insecticidal activity to the composition over that of the active. Preferably, the essential oil and/or the derivative of an essential oil comprises a terpene, in particilar nerolidol, or a phenylpropanoid derivative. These impart significant penetration enhancement of the active or actives of the ectoparasiticidal composition. The volatile siloxane may be an alkylsubstituted cyclic or linear siloxane wherein methyl groups predominate. The essential oil may be a terpene or a phenylpropanoid derivative and is preferably nerolidol. The composition may be used to treat head lice.
Description
A METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR
THE CONTROL OF ECTOPARASITES
The present invention relates to ectoparasiticidal compositions and to a method of controlling ectoparasites, in particular head lice and their ova.
The control of head lice infestations has traditionally been performed using conventional insecticides. However, many of these substances have an unpleasant odour and may cause allergic reactions. Organic insecticides such as hexachlorocyclohexane, malathion and pyrethrins can cause toxic responses in humans such as nerve damage. Such responses are consideraMy more dangerous than the head lice infestations which they are used to treat.
Recently, other problems have also arisen as head lice can mutate and have developed resistance to several insecticides. The desire to find alternative therapy has prompted many consumers to experiment and to resort to untested methods that may be dangerous.
In view of the foregoing, non-toxic products which are found to be safe to use and clinically effective have become very important in the control of head lice. Such products are also more acceptable to consumers who are concerned about the use of toxic pediculicides, in particular use on young children.
Compositions for the control of ectoparasites, in particular head lice, are known that comprise a mixture of a carrier in the form of a volatile silicone and an active, for example in the form of a non-volatile siloxane. In use, when the composition is applied to the hair, the volatile silicone acts to spread the active over the scalp and hair and then evaporates leaving the active as a deposit coating the hair and any lice and ova that are present.
One of the objects of the present invention is to provide an ectoparasiticidal composition with a carrier that improves the efficacy of the active. In particular, it is an object of the invention to provide an ectoparasiticidal composition that is effective against louse ova as well as against the insects themselves. Such a composition would have the considerable advantage that the number of treatments required for eradication of a louse infestation could he significantly reduced, in particular in the most effective compositions to a single treatment.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an ectoparasiticidal composition comprising a carrier and an active, the carrier comprising a mixture of a volatile siloxane and an essential oil and/or a derivative of an essential oil in an amount such that it is incapable of adding any significant insecticidal activity to the composition over that of the active.
It should be understood both herein and in the claims that the terms essential oil" and "derivative of an essential oil" are to be interpreted broadly to include compounds that have been isolated from naturally derived substances, that are synthetic or that are a combination of such compounds.
Siloxanes may be volatile or non-volatile. It will be appreciated that there is no absolute definition of the term "volatile" but its meaning in the context of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art and for the purposes of this application the term "volatile" is taken to mean that the siloxane has a measurable vapour pressure, i.e. a vapor pressure of at least 2 mm of rnercuiy at 200 C. Typically, this means that the volatile siloxane will have a viscosity of 0.5 to 25 centistokes at 25° C. By "amount such that it is incapable of adding any significant insecticidal activity to the composition" is meant that the quantity of essential oil and/or derivative of an essential oil added. to the composition is such that it produces no increase in insecticidal activity of the composition over that of the same composition used without the addition of the essential oil and/or the derivative of the essential oil. This could be confirmed by a significant number of ectoparasites surviving exposure to the essential oil and/or the derivative of an essential oil when mixed with an appropriate solvent such as isopropanol or ethanol in the same concentration as in the composition of the invention, Alternatively, it could be confirmed by tests with a formulation in accordance with the invention plus or minus the added essential oil and/or derivative of an essential oil.
Preferably, the essential oil and/or the derivative of an essential oil comprises a terpene or a phenylpropanoid derivative.
Preferably also, the terpene is a linear terpene. Advantageously, it comprises neroildoL The essential oil and/or the derivative of an essential oil may comprise up to qo% of the carrier dependent upon its insecticidal properties but preferably comprises less than 50 % and most preferably between o5 to 10 % of the composition.
Suitable volatile siloxanes for use in the invention include cyclic silicones, linear silicones and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments the volatile siloxane comprises a low viscosity linear polysiloxane having a viscosity less than 10 centistokes. In other embodiments the volatile siloxane advantageously comprises cyclomethicone.
In a second aspect the present invention provides the use of a composition in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a human or animal wherein the composition comprises a carrier and an active, the carrier comprising a mixture of a volatile siloxane and an essential oil and/or a derivative of an essential oil in an amount such that it is incapable of adding any significant insecticidal activity to the composition over that of the active.
In a third aspect the present invention provides a method of controlling an ectoparasitical infestation which comprises applying to said ectoparasite or its ovum a composition comprising a carrier and an active, the carrier comprising a mixture of a volatile siloxane and an essential oil and/or a derivative of an essential oil in an amount such that it is incapable of adding any significant insecticidal activity to the composition over that of the active.
Preferably in all of the aspects of the invention, both the carrier and the active comprise non-toxic products such that the composition is both non-irritating and non-sensitizing to the eyes and skin when tested in compliance with Iso 10993-10:2002. This ISO standard is the standard that must be reached by compositions in order for them to be classified as medical devices'.
In a first embodiment of the invention, the active comprises a non-vollatile siloxane. In other embodiments of the invention, the active may comprise a fatty acid ester, for example isopropyl myristate or a mixture of a fatty acid ester and a non-volatile siloxane.
Whilst volatile siloxanes are excellent at delivering actives to kill adult lice, lice ova have proved to be more difficult to kill. The louse egg cuticle is hydrophobic and almost impenetrable in contrast to the louse cuticle and gaseous exchange occurs via one small group of pores (aeropyles). rmese aeropyles have a very narrow entrance which creates surface tension and bridging, preveiiting penetration of aqueous solutions, and the hydrophilic inner structure of the pore lining is a barrier to organic solvents. The siloxane compositions are hydrophobic and while they are very low in surface tension and can penetrate most orifices without surface tension bridges, they are repelled by hydrophilic agents.
By adding an essential oil and/or a derivative of an essential oil, in particular a terpene or a phenylpropanoid derivative to a carrier comprising a volatile siloxane, the applicant has found that whilst having no inherent insecticidal properties the surfactant physicochemical properties of the carrier are improved and that a degree of hydrophillicity is added to the overall composition. This improves the penetrating properties of the composition and permits tile active to penetrate the aeropyles of the ova in addition to the spiracles of the insects, thereby improving the overall effectiveness of the composition as a whole.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following further description of various examples and preferred embodiments of the invention.
A carrier in a composition according to the invention comprises a volatile siloxane as defined above. Such siloxanes may be either linear or cyclic siloxanes, or a combination of both.
Cyclic volatile siloxanes may be selected from those consisting of the general formula
R (I)
where each R is independently selected from an alkyl group consisting of 1 to carbon atoms and an aryl group consisting of 6 to 10 carbon atom; and x has the value of 3 to 7. The preferred cyclic silicones of the instant invention are those where R predominantly comprises the group -CH3 and x is 4, 5 or 6 or a mixture thereof. In particular, the volatile siloxane comprises cyclopentasiloxane D5.
Linear volatile siloxanes may be selected from the group consisting of the general formulas
R R and
R
R R R
R K
where R is as described above and y has the value of 1 to 5. The preferred linear volatile siloxanes are those of formula (II) where R is predominantly the group -CH3.
Advantageously, the carrier comprises a cyclomethicone. Preferably, the cyclomethicone is cyclopentasiloxane or a mixture of cyclopentasiloxane and cyclohexasiloxane.
Compositions comprising a mixture of a cyclomethicone and an active in the form of a dimeticone or a dimeticonol have been shown to be highly effective against head lice. The active may comprise a non-volatile siloxane and/or a fatty acid ester in an amount up to 90% by volume of the composition but preferably comprises up to o% and most preferably comprises between o.i% and i% by volume of the composition. In particular, the present applicant has conducted experiments using formulations wherein the volatile silicone comprises between 97.5% and 95.5% and the non-volatile silicone comprises between 2.5% and 4.5% of the formulation. Specifically, the formulation comprises cyclomethicone in admixture with dimeticone, wherein the cyclomethicone comprises between 94.5% and 97.5% and the dimeticone comprises between 2.5% and.o%.
In these experiments live adult head lice were collected from healthy volunteers and treated by coating in the formulation and by leaving them overnight at room temperature. Treated and untreated lice were then viewed by scanning electron microscopy and the chemical elements found in the spiracles of the lice were determined by cutting the surrounding tissues away using a focused ion beam and X-ray microanalysis to find the chemical element silicon, which is present in dimeticone but not in lice. X-ray analysis showed silicon present over the whole surface of treated lice but absent on untreated lice. The silicone had formed a plug or a thin coating on the inside of the spiracles of treated lice. Ion beam cutting in the scanning electron microscope created a cross section of an abdominal spiracle. X-ray spectral analysis of the sectioned area highlighted the distribution of silicon from the dimeticone.
Human head lice have a unique strategy of water management. They do not produce urine, but eliminate excess water by respiratory transpiration via the trachea and spiracles. Blockage of the spiracles was shown to prevent or reduce water excretion, often leading to death by gut rupture. When the head lice were immersed in the formulation their locomotion ceased within 30 seconds with no further movements of appendages, although slight gut movements could be seen in some lice. When lice were treated after taking a blood meal they initially lost weight at a similar rate to untreated lice but, from about 30 minutes after treatment, the rate of water excretion was reduced, so that after 4 hours the treated group had lost only 15% of the weight of the blood meal compared with 45% in the untreated group. This indicates a blockage of the louse transpiration process. Some insects experienced gut rupture several hours after treatment believed to be due to a reverse osmotic effect. It should be noted that gut rupture has only been observed in fed lice with a blood filled gut. This is highly visible and an extreme mechanism of death. However unfed lice also died as a result of immobility, which is in effect death from starvation. The water vapour barrier efficacy of silicones is a complex relationship between the structure, molecular weight, and thickness of the silicone oil film -the higher the molecular weight, the better its barrier properties. Lice treated with the formulation always entered a moribund state and were never noticed to recover. The exact mechanism of death is debatable and although asphyxiation cannot be ruled out as one mechanism, it is believed that the major cause is the prolonged immobility reflex associated with osmotic disruption and gut rupture or starvation.
Whilst compositions comprising solely a mixture of volatile and non-volatile siloxanes are highly effective against head lice, they are not so effective against their ova.
Terpenoids and phenylpropanoids are compounds that form the major active ingredients in essential oils and may be synthetic or isolated from naturally derived substances. Individual terpenoids and phenylpropanoids contained within different essential oils have widely differing effects on the insects and their ova. However, the applicant has found that certain ones improve the penetrating characteristics of volatile siloxane carriers in ectoparasiticidal compositions without having licicidal properties per Se. In particular, those having one or more hydroxyl groups and preferably those that are also linear were found to be highly effective at improving the penetrating characteristics of volatile siloxane carriers.
It is known that essential oils including terpenoids and phenylpropanoids generally should not be applied directly to the skin in an undiluted or "neat" form. Some can cause severe irritation, or provoke an allergic reaction.
Others may sensitize the skin to other factors, for example some are photosensitizers and make the skin vulnerable to sunburn. Yet others are cytotoxic. The terpenoid and/or phenylpropanoid used in the invention must preferably combine safety of use with efficacy for the intended purpose.
Nerolidol is a linear terpenoid with a single hydroxyl group. It is non-toxic and is not known to cause allergic reactions or to sensitize the skin. It has been found that compositions containing even relatively small quantities of nerolidol in combination with a carrier comprising a volatile siloxane and active comprising a non-volatile siloxane consistently produce close to 100% insect and ova kill rates, which is a significantly higher kill rate, particularly against the ova, than using compositions that do not contain the nerolidol.
The following tests illustrate the invention.
Materials and Methods The efficacy of four formulations against louse eggs with an overnight exposure was measured. The formulations used in the tests each comprise an active base mixture of 4% dimeticone (ioo,ooo centistokes) and up to 100% cyclopentasiloxane to which 0, 1.5% or 2.0% nerolidol had been added.
Water was used as the control.
Insects used in the tests Louse eggs were obtained by providing actively laying adult lice with a close meshed nylon gauze substrate, in place of a cotton corduroy substrate, over a 48 hour period. At the end of this time the insects were removed and the gauze substrate was cut into appropriately sized smaller pieces. The small gauze pieces were randomly allocated to plastic Petri dishes in advance of the test.
For the test procedure an aliquot of approximately 5-10 millilitres of the appropriate formulation was poured into the base of a clean millimetre plastic Petri dish. The gauze bearing the eggs were immersed in the fluid for seconds, during which time the gauze was turned at least twice to ensure removal of air bubbles. After removal from the fluid the gauze and eggs were lightly blotted to remove excess fluid and returned to their marked Petri dish. The same procedure was repeated for the other replicate gauze squares in that batch.
The gauze squares bearing eggs were incubated under normal maintenance conditions (300 � 2° Celsius and o% � i% relative humidity) for the remainder of the test period. At the end of the exposure period the insects and gauze were washed using a bland toiletry shampoo diluted one part shampoo with fourteen parts water (FWS 1:15) after which they were rinsed using 500 millilitres of warm (° Celsius) tap water poured through and over the gauze squares. They were then blotted dry using medical wipe -10 -tissue and incubated under normal maintenance conditions in clean plastic Petri dishes of the appropriate size until the results were recorded. The results of tests against eggs were read after the entire control batch had completed emergence a minimum of ten days after treatment.
Results Activity against eggs The activity of insecticides against louse eggs requires classification of the effect according to the degree of penetration of the insecticide.
"Hatched" describes louse eggs that have not been penetrated by the insecticide so that the embryo inside develops normally and hatches normally.
"Half-hatched" describes those eggs in which either a small amount of insecticide may have penetrated, but insufficient to kill the emerging louse before it has started the emergence process, or else the emerging insect picks up enough insecticide from the outside of the eggshell to kill it but only after it has partially emerged from the shell.
"Dead" describes those eggs in which the embryo has apparently completed its development but which has not emerged from the eggshell. In some cases this description also applies to eggs in which sufficient insecticide becomes lodged in the outer layers of the eggshell, between the chorionic membranes that surround the embryo and the eggshell cap, that the young louse is killed during the emergence process but before it is capable of lifting the lid from the eggshell.
"Undeveloped" is a description that is applied to all those eggs that fail to develop correctly or at all. This can be identified because at the time of testing the young embryos appear amorphous inside the transparent eggshell. When the developing embryo is about 48 hours old it starts to develop a small pigmented spot at the cap end of the shell. This spot will -11 -develop to become the eye of the louse and is referred to as the "eyespot". If a material is capable of cutting off the oxygen supply to the egg by entering and blocking the aeropyles it can kill the young embryo before it has developed to the point of showing the eyespot. In some cases the embryo may develop only to the point of showing an eyespot but in these cases the spot is misshapen or may even be at the wrong end of the eggshell. All such cases are classified as "Undeveloped".
Table 1 below shows the results of the tests against louse eggs with an overnight exposure.
Table 1
Half Mortality Composition Replicate Total Hatehed Hatched Dead Undeveloped % Control 1 142 129 1 7 5 ___________ _____________ 2 128 114 1 7 6 ___________ __________ Total 270 243 2 14 11 10% Active base +1.5% nerolidol 1 84 1 0 4 79 __________ ____________ 2 70 1 1 13 55 ___________ __________ Total 154 2 1 17 134 98.70% Active base +2.0% iierolidol 1 8o 0 0 6 74 __________ ____________ 2 94 0 1 1 92 __________ __________ Total 174 0 1 7 i66 100% Active base alone i 63 32 0 10 21 __________ _____________ 2 49 26 1 2 20 ___________ __________ Total 112 8 1 12 41 48.21% These results show that an overnight exposure with the active base alone produced a mortality of 48.21% followed by 98.70% for the active base with 1.5% added nerolidol and 100% for the active base with 2% added nerolidol.
The formulations with the added nerolidol resulted in a higher percentages of undeveloped eggs which indicates that these compositions are capable of cutting off the oxygen supply to the egg, by entering and blocking the aeropyles.
-12 -Overall the composition containing 2% nerolidol was found to be the most effective formulation against louse eggs with an overnight exposure. Further tests were carried out using this composition with a view to establishing the exposure time which is most effective against louse eggs. The exposure times tested were 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours and overnight.
Using the same materials and methods as above but using only the active base indicate above with 2% nerolidol added for the specified periods of time produced the results shown in the following Table 2.
Table 2
Replicate Total Hatched Half Dead Undeveloped Mortality ___________ _______ _________ Hatched ______ _______________ % Overnight ________ __________ __________ ______ ________________ __________ 1 147 4 3 i8 122 __________ 2 156 12 3 11 130 __________ 3 115 5 0 19 91 __________ Total 418 21 6 48 343 94.97% 4 Hours ________ __________ __________ ______ _______________ _________ 1 128 0 0 11 117 __________ 2 120 20 2 17 83 __________ 3 130 9 1 10 110 __________ Total 378 29 3 38 310 92.85% 3 Hours ________ __________ __________ ______ ________________ __________ 1 49 7 1 i6 25 __________ 2 117 26 2 22 67 __________ 3 141 78 4 i8 41 __________ Total 307 111 7 6 133 63.84% 2 Hours __________ ______ _______________ _________ 1 121 8 3 22 88 __________ 2 139 25 1 23 90 __________ 3 90 57 1 13 19 __________ Total 350 90 5 8 197 74.28% 1 Hour __________ ______ _______________ _________ 1 96 46 1 23 26 __________ 2 71 43 2 10 i6 __________ 3 102 23 3 19 57 __________ Total 269 112 6 52 99 58.36% Gontrol _____________ ________ ____________________ ____________ 1 64 6i 0 1 2 __________ 2 83 76 0 4 3 __________ 3 iiG 107 2 4 3 _________ Total 263 244 2 ______ 8 7.22% -13 -The results shown in Table 2 demonstrate that the most effective exposure time for 2% nerolidol formulation is overnight. However, the four hour exposure produced very high levels of mortality at 92.85% compared to the overnight exposure which was 94.97%. This shows that there is very little difference in the efficacy with a longer exposure time after four hours. An exposure time of three hours or below produces much lower levels of efficacy against the louse eggs.
The results of all the tests are interesting because they indicate that the addition of only small quantities of nerolidol to a composition comprising a mixture of volatile and non-volatile siloxanes significantly improves the ovicidal activity of the composition. As indicated above, the aeropyles of the louse ovum have a narrow entrance and a hydrophilic inner pore lining.
Nerolidol has no licicidal activity, indicating that it has no pharmacological activity, but it does have weak surfactant physicochemical properties, by virtue of a single -OH group at or near one end of a long aliphatic portion.
This will, therefore add a degree of hydrophillicity to the overall composition.
Lice eggs aeropyles treated with the compositions detailed above were scanned in a scanning electron microscope by X ray spectroscopy. It was found that the aeropyles in those treated with an active base composition alone contain some silicon but those treated with the 2% nerolidol formulation typically had double the response, as illustrated in the following Traces 1 and 2.
Trace 1 is an X ray spectrograph of an aeropyle treated with the active base composition alone.
Trace 2 is an X ray spectrograph of an aeropyle treated with the active base composition plus 2% nerolidol.
Lice eggs require oxygen/carbon dioxide gaseous exchange through the aeropyle openings, to develop. Blocking this structure will prevent the eggs from developing. Whilst the carrier in the active base composition comprises -14 -an excellent penetrating oil it has limited gas barrier properties, which are proportional to the thickness of the layer. The active base composition alone has been shown to have some efficacy at killing eggs (40-60%), which indicates some efficacy at blocking the aeropyles, but it is not totally effective. However, by adding nerolidol, its ovicidal efficacy is boosted to virtually 100% efficacy.
Trace 2 shows there to be twice as much silicone present in those treated with the active base plus 2% nerolidol composition as those treated with the active base composition alone, as shown in Trace 1. Thus it can be concluded that the nerolidol increases the penetration of the active base thus increasing its gas barrier properties. Organic oils are also significantly better gas barriers than silicon oils, thus the presence of nerolidol itself will add to this effect. This has been hypothesized to be due to the nerolidol adding a degree of surfactancy to the fluid. This hypothesis is also supported by the fact that in a further test where more hydrophobic oils, for example paraffin oil, were added (at 2% to the active base composition) its efficacy against eggs reduced by up to 50%.
The applicant believes that phenylpropanoid derivatives will also act in a similar way to nerolidol and impart significant penetration enhancement of the active or actives of an ectoparasiticidal composition into the aeropyles of the target insects' ova.
-15 -Trace 1 Si tkS3) IS) Trace 2 Si
-
tie iso
Claims (23)
- -16 -CLAIMS1. An ectoparasiticidal composition comprising a carrier and an active, the carrier comprising a mixture of a volatile siloxane and an essential oil and/or a derivative of an essential oil in an amount such that it is incapable of adding any significant insecticidal activity to the composition over that of the active.
- 2. A composition as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the essential oil and/or the derivative of an essential oil comprises a terpene or a phenylpropanoid derivative.
- 3. A composition as claimed in Claim 2, wherein the terpene is a linear terpene.
- 4. A composition as claimed in Claim 2 or Claim 3, wherein the terpene comprises nerolidoL
- 5. A composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the volatile siloxane comprises a linear polysiloxane having a viscosity less than centistokes or cyclomethicone.
- 6. A composition as claimed in Claim 5, wherein the cyclomethicone is cyclopentasiloxane or a mixture of cyclopentasiloxane and cyclohexasiloxane.
- 7. A composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 6, wherein the essential oil and/or the derivative of an essential oil comprises up to 90% of the carrier.-17 -
- 8. A composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 6, wherein the essential oil and/or the derivative of an essential oil derivative comprises up to 50% of the carrier.
- 9. A composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 8, wherein the essential oil and/or the derivative of an essential oil comprises up to 2.5% of the carrier.
- 10. A composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 9, wherein the active comprises a non-volatile siloxane and/or a fatty acid ester.
- ii. A composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 10, wherein the active comprises a non-volatile siloxane and/or a fatty acid ester in an amount up to 90% by volume of the composition.
- 12. A composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 10, wherein the active comprises a non-volatile siloxane and/or a fatty acid ester in an amount up to o% by volume of the composition.
- 13. A composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 10, wherein the active comprises a non-volatile siloxane and/or a fatty acid ester in an amount between o.i% and 15% by volume of the composition.
- 14. A composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 10, wherein the non-volatile siloxane comprises between 2.5 % and.o% by volume of the composition.
- 15. A composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 14, wherein the non-volatile siloxane is a dimeticone or a dimeticonol.
- i6. A composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 15, wherein the active comprises a fatty acid ester in an amount between % and 70% w/w of the composition.-18 -
- 17. A composition as claimed in Claim i6, wherein the fatty acid ester comprises isopropyl myristate.
- 18. A composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to 17, that is both non-irritating and non-sensitizing to the eyes and skin when tested in compliance with Iso 10993-10:2002.
- 19. Use of a composition in a method of treatment or prophylaxis of a human or animal wherein the composition comprises a carrier and an active, the carrier comprising a mixture of a volatile siloxane and an essential oil and/or a derivative of an essential oil in an amount such that it is incapable of adding any significant insecticidal activity to the composition over that of the active.
- 20. Use of a composition as claimed in Claim 19, wherein the essential oil and/or the derivative of an essential oil comprises a terpene or a phenylpropanoid derivative.
- 21. Use as claimed in Claim 20, wherein the terpene comprises nerolidol.
- 22. Use as claimed in any of Claims 19 to 21 in which the method is for the treatment or prophylaxis of a head lice infestation.
- 23. A method of controlling an ectoparasitical infestation which comprises applying to said ectoparasite or its ovum a composition as claimed in any of Claims 1 to i8.
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GB0814713A GB0814713D0 (en) | 2008-08-12 | 2008-08-12 | A method and composition for the control of ectoparasites |
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WO2013030768A1 (en) * | 2011-08-29 | 2013-03-07 | Orna Levin | Method and composition for treating lice infestation |
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GB2470208B (en) * | 2009-05-14 | 2014-01-29 | Thornton & Ross Ltd | A method and composition for the control of ectoparasites |
WO2014043428A1 (en) | 2012-09-13 | 2014-03-20 | Maria Beug-Deeb Inc. Dba T&M Associates | Method for the removal and control of arthropod infestation in interior dwellings |
US11457626B2 (en) * | 2016-02-04 | 2022-10-04 | Gordon Wayne Dyer | Method for impairing a Cassie-Baxter state |
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ES2211606T3 (en) * | 1999-09-16 | 2004-07-16 | Durminster Limited | METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR THE CONTROL OF ANTHROPODES. |
US6663876B2 (en) * | 2002-04-29 | 2003-12-16 | Piedmont Pharmaceuticals, Llc | Methods and compositions for treating ectoparasite infestation |
IL191743A (en) * | 2008-05-27 | 2012-10-31 | Fischer Pharma Ltd | Pediculicide compositions |
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2008
- 2008-08-12 GB GB0814713A patent/GB0814713D0/en not_active Ceased
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2009
- 2009-08-05 GB GB0913595A patent/GB2462526A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-08-05 DE DE112009001947T patent/DE112009001947T5/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-08-05 EP EP20090784862 patent/EP2315529A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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US4910205A (en) * | 1988-05-02 | 1990-03-20 | Schering Corporation | Transdermal delivery of loratadine |
EP0648413A1 (en) * | 1993-10-13 | 1995-04-19 | OSi Specialties, Inc. | Alkylsiloxanes as adjuvants for agriculture |
GB2404587A (en) * | 2003-08-02 | 2005-02-09 | Ssl Int Plc | Parasiticidal composition |
US20050281749A1 (en) * | 2004-06-17 | 2005-12-22 | Galderma S.A. | Sprayable compositions comprising a combination of pharmaceutical actives and an oily phase |
US20080193387A1 (en) * | 2007-02-14 | 2008-08-14 | Ricki De Wolff | Essential oil compositions for killing or repelling ectoparasites and pests and methods for use thereof |
Cited By (1)
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WO2013030768A1 (en) * | 2011-08-29 | 2013-03-07 | Orna Levin | Method and composition for treating lice infestation |
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WO2010018360A1 (en) | 2010-02-18 |
GB0913595D0 (en) | 2009-09-16 |
GB0814713D0 (en) | 2008-09-17 |
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