GB2462322A

GB2462322A - Asphalt Rejuvenation

Info

Publication number: GB2462322A
Application number: GB0814304A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Helen Bailey; Paul Phillips
Original assignee: Aggregate Industries UK Ltd
Current assignee: Aggregate Industries UK Ltd
Priority date: 2008-08-05
Filing date: 2008-08-05
Publication date: 2010-02-10
Also published as: US20100034586A1; GB0913649D0; GB2462371A; GB0814304D0; GB2462371B

Abstract

A rejuvenating agent suitable for the rejuvenation of asphalt comprises a plant derived oil. The plant derived oil may be virgin plant oil or waste plant oil. The waste plant oil can be waste vegetable oil. The plant oil may be sesame oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, corn oil, palm oil or peanut oil. Ex situ and in situ methods for the rejuvenation of asphalt are also included. In another aspect, a method for modifying the viscosity of a bituminous binder comprises modification of the binder viscosity using at least one plant derived oil, wherein the identity and quantity of the plant derived oil is calculated to achieve a desired viscosity via initial measurement of the viscosity of the bituminous binder.

Description

ASPHALT REJUVENATION

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the rejuvenation of asphalt by the addition of rejuvenating agents derived from plant origin. Addition of such rejuvenating agents will result in softening of the aged binder and enhancing the flexibility of the mix.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Bitumen/vegetable oil blending: It is well known that vegetable oils are excellent fluxes for all bituminous substances and can be used almost indiscriminately for softening asphaltic materials without adversely affecting their weather-resisting qualities or having a detrimental affect on the resulting mixture. Vegetable oils have been used in manufacturing certain bituminous lacquers, varnishes and j apans, rubber substitutes, coating compositions for high-grade prepared roofings, electrical insulating compounds, and impregnating compounds. The addition of a small amount of vegetable oil to the bitumen during hot mix asphalt production is a technique that some contractors employ to mask the pungent smells of certain bitumens and to improve the rheological properties of bitumen.

Existing products include BiofluxTM from Shell, a vegetable oil based binder, for use in hot mix asphalt' and hot surface dressing' applications. It would be desirable to develop a technique that allowed control of the bitumen mixture properties by modification of the viscosity of the binder, hence giving a range of performance grades as desired. Therefore there is a need for new bitumenlvegetable oil blending teclmology that gives both this control of the bitumen mixture properties by modification of the viscosity of the binder and, by the use of vegetable oil derivatives (including waste cooking oils), to produce a greener' binder.

It was decided to conduct this preliminary investigation to explore the advantages or otherwise of blending known quantities of vegetable oil with penetration grade bitumen and the resultant effects on binder rheology. Asphalt samples were subsequently produced using these bitumenloil blends and selected volumetric and mechanical properties of the resultant asphalt mixtures were investigated.

2. Rejuvenation of asphalt mixtures using vegetable oils: Atmospheric exposure causes asphalts to gradually age due to weathering and oxidation. The increase in rigidity of the asphalt results in negative consequences with respect to flexural capacity (fatigue cracking) and thermal response (thermal cracking). Therefore, the timely and efficient maintenance of asphalts is crucial. The addition of rejuvenating agents in small quantities can bring an asphalt back to life through softening of the binder and restoring flexibility of the mix.

W02008/006208 discloses a process for the rejuvenation of asphalt road surfaces. An asphalt-paved road surface is rejuvenated in a multi-stage recycling process. The first process stage involves grinding, to a selected depth and width, a first strip portion of the surface and transporting it away from the site. The second process stage involves heating and grinding, to a selected temperature and depth, the upper layer of a second strip portion and moving it to the first strip portion to expose a lower layer. The third process stage involves heating and grinding, to a selected temperature and depth, the exposed lower layer of the second strip portion and moving it to the first strip portion.

New asphalt is then added to rejuvenate the recycled asphalt and to maintain the grade elevation. The mixture is then placed back on the road surface using conventional means.

It is usually required that the rejuvenating agent will soften the binder in the reclaimed asphalt to the preferred levels for a new mix, and that the rejuvenated binder will have physical properties meeting the local specifications for the new asphalt mixture. The ability of the rejuvenating agent to do this depends on the viscosity and the quantity added to the aged asphalt mixture. There is a need for a rejuvenating agent that is flexible in its manner of use, enables the properties of the rejuvenated asphalt to be restored as required across a wide spread of specifications and also, ideally, the rejuvenating agent should also have green, environmentally friendly properties, i.e. it is made in whole or in part from a recycled material.

To investigate the use of a plant derived oil as a rejuvenator for aged asphalt mixtures, the loose asphalt mixtures were oven aged for various durations prior to compaction to produce a range of stiffness values (control mixes). A further five mixes were also aged for the maximum duration before vegetable oil was added to rejuvenate the mix (rejuvenated mixes). Mixtures in this experiment used the same grading and 40/60 penetration grade binder, and were compacted using a roller compactor to produce slabs and test specimens were cored. Density, air voids, stiffness and fatigue were key properties measured prior to recovering the binder for each aged set of specimens.

The rheological properties of the blends were measured in terms of complex (shear) modulus (stiffness) G*, using the Hirsch Model to back calculate the G* values for the aged asphalt mixtures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, in a first aspect there is provided a rejuvenating agent suitable for the rejuvenation of asphalt, wherein said rejuvenating agent comprises one or more plant derived oils.

In the first aspect of the present invention, it is shown that the addition of a rejuvenating agent can be used for the rejuvenation of an aged asphalt by softening the aged binder and restoring flexibility. The rejuvenating agent can also be used to alter the properties of a virgin (unaged) asphalt mix.

Preferably, the plant derived oils for use in the first aspect of the invention are vegetable oils. More preferably, the plant derived oils for use in the first aspect of the invention are virgin plant oils (e.g. vegetable oils) or waste plant oils. Yet more preferably, they are waste plant oils and most preferably they are waste vegetable oils.

Virgin plant and vegetable oils are those obtained directly from the plants in question and which have not yet been used. Waste plant and vegetable oils are ones that have been used and would often be disposed of in an environmentally unfriendly manner, e.g. waste cooking oil.

In a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an ex situ method for the rejuvenation of asphalt, said method comprising: (a) planing an aged asphalted surface and transporting the separated surface to an asphalt plant; (b) determining the composition and characteristics required for the rejuvenated asphalt; (c) heating the surface removed from the asphalted surface through a hot mix drum; (d) adding an asphalt rejuvenator into the mixer at the level calculated in (b) to provide the desired characteristics of the rejuvenated asphalt, and (c) transporting the rejuvenated mix back to the planed surface from which the aged asphalt was removed, laying it on said surface and compacting it to give the desired rejuvenated asphalt surface, wherein said asphalt rejuvenator is a plant derived oil.

Preferably the said plant derived oil is a semi drying or non drying oil, exemplified in

the table below.

Table 1: Iodine and Linolenic Acid values for semidrying and nondrying oils Oil Iodine value Linolenic Acid value Soybean 103-152 2-9 Sunflower 120-136 -Rapeseed (Canola) 110-126 6-14 Corn 118-128 0.1-2 Peanut 84-100 <0.1 Olive 80-88 <0.9 Coconut 7.5-10.5 - Palm Kernal 16.2-19.2 -Preferably the plant derived oil is a vegetable oil, and more preferably a waste vegetable oil. Examples include waste sesame oil, waste sunflower oil, waste soybean oil, waste corn oil, waste palm oil or waste peanut oil.

In a third aspect of the present invention there is provided an in situ method for the rejuvenation of asphalt, said method comprising: (a) planing the surface to be rejuvenated; (b) adding the asphalt rejuvenator to the planed material; and (c) adding the rejuvenated material back and compacting it, wherein said asphalt rejuvenator is a plant derived oil.

Prior to planing, the surface of the asphalt may be heated directly or indirectly. Direct heating techniques include the use of heating lamps, infra red, hot air/gas, super heated steam (reduced water content). Indirect methods of heating include microwave heating. These heating methods may be used in combination or on their own.

Alternatively, the surface to be rejuvenated may planed out cold and then heated within the drum of the recycling machine where the rejuvenator may also be sprayed.

Heating may also be carried out using a second machine which scoops up and heats the milled material agitates.

Preferably the said plant derived oil is a semi drying or non drying oil. Preferably the plant derived oil is a vegetable oil, and more preferably a waste vegetable oil.

Examples include waste sesame oil, waste sunflower oil, waste soybean oil, waste corn oil, waste palm oil or waste peanut oil.

In a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for modifying the viscosity of a bituminous binder, said method comprising modifying the viscosity of said binder using at least one plant derived oil, wherein the identity and quantity of the plant derived oil employed is calculated to achieve the desired viscosity.

In this invention, the operation (quality and quantity) is under the control of the contractor rather than the binder supplier, allowing the contractor greater flexibility and freedom. It also gives rise to a wider range of choice that includes semi drying or non drying plant derived oils.

Also this invention by virtue of using waste plant oil derivatives (including waste cooking oils) provides an environmentally friendly' binder.

Efficiency is also increased though the reduction of the required number of binder tanks at the asphalt plant. In addition, the tanks containing vegetable oil will require less heating and can generally be stored without the need for heat.

Accordingly, it is the intention of the present inventors to extend straight run bitumens using plant oils, including virgin plant oils and/or waste plant oil derivatives.

The present invention may be further understood by reference to the following

examples.

Biob1ending examples: A blending technique that allows the asphalt producer to control the properties of the mixture. This is achieved though modification of the viscosity of the binder, resulting in a range of mixture types (perfonnance grades) being obtained (i.e. the blending of a conventional penetration grade bitumen with oil to modify the binder grade). This is advantageous when only a limited number of binder tanks are available at the asphalt plant.

Technical knowledge is already in place to achieve the desired viscosity to a very high degree of accuracy. Laboratory work has shown the blended binders are indistinguishable from the straight runlunniodified binders in terms of rheology, mechanical and volumetric mix properties, mixture aging and water damage performance.

In this part of the investigation, a conventional straight run bitumen was blended with vegetable oil to produce bitumenloil blends ranging from 98/2% to 90/10% by mass.

Groundnut cooking oil, readily available from most supermarkets in the UK, was arbitrarily selected and used in this investigation. Extensive rheological characterisation of the blends were carried out using the Penetration, Softening Point, Rotational Viscometer and Dynamic Shear Rheometer tests.

Penetration and Softening Point tests were carried out on all bitumen-vegetable oil blends. Small samples of the bitumen/oil blends were then subjected to viscosity tests

measured using a Brookfield Rotational Viscometer.

More fundamental rheological testing was also undertaken by means of dynamic shear rheornetry (DSR) conducted within the region of linear visco-elastic (LVE) response. DSRs apply oscillating shear stresses and strains to samples of bitumen sandwiched between parallel plates at different loading frequencies and temperatures.

The DSR tests reported were performed under the following test conditions: controlled strain mode of loading, test temperatures ranging from 0 to 80°C in 5°C increments, 0.01 to 10 Hz test frequency, parallel plate geometries (8mm diameter with 2mm gap for low temperatures, and 25mm diameter with 1mm gap for high temperatures), strain amplitude kept within the LVE response (0.5 to 10%) depending on G* values. The rheological properties of the blends were measured in terms of complex (shear) modulus (stiffness) G*, and phase angle ô. Early trials whereby various percentages of oil were blended with one grade of bitumen proved that vegetable oils were very compatible with straight run bitumens, that blending was a very simple process and that the oil does not affect the temperature susceptibility of the bitumens in any adverse way. The results demonstrate that it is possible to modify a standard penetration grade bitumen to any other softer grade by carefully blending with vegetable oil, thus allowing the designer to customise a binder to any target viscosity or complex modulus (G*) value.

These bitumen oil blends were subsequently used to assess the effects of blending vegetable oil. Compaction was carried out using a range of equipment including a marshall hammer, gyratory compactor, and a roller compactor. The volumetrics, mix compactibilty, indirect tensile stiffness modulus, indirect tensile fatigue and wheel tracking tests were carried out on various mixes. The variations in mixture stiffness caused by heat curing and water damage were also assessed. Furthermore, the Hirsch model was shown to be able to predict quite accurately asphalt mix stiffness from the mix volumetric and binder modulus data.

To prove whether or not, an oil blended bitumen of a known grade would be indistinguishable and have equal performance to an equivalent straight run bitumen, it was decided to convert a 10/20 penetration straight run bitumen into a 40/60 penetration grade by blending with vegetable oil. The amount of blended oil was carefully selected so that the blended bitumen acquires rheological characteristics identical to those of the virgin bitumen. The results shown in Figure 1 indicate that the two samples had identical rheological behaviour even following a standard oven ageing protocol.

Figure 2 shows the fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures composed of virgin and oil blended. The tests were carried out on asphalt samples having identical gradations, binder content and compaction level. The results indicate that it would not be possible to differentiate between the fatigue performance of asphalts composed of either binder type.

Figure 3 illustrates the resistance to permanent deformation using a loaded wheel tracker at 60°C. Figure compares the wheel tracking (permanent deformation) response of asphalt slabs composed of virgin bitumen, bitumen and vegetable oil blend, and bitumen and waste oil blend. Slabs were compacted to the same compaction effort and all mixes had the same gradation and binder content, the only variable being the binder type.

The water sensitivity of asphalt mixtures was assessed by soaking samples for various durations in water at various temperatures and assessing in terms of indirect tensile strength. The value was used as a means of ranking the mixes. The vegetable oil blend was found to have an indirect tensile strength similar to that of bitumen.

To test the oven aging of mixtures, tests were carried out on asphalt samples having identical gradations, binder content and compaction level. Short-term oven aging (4 hours at the mixing temperature) is applied to the loose mix prior to compaction to simulate mixing at the plant and during laying, whereas long-term aging is applied to the compacted specimen. Long-term aging in this experiment was 5 days at 85°C to simulate aging during pavement life.

Table 2 below compares the percent change in stiffliess with oven aging on asphalt mixtures. The results indicate that it would not be possible to differentiate between the performance of asphalts composed of either binder type.

Table 2: Comparison of Percent Change in Stiffness with Oven Aging on Asphalt mixtures Percent Change in Stiffhess Binder STOA LTOA (Inc.STOA) Bitumen +45 +62 Vegetable Oil Blend +48 +65 Short term oven aging (STOA) Long term oven aging (LTOA) The results proved that vegetable oils were very compatible with straight run bitumens, that blending was a very simple process and that the oil does not affect the temperature susceptibility of the bitumens in any adverse way. The results demonstrate that it is possible to modify a standard penetration grade bitumen to any other softer grade by carefully blending with vegetable oil, thus allowing the designer to customise a binder to any target viscosity or G* value.

Rejuvenation examples: Work has been carried out to assess viability of using vegetable oils as rejuvenators.

Following mixing with the binder, the loose asphalt mixes were spread in metallic trays and oven aged at 150°C for a range of durations, namely; 2, 4, 6, 8 and l0hrs prior to compaction. Using this technique, 5 mixes were thus produced at various stages/levels of ageing. The mixes were roller compacted and the slabs were cored and the specimens tested for volumetrics and stiffness (ITSM). The increase in stiffness of the compacted cores with increasing loose mix ageing time are shown in Figure 4.

An additional set of 5 batches were produced and these were all aged in the loose state for 10 hours at 150°C. For these mixes, a known amount of vegetable oil was added to each batch and thoroughly mixed in with the asphalt (2 minutes at mixing temperature) prior to roller compaction. The amounts of oil added to the mixes were 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8% oil by mass of bitumen. The effect of adding oil on the aged loose mix is shown in Figure 4.

The results show how effective vegetable oil can be as a rejuvenating agent. It can be seen from Figure 4, that starting from a 10 hour oven aged mix, it is possible to rejuvenate that mix back to its original state by introducing approximately 5% vegetable oil during the hot mix recycling stage.

Ex situ recycling examples: (a) Overall Procedure: Milling the aged pavement and transport it to asphalt plant; -Heating the coated stones through a hot mix drum; -Blending the rejuvenating agent into a mixer; -Transporting the hot rejuvenated mix to the site, to be laid and compacted.

(b) Mix Design: -Taking cores from pavement or stockpiled planings; -Determining the composition and characteristics of aged mixture and binder through rheological analysis; -Using rheological analysis of aged binder and known target viscosity to determine how much rejuvenator is required to bring it back to the target; via well established blending charts and/or equations to determine the quantity of rejuvenator to be added; -Adding small amounts of mineral or recycled aggregate to adjust the final gradation if necessary; -Further testing to confirm mix design.

In situ recycling examples: -Mix design and material selection as per Example 1 (Ex Situ Recycling) -Overall Site Procedure (passes of planning equipment to guarantee full dispersion of rejuvenator essential): (a) Planing the surface to be rejuvenated; (b) Adding the rejuvenator to the planed material followed by thorough mixing; (c) Immediately compacting the rejuvenated material.

Alternatively, the surface to be rejuvenated may planed out cold and is subsequently heated within the drum of the recycling machine where the rejuvenator may also be sprayed. Heating may also be carried out using a second machine which scoops up and heats the milled material agitates.

Claims

Claims: 1. A rejuvenating agent suitable for the rejuvenation of asphalt, wherein said rejuvenating agent comprises a plant derived oil.
2. A rejuvenating agent according to claim 1, wherein the plant derived oil is a virgin plant oil or a waste plant oil.
3. A rejuvenating agent according to claim 2, wherein said waste plant oil is awaste vegetable oil.
4. A method according to claim 2 or 3, wherein said plant derived oil is selected from waste sesame oil, waste sunflower oil, waste soybean oil, waste corn oil, waste palm oil and waste peanut oil.
5. An ex situ method for the rejuvenation of asphalt, said method comprising: (a) planing an aged asphalted surface and transporting the surface thus removed to an asphalt plant; (b) determining the composition and characteristics required for the rejuvenated asphalt; (c) heating the surface removed from the asphalted surface through a hot mix drum; (d) adding an asphalt rejuvenator into said hot mix drum at the level calculated in (b) to provide the desired characteristics of the rejuvenated asphalt, and (e) transporting the rejuvenated mix back to the planed surface from which the aged asphalt was removed, laying it on said surface and compacting it to give the desired rejuvenated asphalt surface, wherein said asphalt rejuvenator is a plant derived oil.
6. An ex situ method according to claim 5, wherein said plant derived oil is preferably a waste cooking oil.
7. An ex situ method according to claim 6, wherein said plant derived oil is selected from waste sesame oil, waste sunflower oil, waste soybean oil, waste corn oil, waste palm oil and waste peanut oil.
8. An in situ method for the rejuvenation of asphalt, said method comprising; (a) planing the surface to be rejuvenated; (b) adding the asphalt rejuvenator to the planed material; and (c) adding the rejuvenated material back to the surface from which it was planed and compacting it, wherein said asphalt rejuvenator is a plant derived oil.
9. An in situ method according to claim 9, wherein the surface to be rejuvenated may be directly or indirectly heated prior to planing.
10. A heating technique according to claim 10 for heating the surface which may include the use of heating lamps, infra red, hot air/gas, super heated steam (reduced water content) or microwave heating.
11. An in situ method according to claim 10, wherein the surface is planed out cold and is subsequently heated within the recycling machine or a separate second machine.
12. A method for modifying the viscosity of a bituminous binder, said method comprising modifying the viscosity of said binder using at least one plant derived oil, wherein the identity and quantity of the plant derived oil employed is calculated to achieve the desired viscosity by first measuring the viscosity of the bituminous binder and then choosing the appropriate identity and quantity of plant derived oil to achieve the desired viscosity modification.
13. A method according to claim 13, wherein said bituminous binder and vegetable oil is a virgin mixture.
14. A method according to claim 12 or 13, wherein said plant derived oil is selected from waste sesame oil, waste sunflower oil, waste soybean oil, waste corn oil, waste palm oil and waste peanut oil.