GB2461937A - A method for synchronised measurement of participant responses to stimuli using remote, networked computers - Google Patents
A method for synchronised measurement of participant responses to stimuli using remote, networked computers Download PDFInfo
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- GB2461937A GB2461937A GB0722492A GB0722492A GB2461937A GB 2461937 A GB2461937 A GB 2461937A GB 0722492 A GB0722492 A GB 0722492A GB 0722492 A GB0722492 A GB 0722492A GB 2461937 A GB2461937 A GB 2461937A
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- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 230000001360 synchronised effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004040 coloring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013480 data collection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036651 mood Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q30/00—Commerce
- G06Q30/02—Marketing; Price estimation or determination; Fundraising
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q30/00—Commerce
- G06Q30/02—Marketing; Price estimation or determination; Fundraising
- G06Q30/0241—Advertisements
- G06Q30/0242—Determining effectiveness of advertisements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04H—BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
- H04H60/00—Arrangements for broadcast applications with a direct linking to broadcast information or broadcast space-time; Broadcast-related systems
- H04H60/29—Arrangements for monitoring broadcast services or broadcast-related services
- H04H60/33—Arrangements for monitoring the users' behaviour or opinions
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04H—BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
- H04H60/00—Arrangements for broadcast applications with a direct linking to broadcast information or broadcast space-time; Broadcast-related systems
- H04H60/35—Arrangements for identifying or recognising characteristics with a direct linkage to broadcast information or to broadcast space-time, e.g. for identifying broadcast stations or for identifying users
- H04H60/46—Arrangements for identifying or recognising characteristics with a direct linkage to broadcast information or to broadcast space-time, e.g. for identifying broadcast stations or for identifying users for recognising users' preferences
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
An apparatus for transmitting digitised continuous and static stimuli from one computer to remote computers comprises software allowing stimuli to be presented to remote subjects and allowing collection of their synchronised immediate, continuous responses and reflective responses to the stimuli on one or more aspects of judgement; then, these judgements are immediately transmitted to another computer or recorded to a computer data file or files for later transmission, being communicated to the remote computers using input devices. The preferred method of collecting affective responses is through pulling towards / pushing away a computer mouse so that approach (pull) and avoidance (push) motor responses - the basis of affective judgements - are recruited. Computers may be linked via the Internet or an intranet, and mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) or digital televisions may be used. Other input devices include sliders, joysticks, touch pads / screens or rollerballs. Participants may have visual feedback on their responses, e.g. via a visual vertical linear scale, which may be recorded. Stimuli-judging software may be downloaded to remote computers.
Description
A METHOD OF MEASURING JUDGEMENTS
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to the remote evaluation of visual and audio stimuli, e.g., advertisements, using computers.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Most common methods of measuring human judgements, e.g., affective or intensity responses to stimuli, rely predominantly on the use of the self-report questionnaire or interview. The scales used may be verbal, numeric or graphic. These methods are unsuitable for collecting responses to continuous stimuli such as television advertisements and programmes: 1. If subjects judge a sequence of events as they occur, their attention is necessarily divided between observing the stimuli and completing the questionnaire.
2. If subjects rate such stimuli afterwards by these methods there may be errors in recall due to recency effects. Subjects judgements may be influenced unpredictably by reactions to social aspects of the situation, e.g., "impression management" (e.g., see Kirk-Smith, 1998, for review).
3. Subjects may also be unable to verbalise affective responses since these are primitive responses fundamentally related to approachlavoidance reactions (Zajonc, 1980).
Methods have been devised to counter some of these deficiencies by electronic means.
Several devices involve the collection of responses to stimuli using keypads, e.g., W090/04439 (Vogel), U54764 120 (Griffin), U54234933 (Adelson) and US4905080 (Watanabe).
Although these devices record responses at the same time as the stimuli occur, they use discrete, rather than continuous measures, thus constricting the range of values that can be recorded. The need to move to different keys is also a distraction from the stimulus.
Hughes (1990) describes a portable device in which a single subject turns a dial mounted on a hand-held computer to register and collect judgements. Although less distracting, the continuous measurements collected are not synchronised with either the stimulus (since it is not linked, electronically or otherwise) or with other subjects, since it is a single-user device; nor does it allow rapid analysis of data. FR268 1708 (Dahan) also uses a dial to collect synchronised measurements of several subjects to continuous stimuli.
Affective responses or judgements are fundamentally related to "approach-avoidance" behaviour, i.e., avoiding or pushing away things away that might hurt, and approaching or pulling towards one things that are positive and useful. Thus, affective responses or judgements are most effectively measured by directly related motor responses, i.e., pushing away or pulling towards the judged stimulus (Zajonc, 1981, Zajonc and Markus, 1982).
Therefore, the button pushing or twisting motions used in the above devices do not recruit the approach (pull) and avoidance (push) motor responses relevant to affective judgement.
Baumgartner et al. (1997) describe a device in which subjects move a computer mouse left or right to register their responses to advertisements presented on a TV. However, feedback is given by moving scale on a computer monitor nearby, thus distracting attention.
EP444260 (Skutta) uses a joystick which can employ push and pull movements. However, like FR268 1708 (Dahan), this device is non-portable and requires subjects to be present at a fixed testing location.
Kirk-Smith and Donnelly (1993) describe a portable device in which subjects push or pull a computer mouse to register their immediate affective responses in synchrony with the stimuli, with the position of the mouse being recorded by the computer representing the judgement. Visual feedback is provided by on-screen overlays or by a line of LEDS alongside the screen. This device is for single subject use alone, thus slowing data acquisition across a sample.
GB 2286280 (Kirk-Smith) brings together several aspects of the above devices in a portable device which allows real-time synchronised recording of affective judgements of continuous stimuli by a group of people. This is achieved by each subject registering their responses by moving a linear control back and forth. A computer records the position of each linear control from the start of a stimulus, so that the groups scores can be later displayed at each instant across the duration of the stimulus.
DISADVANTAGES OF CURRENT METHODS
These devices require subjects to be present at the point of data collection, and at the same time. They also use input devices and stimuli that are not easily changeable. These aspects create economic and practical problems: 1. Bringing groups of people together at the same time is time consuming.
2. The groups of people to be tested may be living at a place remote from the testing organisations place of business.
3. Individual testing allows the individual to control the judgement process and stimulus presentation as desired (e.g., to stop playback of the stimulus or repeat the stimulus), but is expensive. Group testing is economic, but is less flexibility since group members cannot influence the judgement process.
4. The stimuli are presented in a form that does not allow rapid changes to the stimuli in response to a subjects judgements, or allow the subject to manipulate the image.
5. The methods of rating are hard-wired, i.e., it is not easy to change keypads and joysticks to alternative input and rating methods. These may be required within a testing session for different types of measures and stimuli.
DEFINITION OF THE INVENTION
According to the present invention, there is provided a system for transmitting digitised continuous and static stimuli from one computer to remote computers by a means of transferring data, with software allowing the stimuli to be presented to subjects at the remote computers and allowing collection of the subjects' synchronised immediate, continuous responses to the stimuli and reflective responses to the presented stimuli on one or more aspects of judgement and allowing these judgements in digital form to be immediately transmitted to another computer or to be recorded to a computer data file or files for later transmission, these judgements being communicated to the remote computers using input devices.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The system comprises hardware and a suite of computer programmes ("the software"). The hardware comprises an originating computer, remote computers with input devices and the means of transferring data.. The software governs the transmission and presentation of stimuli, and the collection and transmission of judgements and their analysis.
The preferred computers, i.e., devices with central processing units for digital data and the means for inputting and displaying data, are personal microcomputers, digital televisions with associated input devices and digital telephones with display screens (e.g., WAP phones).
The preferred input devices for subjects' responses are the computer mouse or keyboard, although other devices such as joystick, dials, linear controls, keypads, rollerballs and touchpads may be employed, and which may be incorporated in the keyboard.
The preferred means of transmission is the Internet and the world wide web via telephone, cable or wireless networks, both terrestrial and satellite. However, comparable systems which allow distribution and collection of digital data to the preferred computers, as described in the Definition, may be also employed, e.g., in digital television and telephone systems which do not use the Internet or the world wide web to transmit digital data.
For example, broad bandwidth Internet connections (e.g., Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) allow distributed transmission of high volumes of digital data via packet switching from one computer to many others. Thus, digitised audio and moving visual data, either recorded, e.g., from films and video, or live from video cameras as in "webcams" can be compressed in various formats (e.g., as mov, avi, or MPEG; way or MP3 files) and transmitted from one computer, possibly via the internet, and simultaneously received and displayed by remote computers. Similarly, the receivers of these digitised audio or visual data can send digitised data to the originating or other computers. Slower connections may require the digitised stimuli to be first stored and then presented for judgement.
The software used to transmit and collect data allows the following: 1. For the software used for judging the stimuli to be downloaded from the means of transmitting data and installed onto the remote computers. This may be done in advance or with the stimuli. It may also be installed via CD or other portable media.
2. For the transmitted digitised data to be judged as they are received, or stored for later judgement at the remote computers.
3. For the judgement data to be transmitted at the same time, or stored for later transmission, to the originating or other computer.
The software used to present the digitised data on the remote computers allows subjects or programming to control stimulus presentation in various ways: 1 Start, stop, rewind, fast forward and repeat the stimuli.
2 Change the size, brightness, contrast and colouring and other characteristics of visual stimuli.
3 Change the volume, tone and stereo balance and other characteristics of audio stimuli.
4 Stimuli may be manipulated in three dimensions so that objects may be viewed and judged from different perspectives.
Combinations of stimuli may be presented in parallel (i.e., different audio stimuli with a visual stimulus and vice-versa; or split screen presentation of different visual stimuli for comparison) or in sequence.
The software used to collect judgements allows the subjects responses to be cued by visual elements on the screen which represent the methods of judgement required. Combinations of methods of judgemnent, such as the following, can be selected according to the specific task and stimuli: 1 Subjects can give their immediate responses to stimuli on affective terms such as "Like-dislike", "Interesting-boring" "Believable-unbelievable" by moving a mouse (or other continuous input device) with feedback being given by on-screen moving bar or thermometer-like scales. Intensity judgements similarly be given.
2 Mouse clicks or keystrokes may be used by subjects during stimulus presentation to give indication of when certain events occur, or when changes are perceived in the stimuli.
3 At any time, conventional market research scales may be presented (e.g., numerical, semantic differential, analogue, Likert or magnitude estimation scales) to collect responses to the stimuli or information about the subject (e.g., demographic, attitudinal or mood-related). Responses may be entered by mouse, keyboard or other input device. Free responses may be cued and collected by an on-screen notepad or recorded via microphone.
Questionnaire and free responses may be collected before, after or during stimulus presentation. During presentation, stimuli can be stopped by a mouse click or keyboard by the subject or by the software. Subjects might be also instructed to move the mouse to part of the screen, e.g., to judge the ergonomic aspects of a presented product or disliked parts of the display.
Other functions which the software allows are: 1 A subject's responses to stimuli to be monitored by the software and used to determine what is presented next or what tasks are required to be done next by the subject.
2 Responses to be transmitted to another computer, so that a researcher may remotely instruct either the subject or the software as to the next action to be taken.
3 Remote computers can be networked, for example, via the internet, for discussion between subjects and researchers by video or audio conferencing after the stimuli have been shown.
At the computer collecting the judgement data, the software allows judgements from remote computers to be identified by source, collated, analysed and displayed. As described above, the software allows judgement data to be monitored in real-time and instructions to be sent to the software on the remote computer or the subjects.
ADVANTAGES
The control of digitised stimuli by the software described above gives more flexibility than the current methods, which rely on videotaped stimuli. However, the main advantages are economic and practical: 1 Stimuli can be delivered for evaluation to subjects' locations or homes across the world at minimal cost: For example, advertisements (or product concepts) may be sent to selected market segments for evaluation, e.g., a US firm could send a product concept or advertisment to urban middle-class communities in Germany or a music video to teenage children in Paris for evaluation. This may be compared with the current method of getting groups of people together or going to them and then bringing them together for testing; the cost of which is likely to preclude the examples just given.
2 Many can be tested: For example, the internet allows judging software and digitised advertisements to be distributed to many people, and their judgements collected for analysis. Large samples and many market segments can be tested in many countries in minimal time and cost. No-one need travel from the distributing site. This may be compared with the cost, inefficiency and inaccuracy of current group testing, where perhaps 16 people are tested at a time, and much travelling and coordination has to be done.
3 Ecologically validity: For example, people can rate the stimuli in their normal home environments -where they are usually likely to encounter them. Therefore, their reactions are likely to be realistic and thus accurate and generalisable. Compare this with the artificial situations of current testing methods, where people are often brought into new places and unknown rooms and questioned with other unknown people by unknown people.
EXAMPLES
FIGURE 1 shows the linkage of originating and remote computers with alternate means of internet connection.
FIGURE 2 shows an example screen with stimulus and rating scale for use with a mouse as input device.
FIGURE 3 shows an example screen with a questionnaire presented when the stimulus is stopped by mouse or keystroke.
FiGURE 4 shows the changing usefulness' judgments of 40 subjects using a mouse to rate two advertisements after a gap of 11 months.
FIGURE 5 shows the "interest" judgments of 60 subjects using a mouse to rate four advertisements.
FIGURE 6 shows the "belief" of youths using a mouse to rate an anti-terrorist advertisement in comparison to two others.
REFERENCES
Adelson, A.M. et al. (1978) Electrical game, polling and testing apparatus. US 4234933.
Dahan, G. (1991) Dispositif de saisie en temps reel et de traitement des reactions d'au moms un groupe de personnes. FR 2681708.
Griffin, B.J. et al. (1986) Student response system. US 4764120.
Hughes GD, Studies in imagery, styles of processing, and parallel processing need realtime response measures, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol.XVII, 461-466, 1990.
Kirk-Smith, M. (1998) An apparatus to measure judgements. GB 2286280.
Kirk-Smith, M. (1998) Psychological issues in questionnaire-based research. The Journal of the Market Research Society, 40 (3), 223-236.
Kirk-Smith, M.D. and Donnelly, F. (1993) Apparatus for the measurement of real-time affect. Abstracts of the British Psychological Society London Conference. BPS, Leicester.
Skutta. H. (1990) Vorrichtung zur ermittlung der zuschauerrreaktionen auf eine videospot.
EP 444260.
Vogel, P.S. (1989) Audience response system. WO 90/004439, PCT/AU89/00457 Watanabe, F. et a!. (1987) Apparatus for collection television channel data and market research data. US 4905080.
Zajonc RB, Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences, American Psychologist, v.35, 151-175, 1980.
Zajonc RB and Markus H, Affective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences, J.Consumer Research, 9(2), 123-132, Sept. 1982.
Claims (1)
- CLAIMSI An apparatus for transmitting digitised continuous and static stimuli from uii computer to remote computers by a means of transferring data, with software allowing the stimuli to be presented to participants at the remote computers and allowing collection of the participants' synchronised immediate, continuous responses to the stimuli and reflective responses to the presented stimuli on one or more aspects ofjudgement and allowing these judgements in digital form to be immediately transmitted to another computer or to be recorded to a computer data file or files for later transmission, these judgements being communicated to the remote computers using input devices.MEANS OF TRANSMISSION2 An apparatus as claimed in Claim I wherein the computers are linked via the internet using telephone, cable or wireless networks, both terrestrial and satellite.3 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the computers are linked in a restricted computer network, e.g., an "intranet".4 An apparatus as claimed in Claim I wherein the computers use the software and protocols of the world wide web.TYPES OF COMPUTERSAn apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the computers are microprocessor based.6 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 5 wherein the computers are personal computers,fixed or portable.7 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 5 wherein the computers are mobile phones.8 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 5 wherein the computers are personal digital assistants (PDA), e.g., the Blackbeny. * S S9 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 5 wherein the computers are digital televisions. *.***:.::* TYPES OF iNPUT DEVICES An apparatus as claimed in Claim I wherein the input devices are computer "mouses". *.**11 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the input devices are sliders. **.*.S.* 12 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the input devices are joysticks.13 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the input devices are touch pads.14 An apparatus as claimed in Claim I wherein the input devices are touch screens.An apparatus as claimed in Claim I wherein the input devices are rollerballs.16 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the input devices are keyboards.MEANS OF PRESENTING17 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the means for presenting includes the computer recording a participant's responses.18 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the means for presenting includes another computer.19 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the means for presenting includes a display screen.An apparatus as claimed in Claim 19 wherein the means for presenting includes a computer monitor.21 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 19 wherein the means for presenting includes a television.22 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 19 wherein the means for presenting includes LCD, TFT or plasma screens.PROVISION OF FEEDBACK23 An apparatus as claimed in Claim I wherein the means for presenting provides the participant with feedback on their response through the display of a representation of their judgement provided by the input device, e.g., a visual vertical linear scale.SOFTWARE -TRANSMITTING AND COLLECTING DATA24 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the software used to transmit and collect data allows software used for judging the stimuli to be downloaded from the *: means of transmitting data and installed onto the remote computers.*: ... 25 An apparatus as claimed in Claim I wherein the software used to transmit and collect data allows the transmitted digitised data to be judged as they are received, or stored for later judgement at the remote computers.26 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the software used to transmit and collect data allows the judgement data to be transmitted at the same time, or stored for later transmission, to the originating or other computer.SOFTWARE -PARTICIPANTS' CONTROL OF STIMULI 27 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the input devices can be used by the participants to control and alter the stimuli or continuous actions, e.g., stopping or replaying or changing the physical and sensory characteristics.SOFTWARE -DISPLAYING FEEDBACK AND RATING SCALES ON SCREEN28 An apparatus according to any of the preceding claims wherein visual elements, such as representations of the methods ofjudgment required and feedback displays created by the participant's computer, are presented on the display screen.29 An apparatus according to any of the preceding claims wherein visual elements, such as representations of the methods ofjudgment required and feedback displays created by a linked computer, are presented on the display screen.An apparatus as claimed in Claim 28 and Claim 29 wherein the input devices may be used by the participants to alter the form and position of the visual elements.31 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 28 and Claim 29 wherein the altered form and position of the visual elements may be recorded.OTHER SOFTWARE FUNCTIONS32 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein a participant's responses to stimuli may be monitored by the software and used to determine what is presented next or what tasks are required to be done next by the participant.33 An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein software allows a participants' judgement data to be monitored in real-time and instructions to be sent to the software on the remote computer or the participants as to the next action to be taken..34 An apparatus as claimed in Claim I wherein remote computers can be networked, for example, via the internet, for discussion between participants and researchers by video or audio conferencing after the stimuli have been presented.An apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein software allows the linked computer collecting the judgement data from remote computers to be identified by source, collated, analysed and displayed. a... * ,, S.a... SOFTWARE -PRESENTING AND ANALYSING RESULTS * S *._ * 36 An apparatus according to any of the preceding claims wherein software allows * . recorded participants' judgements be graphically presented without further processing.37 An apparatus according to any of the preceding claims wherein software allows * recorded participants' judgements to be statistically analysed with further processing.SS.. S. -S
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| GB0722492.6A GB2461937B (en) | 2007-11-16 | 2007-11-16 | A method of measuring judgements |
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| GB0722492.6A GB2461937B (en) | 2007-11-16 | 2007-11-16 | A method of measuring judgements |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| GB0722492D0 GB0722492D0 (en) | 2007-12-27 |
| GB2461937A true GB2461937A (en) | 2010-01-27 |
| GB2461937B GB2461937B (en) | 2013-03-27 |
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20060064342A1 (en) * | 2001-06-18 | 2006-03-23 | Quality Resources Worldwide, Llc. | Internet based qualitative research method and system and Synchronous and Asynchronous audio and video message board |
| WO2007035412A2 (en) * | 2005-09-16 | 2007-03-29 | Imagini Holdings Limited | System and method for response clustering |
| US20070203426A1 (en) * | 2005-10-20 | 2007-08-30 | Kover Arthur J | Method and apparatus for obtaining real time emotional response data over a communications network |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| DE4006244A1 (en) * | 1990-02-28 | 1991-08-29 | Gfk Ag | DEVICE FOR DETERMINING SPECTATOR REACTIONS ON A VIDEO SPOT |
| GB2286280B (en) * | 1994-02-08 | 1998-08-26 | Kirk Smith Michael David | An apparatus to measure judgments |
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Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20060064342A1 (en) * | 2001-06-18 | 2006-03-23 | Quality Resources Worldwide, Llc. | Internet based qualitative research method and system and Synchronous and Asynchronous audio and video message board |
| WO2007035412A2 (en) * | 2005-09-16 | 2007-03-29 | Imagini Holdings Limited | System and method for response clustering |
| US20070203426A1 (en) * | 2005-10-20 | 2007-08-30 | Kover Arthur J | Method and apparatus for obtaining real time emotional response data over a communications network |
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| GB2461937B (en) | 2013-03-27 |
| GB0722492D0 (en) | 2007-12-27 |
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