GB2443463A

GB2443463A - Adjusting the size/shape of a radiation beam in dependence on the position of a user terminal in aerospace

Info

Publication number: GB2443463A
Application number: GB0621961A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Alan Law
Original assignee: Vodafone Group PLC
Current assignee: Vodafone Group PLC
Priority date: 2006-11-03
Filing date: 2006-11-03
Publication date: 2008-05-07
Anticipated expiration: 2026-11-03
Also published as: GB2443463B; EP2095540A1; US20100248617A1; WO2008053151A1; GB0621961D0

Abstract

Cellular mobile terminals (18) can be used in an aircraft or other aerospace vehicle. They communicate with terrestrially located base stations (24) via a base station (22) carried by the aircraft and via an antenna arrangement (26) also carried by the aircraft. A control unit (30) adjusts the size and/or shape of the radiation beam emitted by the antenna arrangement (26) in dependence on the altitude of the aircraft so that the beam footprint always covers a desired number (one or two, preferably) of the base stations (24). A location- responsive control means (32) adjusts the size and/or shape of the beam in dependence on the horizontal position of the aircraft over the earth so that the beam footprint is larger when the aircraft is over regions where the base stations (24) are more sparsely located. Each base station (24) may be associated with control means responsive to signals indicative of the altitude 15 and the horizontal position of aircraft over the earth so as to adjust the size and/or shape of the beam emitted by the base station and optimize its receipt by a particular aircraft.

Description

MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS

The invention relates to mobile telecommunications systems and methods.

Embodiments of the invention, to be described in more detail below by way of example only, enable radio telecommunication between a user on a mobile platform such as an aircraft and a terrestrial location. More specifically, such systems and methods enable cellular radio communication between a user terminal on an aircraft and a terrestrial location.

In mobile cellular telecommunications systems, user terminals establish communication links via base stations, each of which is particular to a specific geographical region (although the regions may overlap). If a user terminal has established a communication link via a particular base station and then moves out of the region of that base station into the region of another base station, the link is handed over to the new base station without interruption of the communication. When cellular user terminals are used in aircraft, particular problems may arise, and embodiments of the invention to be described below are concerned with these problems.

According to the invention, there is provided a telecommunications system for establishing a wireless radiation link between any one or more of a plurality of user terminals movable in aerospace and any one or more of a plurality of terrestrially based transceiving stations, comprising at least one antenna arrangement for producing a radiation beam for providing the link, and control means operative in response to the position of the user terminal in aerospace to adjust the size and/or the shape of the beam in dependence on that position.

According to the invention, there is also provided a telecommunications method for establishing a wireless radiation link between any one or more of a plurality of user terminals movable in aerospace and any one or more of a plurality of terrestrially based transceiving stations, comprising the steps of producing a radiation beam for providing the link, and adjusting the size and/or * the shape of the beam in dependence on the position of the user terminal in aerospace.

According to the invention, there is further provided a cellular telecommunications network, comprising a plurality of mobile user terminals arranged to establish radio links with the network between themselves and terrestrially located base stations, in which some of the user terminals are carried in an aircraft having an antenna arrangement for emitting a radio beam towards the earth for use in establishing the link, the antenna arrangement being associated with control means responsive to the position of the aircraft relative to the earth for adjusting the size and/or shape of the beam in dependence thereon to optimise its reception by a particular one or ones of the base stations.

Brief Description of the Drawings

For a better understanding of the invention, embodiments thereof will now be described by way of example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a drawing of key elements of a mobile cellular telecommunications network (a GSM network in particular) for use in explaining the operation of such a network; and Figure 2 shows the operation of a system embodying the invention.

In the drawings, like elements are generally designated with the same reference sign.

Detailed Description of Embodiments of the Invention Key elements of a mobile telecommunications network, and its operation, will now briefly be described with reference to Figure 1.

Each base station (BS) corresponds to a respective cell or geographical area of its cellular or mobile telecommunications network and receives calls from and transmits calls to a mobile user terminal in that cell by wireless radio communication in one or both of the circuit switched or packet switched domains. Such a subscriber's mobile user terminal is shown at 1. The mobile terminal may be a handheld mobile telephone, a personal digital assistance (PDA) or a laptop computer equipped with a datacard, for example.

In a GSM mobile telecommunications network, each base station comprises a base transceiver station (BTS) and a base station controller (BSC). A BSC may control more than one BTS. The BTSs and BSCs comprise the radio access network.

In a UMTS mobile telecommunications network (not illustrated), each base station comprise a node B and a radio network controller (RNC). An RNC may control more than one node B. The node B's and RNC's comprise the radio access network.

Conventionally, the base stations are arranged in groups and each group of base stations is controlled by one mobile switching centre (MSC), such as MSC 2 for base stations 3,4 and 5. As shown in Figure 1, the network has another MSC 6, which is controlling a further three base stations 7,8 and 9. In practice, the network will incorporate many more MSCs and base stations than shown in Figure 1.

Each subscriber to the network is provided with a smart card or SIM which, when associated with the user's mobile user terminal, identifies the subscriber to the network. The SIM card is pre-programmed with a unique identification * number, the "International Mobile Subscriber Identity" (IMSI), which is not visible on the card and is not known to the subscriber. The subscriber is issued with a publicly known number, that is, the subscriber's telephone number, by means of which calls to the subscriber are initiated by callers. This number is the MSISDN.

The network includes a home location register (HLR)/home subscriber server (HSS) 10 which, for each subscriber to the network, stores the IMSI and the corresponding MSISDN together with other subscriber data, such as the current or last known location of the subscriber's mobile terminal.

When the subscriber wishes to activate their terminal in a network (so that it may make or receive calls subsequently), the subscriber places their SIM card in a card reader associated with the mobile terminal (terminal I in this example). The mobile terminal 1 then transmits the IMSI (read from the card) to the base station 3 associated with the particular cell in which the terminal 1 is located. The base station 3 then transmits this IMSI to the MSC 2 with which the BS 3 is registered.

MSC 2 now accesses the appropriate location in the HLR 10 present in the network core (CN) 12 and extracts the corresponding subscriber MSISDN and other subscriber data from the appropriate storage location, and stores it temporarily in a location in a visitor location register (VLR) 14. In this way, therefore, the particular subscriber is effectively registered with a particular MSC (MSC 2), and the subscriber's information is temporarily stored in the VLR (VLR 14) associated with that MSC.

When the HLR 10 is interrogated by the MSC 2 in the manner described above, the HLR 10 additionally performs an authentication procedure for the mobile terminal 1.

O Each of the MSCs of the network (MSC 2 and MSC 6) has a respective VLR (14 and 11) associated with it and operates in the same way as already described when a subscriber activates a mobile terminal in one of the cells corresponding to one of the base stations controlled by that MSC.

When the subscriber using mobile terminal I wishes to make a call, having already inserted the SIM card into the reader associated with this mobile terminal, and the SIM has been authenticated in the manner described, a call may be made by entering the telephone number of the called party in the usual way. This information is received by the base station 3 and is then routed to the called party via the MSC 2. By means of the information held in the VLR 14, MSC 6 can associate the call with a particular subscriber and thus record information for charging purposes.

The MSCs 2 and 6 support communications in the circuit switched domain -typically voice calls. Corresponding SGSNs 16 and 18 are provided to support communications in the packet switched domain such as GPRS data transmissions. The SGSNsI6 and 18 function in an analogous way to the MSCs 2 and 6. The SGSNs 16,18 are equipped with an equivalent to the VLR for the packet switched domain.

From the description above, it will be understood that the coverage area of a mobile telecommunications network is divided into a plurality of cells, each of which is served by a respective base station. In order to allow a mobile terminal to maintain a call when the mobile terminal moves outside the coverage area of a cell, the call must be switched to an alternative cell automatically. The call must be routed to the new cell before handover can be effected whilst maintaining the connection with the old cell until the new connection is known to have succeeded. Handover is a time-critical process requiring action to be taken before the radio link with the original cell degrades to such an extent that the call is lost. Handover requires synchronization of events between the mobile terminal and the network.

Handover between two cells served by the same MSC/SGSN is relatively * 5 straightforward (this is referred to as "soft handover"). The handover process is more complex when a mobile terminal moves between a first cell served by a first MSC/SGSN and a second cell served by a second MSC/SGSN (this is referred to as a "hard handover"). The VLRs of the MSCs/SGSNs and the HLR additionally have to be updated to reflect that the mobile terminal is now in a cell served by the second MSC/SGSN.

In the embodiments to be described, user terminals 18 are to be used in an aircraft 20 (Figure 2), to enable users to communicate with terrestrially based user terminals (fixed or mobile) or with user terminals on other aircraft. Thus, in a manner to be described, a transport network is set up so that each user terminal in the aircraft can establish a cellular telecommunications link with its cellular network in the same way as if it were terrestrially based rather than in the aircraft.

The aircraft carries a base station 22 with which all the user terminals on the aircraft can communicate; the communication link between each user terminal and the base station 22 can be by radio or other wireless method or by a wired connection (such as, for example, from each seat on the aircraft to the base station 22).

In order to enable the user terminal on the aircraft to link with the terrestrial cellular network (and thence to other user terminals whether part of that network or not), base stations 24 are provided at suitable geographical locations on the earth 25, or at least along the expected flight path of the aircraft. Each base station 24 is generally of the form described above with reference to Figure 1 and is associated with an antenna arrangement for receiving and transmitting radio signals. However, it is modified so as to transmit and * receive radio signals in upward and downward directions. In the case of a base station used for terrestrially based user terminals, its radio signals are primarily transmitted and received in a generally horizontal direction. *5

In order to establish the transport network between the aircraft and the earth, and thus to enable radio communication between the base station 22 in the aircraft and the base stations 24 on the earth, the aircraft will carry an antenna arrangement indicated diagrammatically at 26. The antenna arrangement 26 emits radiation with a particular beam size and shape, such as a cone-shaped beam shown by the full lines 28 in Figure 3, thus providing a "beam footprint" of specific size on the earth. Thus, the footprint will cover a particular geographical area on the ground. If the area of this footprint is so large that it encompasses a significant number of the base stations 24, then it is unlikely that the system will operate satisfactorily -because a significant number of the base stations will receive signals from the aircraft of substantially the same strength and it is unlikely that any one of the base stations would be able to establish a proper communications link with the base station 22 in the aircraft.

Furthermore, in such an example the radio beam from the antenna arrangement 26, being distributed over a large area, would have a low strength at any particular point. It is therefore highly desirable that the radio beam from the antenna arrangement 26 should have a suitably defined footprint so that signals are only received by a restricted number of the base stations 24. In some circumstances, the footprint should be such that the signals are received only by a single base station. More usually, though, the beam footprint should be such that the radio signals are received by more than one, preferably two, of the base stations as the aircraft moves through the air. Under such circumstances, a radio link would be established between the unit 22 and one of these two base stations (via the antenna arrangement 26, of course) initially. Then, as the aircraft continues its flight path, the communication link would be handed over to the other of these base stations in the manner described with reference to Figure 1.

I

However, if the radio beam emitted by the antenna arrangement 26 is adjusted so that it has the size and shape shown in Figure 3 by the dotted lines 29, thus * 5 achieving the desired aim of covering only two of the base stations 24, it will be apparent that changes in the height of the aircraft above the earth will alter the size of the beam's footprint in an unsatisfactory way. If the size and shape of the radio beam is established so that, at a particular aircraft height, the footprint of the beam covers the desired number of base stations (for example, two, as shown by the lines 29), then if the altitude of the aircraft increases significantly, the beam footprint is likely to cover a greater number of base stations. As already explained, this is likely to cause unsatisfactory operation of the system because several of the base stations will receive signals of substantially the same strengths. Similarly, if the altitude of the aircraft is reduced, then the beam footprint may no longer cover two of the base stations 24.

In order to deal with this problem, the antenna arrangement 26 is arranged to be adjustable so as to vary the size and shape of its emitted beam and, in particular, to vary the footprint of the beam when it reaches the earth. In addition, the aircraft is provided with a height-responsive unit 30 which monitors the altitude of the aircraft and adjusts the antenna arrangement 26 accordingly, so as to maintain a desired size and shape of the emitted beam and thus provide a desired footprint of the beam on the earth.

For example, the height-responsive unit 30 could be arranged to adjust the antenna arrangement 26 in dependence on the altitude of the aircraft so that, irrespective of the aircraft's altitude, the beam footprint was always the same.

In practice, though, it may be desirable to vary the beam footprint according to the horizontal position of the aircraft over the earth. Thus, in some geographical regions of the earth (sparsely populated regions in particular) the base stations 24 may be widely spaced. When the aircraft is flying over such regions, the beam footprint needs to be relatively large so as to cover two, say, of the base stations. In other geographical regions of the earth, the base stations 24 may be much closer together (over densely populated regions, for * 5 example) and the beam footprint must be much smaller to avoid the problems, as already discussed, where the beam covers a multitude of the base stations.

Therefore, the aircraft is provided with a location-responsive unit 32 which is responsive to the horizontal position of the aircraft over the earth and adjusts the antenna arrangement accordingly. In such a case, therefore, the height-responsive unit 30 and the location- responsive unit 32 act together so that the size and shape of the beam emitted by the antenna arrangement 26 provides the desired footprint on the ground, taking account of the altitude of the aircraft and its horizontal position over the earth.

The height-responsive unit 30 and the location-responsive unit 32 may have any suitable form. In particular, they may be responsive to GPS signals derived from the aircraft's GPS system.

The size and shape of the beam emitted by the antenna arrangement 26 may be adjusted in any suitable way. For example, the antenna arrangement may have an adjustable phase array. Instead, it could be adjusted by means of a physical shield, like a wave guide.

The base station 22 in the aircraft may operate essentially as a repeater station in the transport network between the aircraft and the earth -that is, it simply passes signals between the user terminals in the aircraft and the relevant earth-located base station. However, in other circumstances, there may need to be more than one base station 22 in the aircraft (for example, because of the size of the aircraft or the number of user terminals carried), with handover of the user terminals between these base stations taking place.

The foregoing description has been concerned with the transmission of signals from the aircraft to the earth-located base stations. The transport network between the aircraft and the earth also, of course, requires transmission of signals in the reverse direction. In most cases, transmissions received by the S 5 aircraft from the particular one of the earth-located base stations which is vertically (or most nearly vertically) below the aircraft will be received at a significantly greater signal strength than those received from the adjacent base stations -because the signals received from the adjacent base stations will be received at a more oblique angle. Therefore, the system described automatically achieves optimisation of capacity on both the uplink and the downlink with the aircraft. However, it would also be possible to adjust the size and shape of the radiation beam emitted by a particular one of the earth-located base stations in order to improve the establishment of an effective communications link with the base station 22 of an aircraft flying at a particular altitude. This could be achieved by arranging for the base station 22 on the aircraft to transmit a signal specifying the altitude of the aircraft which would then be used by control means associated with the earth-located base station to adjust its antenna arrangements and thus to change the size and shape of its emitted radiation beams. Thus, for example, this process could adjust the size and shape of the beam emitted by the earth-located base station so as to reduce its footprint on the aircraft 22 and thus increasing the received signal strength as compared with that of the adjacent beams from the other adjacent earth-located base stations.

It will be apparent that the systems described are not only applicable to aircraft but to other aerospace vehicles.

Claims

1. A telecommunications system for establishing a wireless radiation link between any one or more of a plurality of user terminals movable in aerospace and any one or more of a plurality of terrestrially based transceiving stations, comprising at least one antenna arrangement for producing a radiation beam for providing the link, and control means operative in response to the position of the user terminal in aerospace to adjust the size and/or the shape of the beam in dependence on that position.

2. A system according to claim 1, in which the control means is responsive to the altitude of the user terminal.

3. A system according to claim 1 or 2, in which the control means is responsive to the horizontal position of the user terminal over the earth.

4. A system according to any preceding claim, in which one of the antenna arrangements is in aerospace with the user terminal and the adjustment of the size and/or shape of the beam from the antenna arrangement by the control means is such that the beam is directed for establishing the link with a particular one or ones of the transceiving stations.

5. A system according to claim 4, in which the adjustment of the size and shape of the beam is such as to adjust the terrestrial footprint of the beam.

6. A system according to claim 4 or 5, in which the control means is in aerospace with the antenna arrangement and the user terminal, and the controL means is responsive to GPS signals indicative of the position of the user terminal in aerospace.

7. A system according to any preceding claim, in which one of the antenna arrangements is terrestrially based with a particular one of the transceiving stations and the adjustment of the size and/or shape of the beam from the antenna arrangement by the control means is such that the beam is directed for establishing the link with a particular one of the user terminals. *5

8. A system according to claim 7, in which the control means is associated with the particular one of the transceiving stations and receives signals indicative of the position of the particular one of the user terminals in aerospace.

9. A system according to claim 8, in which the signals indicative of the position of the particular one of, or the particular group of, the user terminals are GPS signals.

10. A system according to any preceding claim, in which the user terminals are aircraft-borne.

11. A system according to claim 10, in which a particular group of the user terminals are all carried by the same aircraft and including a transceiving station carried by the aircraft and by means of which the link between the user terminals of the group and one or ones of the terrestrially based transceiving stations is established.

12. A system according to claim 11, in which the user terminals and the transceiving stations are part of a cellular mobile communications network.

13. A system according to claim 12, in which the terrestrially based transceiving stations are base stations in the cellular mobile communications network.

14. A system according to claim 12 or 13, in which the transceiving station in the aircraft is a base station in the cellular mobile communications network.

15. A telecommunications method for establishing a wireless radiation link between any one or more of a plurality of user terminals movable in aerospace and any one or more of a plurality of terrestrially based transceiving stations, comprising the steps of producing a radiation beam for providing the link, and adjusting the size and/or the shape of the beam in dependence on the position of the user terminal in aerospace.

16. A method according to claim 15, in which the size and/or shape of the beam is adjusted in response to the altitude of the user terminal.

17. A method according to claim 15 or 16, in which the size and/or shape of the beam is adjusted in response to the horizontal position of the user terminal over the earth.

18. A method according to any one of claims 15 to 17, in which the adjustment of the size and/or shape of the beam is such that the beam is directed for establishing the link with a particular one or ones of the transceiving stations.

19. A method according to claim 18, in which the adjustment of the size and/or shape of the beam is such as to adjust the terrestrial footprint of the beam.

20. A method according to claim 18 or 19, in which the size and shape of the beam is adjusted in response to GPS signals indicative of the position of the user terminal in aerospace.

21. A method according to any one of claims 15 to 17, in which the adjustment of the size and/or shape of the beam is such that the beam is directed for establishing the link with a particular one of the user terminals.

22. A method according to claim 21, in which the size and/or shape of the beam is adjusted in response to GPS signals indicative of the position of the particular one of the user terminals in aerospace.

23. A method according to any one of claims 15 to 22, in which the user terminals are aircraft-borne.

24. A method according to claim 23, in which a particular group of the user terminals are all carried by the same aircraft and in which there is a transceiving station carried by the aircraft and by means of which the link between the user terminals of the group and one or ones of the terrestrially based transceiving stations is established.

25. A method according to claim 24, in which the user terminals and the transceiving stations are part of a cellular mobile communications network.

26. A method according to claim 25, in which the terrestrially based transceiving stations are base stations in the cellular mobile communications network.

27. A method according to claim 25 or 26, in which the transceiving station in the aircraft is a base station in the cellular mobile communications network.

28. A cellular telecommunications network, comprising a plurality of mobile user terminals arranged to establish radio links with the network between themselves and terrestrially located base stations, in which some of the user terminals are carried in an aircraft having an antenna arrangement for emitting a radio beam towards the earth for use in establishing the link, the antenna arrangement being associated with control means responsive to the position of the aircraft relative to the earth for adjusting the size and/or shape of * the beam in dependence thereon to optimise its reception by a particular one or ones of the base stations.

29. A network according to claim 28, in which the control means is responsive to altitude of the aircraft.

30. A network according to claim 28 or 29, in which the control means is responsive to the horizontal position of the aircraft over the earth.

31. A network according to any one of claims 28 to 30, in which the control means is responsive to GPS signals indicative of the position of the aircraft in space.

32. A network according to any one of claims 28 to 31, in which the particular one or ones of the base stations receiving the beam from the antenna arrangement is specially adapted to receive radio beams arriving in a generally vertical direction.

33. A network according to any one of claims 28 to 32, in which the antenna arrangement is associated with a transceiving station carried by the aircraft and with which the user terminals on the aircraft can communicate.

34. A network according to claim 33, in which the transceiving station is a base station.

35. A network according to claim 33, in which the receiving station is a repeater station.

36. A telecommunications system, substantially as described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

37. A telecommunications method, substantially as described with reference to the accompanying drawings.