GB2443316A - An energy self-sufficient pressure or touch sensor powered by thermoelectric conversion from a latent heat store - Google Patents
An energy self-sufficient pressure or touch sensor powered by thermoelectric conversion from a latent heat store Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2443316A GB2443316A GB0720681A GB0720681A GB2443316A GB 2443316 A GB2443316 A GB 2443316A GB 0720681 A GB0720681 A GB 0720681A GB 0720681 A GB0720681 A GB 0720681A GB 2443316 A GB2443316 A GB 2443316A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- latent
- signal
- heat store
- sensor
- energy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title 1
- 230000008054 signal transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- BDKLKNJTMLIAFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1,3-oxazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2OC=C(C=O)N=2)=C1 BDKLKNJTMLIAFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229940087562 sodium acetate trihydrate Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007274 generation of a signal involved in cell-cell signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
- G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
- G01L1/005—Measuring force or stress, in general by electrical means and not provided for in G01L1/06 - G01L1/22
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D21/00—Measuring or testing not otherwise provided for
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D9/00—Recording measured values
- G01D9/005—Solid-state data loggers
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)
- Testing Or Calibration Of Command Recording Devices (AREA)
Abstract
An energy "autarkic" or energy "self-sufficient" sensor for detecting pressure, contact or touch. The sensor comprises a latent-heat store 2 (optionally regenerable), a thermoelectric converter 3 for converting thermal energy from the latent-heat store, a circuit 4 connected to the thermoelectric converter 3 for generating a signal if the sensor is activated, a signal transmission device 5 and a signal storage device 8. The signal transmission device 5 is preferably wireless and may employ any combination of optical, acoustic, radio or inductive transmission means. Additional surveillance devices (11) may be employed and may also be powered by the thermoelectric converter 3 as may optical or acoustic warning signal generators. The latent heat store 2 optionally comprises sodium acetate trihydrate enclosed in a partially flexible jacket, deformation of which initiates a phase-change in the material and the release of its latent heat of crystallisation.
Description
13. 10. 2006-6/mh
Description Title
Energy-autarchic pressure or touch sensor
Prior art
The present invention relates to an energy-autarchic pressure or touch sensor that generates a signal on the basis of a pressure change or a touch or a contact.
Pressure sensors or contact sensors are known in various forms in the prior art. The known sensors have a cable connection for supplying energy and for transmitting information. Furthermore, piezoelectric-based sensors are known that, when touched, generate very small amounts of energy that are used for signal generation. In particular, however, in the case of such piezoelectric sensors, an appropriately high force has to be exerted on the piezo actuator to make the necessary amounts of energy available.
Consequently, if too small a force is exerted on the piezo actuator, the necessary energy cannot be generated.
Furthermore, pressure or touch sensors are known that have a battery as energy source. A disadvantage of such sensors is that the batteries have to be regularly maintained. As in the case of cable-connected sensors, an installation of such sensors is consequently only possible at easily accessible locations. However, sensor application cases are conceivable in which a surveillance function is necessary over a long period of time, for example several years, surveillance is necessary under critical environmental conditions, for example in the presence of media hazardous to health.
Advantages of the invention In contrast, the energy-autarchic sensor according to the invention for detecting a pressure or a touch, or in other words a contact, having the features of Patent Claim 1 has the advantage that it is energy-autarchic. Consequently, a cable connection or the use of a battery is unnecessary. At the same time, the sensor according to the invention can be kept in stand-by mode over a long period of time and be activated only when a pressure change or a touch occurs. In addition, the sensor according to the invention can be supplied with internally generated energy over a fairly long period of time. According to the invention, this is achieved in that the sensor comprises a latent-heat store and a thermoelectric converter for converting thermal energy from the latent-heat store into electrical energy.
The sensor furthermore comprises a circuit for generating a signal that is generated on detecting a pressure change or a touch. In addition, the sensor comprises a signal transmission device for transmitting the signal to an external device and/or a store for storing the signal. If the store is used, the signal can be read out later.
According to the invention, the latent-heat store of the sensor consequently keeps latently stored energy available that can be released as heat as a result of detecting a pressure change or a touch. The latent-heat store comprises a supercooled melt that, as a consequence of the detected pressure change or touch, begins to crystallize out. This crystallization generates heat that can then be converted into electrical energy by the thermoelectric converter. On the basis of said electrical energy, the circuit then generates the signal.
The subclaims show preferred developments of the invention.
Preferably, the signal transmission device is embodied as a wireless signal transmission device. As a result, the sensor according to the invention can be used at any desired locations, in particular at locations with difficult access or locations that are situated in a contaminated environment.
Furthermore, the wireless signal transmission device preferably transmits signals optically and/or acoustically and/or by radio and/or inductively. Preferably, redundancy is provided in this connection in order to ensure reliable transmission of signals, in particular in the case of planned long-term use.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the sensor comprises a surveillance device that is connected to the circuit and that is switched on by the signal generated by the circuit. The surveillance device makes it possible to keep under surveillance, for example areas, vehicles etc. In this connection, the sensor can be installed completely autarchically in an area to be kept under surveillance and is only activated if an event, for example a pressure change, occurs. This offers the advantage that no data has to be received and handled, for example in a centre, without there being a reason and the surveillance only becomes active in the event of the occurrence of the event, for example a pressure change or a touch.
The surveillance device preferably comprises a camera and/or a microphone.
A particularly simple and compact construction results if the surveillance device is supplied with energy by means of the thermoelectric converter.
Particularly preferably, the latent-heat store is regenerable. As a result, the latent-heat store can be recharged after an activation of the energy-autarchic sensor and the energy-autarchic sensor is available for reuse. In this connection, the energy charging of the latent-heat store preferably takes place by supplying external heat.
According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the latent-heat store has a jacket that has at least one flexible region. The flexible region is deformable if a pressure change occurs, in particular an increase in pressure or a touch, or in other words a contact. The deformation of the flexible region starts the heat generation in the latent-heat store, with the result that electrical energy is made available by the thermoelectric converter. It goes without saying that the generation of electrical energy can also be used simultaneously as a signal. Alternatively, the entire jacket of the latent-heat store can be made of a flexible material.
Furthermore, the sensor comprises an optical and/or acoustic signal generator that is connected to the circuit and emits an optical and/or acoustic warning signal on receiving a signal from the circuit.
Preferably, the latent-heat store has a size that makes possible a longer-term energy supply of at least one minute, preferably at least 10 minutes and more preferably of at least one hour. Consequently, the sensor can detect, for example a pressure change, over a longer period of time.
The latent-heat store preferably comprises sodium acetate trihydrate. With air excluded, sodium acetate trihydrate can be cooled far below its melting point of about 58 C, under which circumstances a "supercooled" melt is formed.
As a consequence of a disturbance initiated externally, for example by a pressure change, this rnetastable state of the sodium acetate trihydrate is disturbed and crystallization is initiated. As a result, the sodium acetate trihydrate abruptly crystallizes and releases the heat stored in the system. Under these circumstances, the sodium acetate trihydrate heats up to its melting point of about 58 C, which is usually higher that the ambient temperature.
Consequently, the latent-heat store can be used on the one side of the thermoelectric converter as a heat reservoir, while the other side of the thermoelectric converter is at ambient temperature (about 20 C) . Consequently, the sodium acetate trihydrate emits the energy bound in the "supercooled" melt as heat of crystallization after the initiation of crystallization. In this connection, the crystallization is initiated externally by a detected pressure change, in particular an increase in pressure or a touch that is transmitted to the latent-heat store.
According to the invention, an energy-autarchic pressure or touch sensor can consequently be provided that utilizes the occurrence of an event, for example a pressure change or a touch, or in other words a touch, to release the thermal energy stored in the latent heat store, which energy is then converted into electrical energy. The electrical energy can furthermore be used on the one hand as a signal and on the other hand also for supplying energy to a downstream load. In this connection, the energy-autarchic sensor can be of very small and compact construction, with the result that uses are possible, for example, in the interior of a vehicle as theft protection or use is possible in contaminated environments. Since a signal is only generated if the required event (pressure change, touch) has occurred, the sensor does not have to be maintained and can be used permanently at inaccessible locations. If wireless energy transmission is used, utilization is furthermore also possible, for example, on moving parts, including use at changing positions of use.
Drawing Preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawing: Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic view of an energy-autarchic sensor in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the invention, Figure 2 shows a diagrammatic view of an energy-autarchic sensor in accordance with a second exemplary embodiment of the invention, and Figure 3 shows a diagrammatic view of an energy-autarchic sensor in accordance with a third exemplary embodiment of the invention.
Preferred embodiments of the invention An energy-autarchic sensor 1 for detecting a pressure or a touch or, in other words, a contact in accordance with a first exemplary embodiment of the invention is described in detail below with reference to Figure 1.
As is clear from Figure 1, the energy-autarchic sensor 1 comprises a latent-heat store 2 that has a jacket with a flexible region 2a. The latent-heat store 2 contains hermetically sealed sodium acetate trihydrate in the form of a supercooled melt. For this purpose, the latent-heat store 2 was heated, prior to incorporation in the sensor 1, above its melting point of about 58 C, in which process the crystals of the sodium acetate trihydrate were melted by the energy supplied. After cooling, a metastable state was formed in the latent-heat store 2 by a supercooled melt, which state is maintained even over a fairly long period of time and can consequently store energy. The energy-autarchic sensor 1 furthermore comprises a thermoelectric converter 3 that is installed immediately adjacent to the latent-heat store 2. The thermoelectric converter 3 converts thermal energy into electrical energy. The thermoelectric converter 3 is connected to a circuit 4 via a conductor 3a. The circuit 4 is preferably a low-power circuit that has only a low energy requirement. The circuit 4 generates a signal that is transmitted via a conductor 4a to a signal transmission device 5. The signal transmission device 5 is a wireless device for transmitting a signal to a diagrammatically shown evaluation unit 7 that has a receiver 6. Together with the energy-autarchic sensor 1, the evaluation unit 7 forms an eriergy-autarchic system for detecting and evaluating a pressure or a touch.
The function of the sensor 1 according to the invention with the above design is as follows. If a pressure change occurs in an environment of the sensor 1 to be kept under surveillance, it is transmitted via the flexible region 2a of the jacket of the latent-heat store 2 to the sodium acetate trihydrate contained in the latent-heat store 2. In Figure 1, said pressure change is indicated by the arrow P. Under these circumstances, the flexible jacket 2 acts like a membrane, a nucleus formation occurring in the sodium acetate trihydrate owing to the movement of the flexible jacket 2a, which results in a crystallization that continues in an avalanche fashion. This releases heat of crystallization in the latent-heat store 2, which heat of crystallization is converted into electrical energy by the thermoelectric converter 3. Said electrical energy is fed to the circuit 4, which generates a corresponding signal that is transmitted via the conductor 4a to the signal transmission device 5. The signal can be transmitted wirelessly by the signal transmission device 5 to the evaluation unit 7.
Under these circumstances, the function of the sensor 1 is identical to when, for example, the flexible region 2a of the jacket is touched by a person or an object or the like.
According to the invention, the touch is at the same time also used to supply energy to the sensor 1. Consequently, the sensor 1 can remain in a type of stand-by mode at a location until a predefined event, such a pressure change or a touch occurs and the sensor 1 then generates a corresponding signal. In this connection, the energy generation based on the latent-heat store 2 is long-term, for example over several years, and the supply of energy by means of the latent-heat store 2 preferably extends over a time period of about one hour. The use of the wireless signal transmission device 5 makes it possible that the sensor 1 can be cable-free. Cables are not necessary either for the supply of energy or for data transmission. This makes possible a high flexibility of the energy-autarchic sensor and, in particular, a permanent installation at inaccessible locations. The sensor 1 according to the invention is consequently activated only if the predefined event occurs and does not require either maintenance or any other form of monitoring.
Let it be noted that the sensor 1 of the first exemplary embodiment can alternatively be additionally equipped with a store that stores the signal generated by the circuit 4.
The store can be read out by means of a suitable device.
Figure 2 shows a sensor 1 in accordance with a second exemplary embodiment, identical or functionally identical parts being designated with the same reference symbols as in the first exemplary embodiment.
The sensor 1 of the second exemplary embodiment likewise comprises a latent-heat sensor 2, a thermoelectric converter 3 and a circuit 4. However, instead of a signal transmission device, the sensor 1 of the second exemplary embodiment comprises a store 8 that is connected via a conductor 4a to the circuit 4. The store 8 serves to store the signal generated by the circuit 4. Furthermore provided at the store B is an interface 9 via which the store 8 can be read out by a readout device 10. The reading-out preferably takes place wirelessly, but the interface could also be a plug receptacle that can be connected to the readout device. In other respects, this exemplary embodiment corresponds to the preceding exemplary embodiment so that reference can be made to the description given there.
Figure 3 shows a sensor 1 in accordance with a third exemplary embodiment of the invention, identical or functionally identical parts being designated with the same reference symbols as in the first exemplary embodiment. As in Figure 3, the third exemplary embodiment corresponds essentially to the first exemplary embodiment, but in this case a camera 11 is also additionally provided as a surveillance device. The camera 11 is connected via a conductor 4b to the circuit 4, with the result that a supply of energy to the camera 11 by the thermoelectric converter 3 is possible via the conductor 3a and the circuit 4. The camera 11 is furthermore connected via a conductor ha to the signal transmission device 5, which is wireless. As a result a picture recorded by the camera 11 can be transmitted via the signal transmission device 5 to an evaluation unit 7. Since thermal energy is released by the latent-heat store 2 over a fairly long period of time, the supply of energy to the camera 11 is ensured over a fairly long period of time, with the result that the camera is ready for use over said period of time. A microphone or the like can also be provided in addition to or as an alternative to the camera. The camera recording may also be stored in a store and only read out at a later point in time. As a result, energy is not necessary for providing a transmission power for transmitting the camera recording.
Let it be noted that, in all the exemplary embodiments shown, a further optical and/or acoustic signal generator can, for example, also be provided in addition for emitting a warning signal. A sensor according to the invention is suitable, in particular, for uses in which the sensor has to indicate only a single touch or pressure change and then has in any case to be replaced for safety reasons. In connection with a store or a surveillance device such as a camera, a data recording or an optical and/or acoustic surveillance can be performed over a fairly long period of time by maintaining the energy source of the latent-heat store 2. In this connection, the sensor according to the invention can be used particularly variably, in particular if a wireless signal transmission device is provided.
Claims (12)
- Claims 1. Sensor for detecting a pressure and/or a touch, comprising -alatent-heat store (2), -a thermoelectric converter (3) for converting thermal energy from the latent-heat store into electrical energy, -a circuit (4) that is connected to the thermoelectric converter (3) for generating a signal if a pressure change and/or a touch has been detected, and -a signal transmission device (5) for transmitting the signal and/or a store (8) for storing the signal.
- 2. Sensor according to Claim 1, characterized in that the signal transmission device (5) is embodied as a wireless signal transmission device.
- 3. Sensor according to Claim 2, characterized in that the wireless signal transmission device preferably transmits signals optically and/or acoustically and/or by radio and/or inductively.
- 4. Sensor according to any one of the preceding claims, furthermore comprising a surveillance device (11) that is connected to the circuit (4) and that is switched on by the signal generated by the circuit (4).
- 5. Sensor according to Claim 4, characterized in that the surveillance device (11) preferably comprises a camera and/or a microphone.
- 6. Sensor according to Claim 4 or 5, characterized in that the surveillance device (11) can be supplied with energy by means of the thermoelectric converter (3)
- 7. Sensor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the latent-heat store (2) is regenerable.
- 8. Sensor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a jacket of the latent-heat store (2) has at least one flexible region (2a) that is deformable if a pressure change and/or a touch occurs, in order to start a heat generation in the latent-heat store (2)
- 9. Sensor according to any one of the preceding claims, furthermore comprising an optical and/or acoustic signal generator that is connected to the circuit (4) and emits an optical and/or acoustic warning signal on receiving a signal from the circuit (4)
- 10. Sensor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the latent-heat store (2) has a size that makes possible a longer-term energy supply of at least one minute, preferably at least 10 minutes more preferably at least 1 hour.
- 11. Sensor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the latent-heat store (2) comprises sodium acetate trihydrate.
- 12. A sensor substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102006050040.7A DE102006050040B4 (en) | 2006-10-24 | 2006-10-24 | Energy-autonomous pressure or touch sensor |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB0720681D0 GB0720681D0 (en) | 2007-12-05 |
| GB2443316A true GB2443316A (en) | 2008-04-30 |
| GB2443316B GB2443316B (en) | 2011-04-13 |
Family
ID=38829711
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0720681A Expired - Fee Related GB2443316B (en) | 2006-10-24 | 2007-10-19 | A pressure or touch sensor |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE102006050040B4 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2443316B (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8474150B2 (en) | 2009-10-28 | 2013-07-02 | Dr. Johannes Heidenhain Gmbh | Probe system and method for operating a probe system |
| US20140048115A1 (en) * | 2011-05-09 | 2014-02-20 | Nec Corporation | Position detection device |
| US10406304B2 (en) | 2014-03-17 | 2019-09-10 | Aptar Radolfzell Gmbh | Dispenser having electronic actuation detection |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102010014253A1 (en) * | 2010-04-08 | 2011-10-13 | Martin Meyer | Device for use with image acquisition unit for reading meter reading display of meter, particularly gas-, current- or water meter, comprises image acquisition unit which is continuously charged outside image acquisition process |
| DE102010048439A1 (en) * | 2010-10-15 | 2012-04-19 | Focke & Co. (Gmbh & Co. Kg) | Device for producing and / or packaging tobacco industry products, preferably cigarettes and / or cigarette packets |
| JP2022548873A (en) * | 2019-09-19 | 2022-11-22 | フラバ ベー．フェー． | Sensor network configuration |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0111632A1 (en) * | 1982-11-23 | 1984-06-27 | Flachglas Aktiengesellschaft | Protection system for windows, doors or the like |
| US4849121A (en) * | 1985-07-20 | 1989-07-18 | Wolfgang Dinter | Latent heat store |
| DE19724769A1 (en) * | 1997-06-12 | 1998-12-17 | D T S Ges Zur Fertigung Von Du | Energy self-sufficient sensor system for detecting unwanted heat |
| EP1343127A1 (en) * | 2002-03-07 | 2003-09-10 | USC Corporation | Security device and security system |
| GB2414082A (en) * | 2004-05-10 | 2005-11-16 | Lear Corp | Thermoelectrically energised tire pressure monitor |
| JP2006156298A (en) * | 2004-12-01 | 2006-06-15 | Toyota Motor Corp | Fuel cell stack |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7406185B2 (en) * | 2003-04-16 | 2008-07-29 | Ligh Tuning Technology Inc. | Thermoelectric sensor for fingerprint thermal imaging |
-
2006
- 2006-10-24 DE DE102006050040.7A patent/DE102006050040B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-10-19 GB GB0720681A patent/GB2443316B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0111632A1 (en) * | 1982-11-23 | 1984-06-27 | Flachglas Aktiengesellschaft | Protection system for windows, doors or the like |
| US4849121A (en) * | 1985-07-20 | 1989-07-18 | Wolfgang Dinter | Latent heat store |
| DE19724769A1 (en) * | 1997-06-12 | 1998-12-17 | D T S Ges Zur Fertigung Von Du | Energy self-sufficient sensor system for detecting unwanted heat |
| EP1343127A1 (en) * | 2002-03-07 | 2003-09-10 | USC Corporation | Security device and security system |
| GB2414082A (en) * | 2004-05-10 | 2005-11-16 | Lear Corp | Thermoelectrically energised tire pressure monitor |
| JP2006156298A (en) * | 2004-12-01 | 2006-06-15 | Toyota Motor Corp | Fuel cell stack |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8474150B2 (en) | 2009-10-28 | 2013-07-02 | Dr. Johannes Heidenhain Gmbh | Probe system and method for operating a probe system |
| US20140048115A1 (en) * | 2011-05-09 | 2014-02-20 | Nec Corporation | Position detection device |
| US9343647B2 (en) * | 2011-05-09 | 2016-05-17 | Nec Corporation | Position detection device |
| US10406304B2 (en) | 2014-03-17 | 2019-09-10 | Aptar Radolfzell Gmbh | Dispenser having electronic actuation detection |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102006050040B4 (en) | 2017-06-29 |
| GB0720681D0 (en) | 2007-12-05 |
| DE102006050040A1 (en) | 2008-04-30 |
| GB2443316B (en) | 2011-04-13 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20111019 |