GB2426333A - Sensor device for the measurement of concentration in liquid mixtures - Google Patents
Sensor device for the measurement of concentration in liquid mixtures Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2426333A GB2426333A GB0501155A GB0501155A GB2426333A GB 2426333 A GB2426333 A GB 2426333A GB 0501155 A GB0501155 A GB 0501155A GB 0501155 A GB0501155 A GB 0501155A GB 2426333 A GB2426333 A GB 2426333A
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- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- swelling
- polymer
- branched
- linked
- cross
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013013 elastic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002528 anti-freeze Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001739 density measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N19/00—Investigating materials by mechanical methods
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
- B32B38/18—Handling of layers or the laminate
- B32B38/1866—Handling of layers or the laminate conforming the layers or laminate to a convex or concave profile
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/02—Physical, chemical or physicochemical properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2250/00—Layers arrangement
- B32B2250/02—2 layers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/51—Elastic
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N19/00—Investigating materials by mechanical methods
- G01N19/10—Measuring moisture content, e.g. by measuring change in length of hygroscopic filament; Hygrometers
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Fluid Adsorption Or Reactions (AREA)
Abstract
This invention is a low cost, potentially disposable, means to permit the evaluation of the concentration of a particular liquid dispersed in a mixture of liquids. The invention comprises a cross-linked, branched or entangled polymer selected such that the polymer absorbs and is swollen by the target liquid but is inert to the other liquids in the mixture. The swelling of the cross-linked, branched or entangled polymer is measured either directly or by bonding the polymer to an inert substrate such that the swelling phenomenon exhibits as bending or other measurable movement.
Description
Sensor Device This invention relates to the detennination of concentration
of one miscible liquid dispersed in another. The invention is particularly apposite to the determination of methanol concentration in water but is equally applicable to other solvent mixtures and is not in any way limited to binary mixtures.
Determination of the concentration of one liquid in a mixture is generally tackled by a number of methodologies as can be summaries thus:- 1. Density measurement - possible where one component has a different density to the others.
2. Optical measurement - determination of refractive index 3. Measurement of boiling or freezing point 4. Physical separation Each of the above methodologies, together with a host of variants and material specific methods, find application in industrial processes. In general I and 2 are conducted via an automated electronic instrument whilst 3 and 4 require an operator to undertake the physical procedure.
For industrial processes the above methods are entirely satisfactory. However, the situation commonly arises where it is desirable to have a sensor contained within a consumer product that is able to give a reasonably precise measure of concentration using a sensor system that is of low cost. A good example of such might be the evaluation of the concentration of antifreeze in the coolant water of an automobile.
Such measurement might prevent unsatisfactory operation and the possibility of severe engine damage in the event that the coolant became frozen. However, for this application the expense or complexity of existing methods is unsatisfactory and there are no commonly available systems for such measurement. A second example is the control of methanol concentration in direct methanol fuel cells. For this application the methanol concentration in water is generally controlled in the range of 5 to 50%.
Direct methanol fuel cell systems have considerable constraint on cost, size and complexity, all of which are hampering the development of viable commercial systems. This invention addresses the need for a sensor device that is essentially disposable in such systems.
The invention disclosed hereby is a mechanism by which relatively precise indications of the concentration of one liquid in a mixture can be obtained. The device is of low intrinsic cost and is designed for applications where the sensor might be deemed disposable by virtue of the application, or where the cost benefit equation associated with the sensor will only permit the use of a low cost solution.
The device utilises the well documented propensity of certain crosslinked or branched polymers to swell in solvent media. The swelling phenomenon is the result of solvation of the polymer molecules, which are unable to dissolve due to the presence of a chemical or entanglement network structure. The degree of swelling is normally described using the Flory-Rhener equation, Eqn 1.
-[ln(1-v)+v +y] - V1(v2113-05v2) Eqnl Where n is the mean molecular weight between cross- linkages or entanglements in the polymer, V2 is the volume fraction of polymer in the swollen mass, V1 is the molar volume of the solvent, and x is the polymer-solvent interaction term.
The Flory Rehner equation is of low practical utility, as it tends to offer predictive accuracy only when the polymer is loosely cross-linked and the solvent exhibits no site specific interactions with the polymer backbone. The important feature of the equation is the observation that the solvent term XV22 is by far the largest parameter in most polymer swelling systems and the interaction of the polymer with the solvent is the principal determinant of the degree of swelling.
When the solvent which interacts with the polymer is a binary mixture of two liquids, one of which is a good solvent for the polymer and one of which is a less effective solvent, the degree of swelling exhibited by the polymer is significantly dependent on the mixed solvent composition. This forms the theoretical basis for the measurement system in this disclosure. In simplest form, a polymer having a high degree of swelling in one component, A, of a multi-component liquid mixture is allowed to contact the mixture and exhibit swelling to a degree which is markedly dependent on the concentration of A. This swelling is measured and used to estimate the concentration of A contained in the multi-component mixture.
In a more complex embodiment of this invention, a polymer that exhibits significant swelling in one component of a multi-component liquid mixture is constrained by an elastic material which is inert to all components in the mixture. On exposure to the multi-component liquid mixture, the swelling polymer will expand to a degree dependent of the concentration of the swelling component in the mixture. Such swelling can be made to exhibit as bending or stretching of the non-swelling material.
This effect can form the basis of a number of sensors whereby the swelling process gives rise to a visual or, by suitable coupling, an electronic indication of concentration. The laminate of the swelling and non-swelling polymer operates, in many respects, in a similar fashion to a bimetallic strip used for temperature sensing.
The bimetallic strip bends in response to increasing temperature due to the effect of differential expansion of the two components. In this invention the strip is comprised of a solvent swelling and non-swelling material and exhibits bending in response to solvent concentration.
There are a number of options for the implementations of this concept. A number of preferred embodiments will now be described by way of example of practical mechanisms by which the invention might find application as a sensor. The examples presented are in no way intended to describe all possible implementations of the invention but are merely demonstrative of the range of applications. The embodiments will be described by reference to the following diagrams Figure 1 A perspective view of a sensor strip element as produced Figure 2 A perspective view of a sensor strip element on exposure to the swelling solvent Figure 3 A perspective view of a dial gauge such as may be used for the visual measurement of concentration Figure 4 A perspective view of a dial gauge for the visual measurement of concentration Figure 5 A sectional view of the active element used in figure 5 Figure 6 A perspective view of an adaptation of the sensor strip to permit electronic output Figure 7 A perspective view of an adaptation of the sensor strip to permit electronic output
Embodiment example I
A bi-polymer strip is produced from two polymer materials bonded together as shown in Figure I. The strip is composed of a thin film, I, of an elastic material that is resistant to swelling in any component of the liquid mixture. The inert strip is bonded to a film of a cross-linked, branched or entangled polymer, 3, that swells significantly in one component of the liquid mixture. The two strips are bonded together using a thin film of adhesive, 2, that is inert to the solvent mixture.
On exposure to the swelling agent the swellable layer swells to a degree which is dependent upon the swelling agent solution composition. The lack of similar swelling in the inert layer results in progressive bending of the composite strut with larger curvature resulting from a higher concentration of swelling agent. A representation of the strut after exposure to swelling agent solution is shown in figure 2. The curvature of the strut can be used as a direct measure of swelling agent concentration. For efficacious operation the strut should be manufactured to be as thin as is feasible, ideally less than 10mm and most ideally less than 1mm.
Embodiment Example 2
The rotary dial gauge of Figure 3 is a utilization of the principle of this invention to yield a visual indication of concentration by movement of a needle, 10, along a scale, 11. The rotary gauge consists of a rigid support, 4, bearing the needle, 10, mounted on a freely rotating spindle, 13. The stand also bears two horizontal low friction rods, 5, made of a low friction, highly polished material. A filament of a polymer, 6, that exhibits modest swelling in the solvent of interest, is connected to the end of one of the polished rods by suitable adhesive, 7, and is wound around the two rods, 5, and ultimately connected via suitable adhesive to a side spur, 9, from the needle, 10. The filament is held under a small degree of tension by a spiral spring, 8, which connects to the needle at 14 and to the rigid support at 12. On exposure to a liquid mixture of two components, one of which swells the polymer filament, 6, the filament swells by an amount that is proportional to the concentration of the swelling agent and in so doing is increased in length. The increase in filament length is translated to movement of the needle, 10, against the scale, II, such that the concentration can be directly read.
For optimal operation it is desirable that the swelling and de-swelling of the filament should be completely reversible and without hysteresis. For this reason it is desirable, but not essential, that the degree of swelling exhibited by the filaments should be small, preferably less than 1% and most preferably less than 0.25% when calculated on a linear basis.
Embodiment Example 3
The rotary dial gauge of Figure 4 is a utilization of the principle of this invention to yield a visual indication of concentration by movement of a needle, 16, along a dial scale, 15. The rotary gauge consists of a rigid support 21 bearing a freely pivoted needle, 16, which turns on the shaft, 19. The needle, 16, and support, 21, are connected via a spiral construction consisting of a spiral metal spring, 17, coated on one side with a strongly adherent swellable polymer, 24, shown in detail in Figure 5.
On exposure to a solvent solution, wherein one component of the solution exhibits significant swelling of the polymer from which 24 is produced, the coating will swell, resulting in an increased curvature in the spring component and thereby rotation of the needle 16. The degree of swelling of the coating 24, and thereby the swelling agent concentration, can be read directly from the position of the needle, 16, against the scale, 15.
Embodiment Example 4
An electronic output suitable for interfacing with electronic instrumentation can be produced from embodiment example I, via the attachment of a commercial strain gauge to the non-swelling element of the composite strip as shown in Figure 6. As the swellable polymer, 27, is exposed to the swelling agent, the strip bends as in embodiment example 1. The resultant strain is converted to an electrical resistance or other signal by the strain gauge and interfaced with suitable electronics to yield a readable output. Where the strain gauge is of a type in which the gauge is mounted on a strip of polymeric material, this embodiment can be produced by simply coating one side of the gauge with the swellable polymer. The high sensitivity of the strain gauge means that this embodiment is ideal for more precise measurements where the variability can be minimized by selecting a swellable polymer having a low degree of swelling in the target solvent.
Embodiment Example 5
Figure 7 shows a composite strip comprised of a cross-linked, branched or entangled polymer, 31, bonded by suitable adhesive, 32, to a flexible strut, 33. On exposure to a solvent mixture, wherein one component of that mixture is able to swell the cross- linked, branched or entangled polymer the composite strip exhibits bending. In bending the strip acts against a load cell, 34, of the type commonly found in precision weighing apparatus. The stress within the sensor strip, due to the swelling of the cross-linked, branched or entangled polymer, results in measurable force acting against the load cell. Measurement of the magnitude this force allows estimation of the swelling agent concentration.
Claims (8)
- Claims I claim I. The use of the solvent swelling phenomenon observed incertain cross-linked, branched or entangled polymers for the measurement of concentration in liquid mixtures containing at least one component which is a swelling agent for the polymer, whereby the measurement is effected by some measure of the degree of swelling of the cross linked, branched or entangled polymer.
- 2. The use of a construct having at least two layers, one of which is a cross- linked, branched or entangled polymer and one of which is inert to solvents, such that the swelling of the cross-linked, branched or entangled polymer, when used according to claim I, can be measured by reference to the inert layer.
- 3. A device according to claims 1 and 2 whereby the construct is a duplex structure consisting of a cross-linked, branched or entangled polymer in close proximity to a substrate which is inert to solvents, and such that the swelling of the cross linked, branched or entangled polymer can be measured by reference to the inert substrate.
- 4. A device according to claims I and 2 whereby the construct is a duplex layer structure of a cross-linked, branched or entangled polymer bonded or otherwise affixed to a substrate which is inert to solvents.
- 5. A device as in claims 3 and 4 whereby the swelling of the cross-linked, branched or entangled polymer manifests as bending of the duplex construct.
- 6. A device as in claim 5 where the bending is used to deflect a pointer or needle to give a reading against a scale.
- 7. A device as in claim 5 where the bending action acts against a strain sensitive electronic component to yield an electrical output.
- 8. A device as in claim 5 where the bending action acts against a stress sensitive electronic component to yield an electrical output.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0501155A GB2426333A (en) | 2005-01-20 | 2005-01-20 | Sensor device for the measurement of concentration in liquid mixtures |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0501155A GB2426333A (en) | 2005-01-20 | 2005-01-20 | Sensor device for the measurement of concentration in liquid mixtures |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB0501155D0 GB0501155D0 (en) | 2005-03-02 |
| GB2426333A true GB2426333A (en) | 2006-11-22 |
Family
ID=34259376
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0501155A Withdrawn GB2426333A (en) | 2005-01-20 | 2005-01-20 | Sensor device for the measurement of concentration in liquid mixtures |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2426333A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013212539A1 (en) * | 2013-06-27 | 2015-01-15 | Carl Von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg | Method of analysis |
| US20160033389A1 (en) * | 2014-07-03 | 2016-02-04 | The Governors Of The University Of Alberta | Stimulus responsive polymeric system |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS63208743A (en) * | 1987-02-25 | 1988-08-30 | Shin Kobe Electric Mach Co Ltd | Detection of concentration of acid or alkali |
| US5898004A (en) * | 1996-11-06 | 1999-04-27 | University Of Pittsburgh Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education | Polymerized crystalline colloidal array sensors |
| DE19833099C1 (en) * | 1998-07-23 | 1999-10-28 | Sandler Helmut Helsa Werke | Concentration measurement for pollutants in gases and liquids |
| DE19828093A1 (en) * | 1998-06-24 | 2000-01-13 | Univ Dresden Tech | Quantitative and qualitative measurement device for solution properties |
| WO2001016575A1 (en) * | 1999-08-27 | 2001-03-08 | M-Biotech, Inc. | Glucose biosensor |
| DE10129987A1 (en) * | 2001-06-12 | 2003-01-02 | Univ Dresden Tech | Sensor for measuring the presence and concentration of chemical components in liquids comprises a semiconductor chip with at least one thin edge area of a swellable polymer |
| WO2004027393A1 (en) * | 2002-09-20 | 2004-04-01 | The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. | Molecular recognition sensor system |
-
2005
- 2005-01-20 GB GB0501155A patent/GB2426333A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS63208743A (en) * | 1987-02-25 | 1988-08-30 | Shin Kobe Electric Mach Co Ltd | Detection of concentration of acid or alkali |
| US5898004A (en) * | 1996-11-06 | 1999-04-27 | University Of Pittsburgh Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education | Polymerized crystalline colloidal array sensors |
| DE19828093A1 (en) * | 1998-06-24 | 2000-01-13 | Univ Dresden Tech | Quantitative and qualitative measurement device for solution properties |
| DE19833099C1 (en) * | 1998-07-23 | 1999-10-28 | Sandler Helmut Helsa Werke | Concentration measurement for pollutants in gases and liquids |
| WO2001016575A1 (en) * | 1999-08-27 | 2001-03-08 | M-Biotech, Inc. | Glucose biosensor |
| DE10129987A1 (en) * | 2001-06-12 | 2003-01-02 | Univ Dresden Tech | Sensor for measuring the presence and concentration of chemical components in liquids comprises a semiconductor chip with at least one thin edge area of a swellable polymer |
| WO2004027393A1 (en) * | 2002-09-20 | 2004-04-01 | The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. | Molecular recognition sensor system |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
| Title |
|---|
| BAI, Univ of New Hampshire, Fiber optic chemical sensors based on polymer swelling and shrinking * |
| BASHIR et al; Micromechanical cantilever as an ultrasensitive pH microsensor, Applied Physics Letters, 81, 2002, 3091-3093 * |
| ONG et al; Magnetism-based remote query glucose sensors, Sensors, 2001, 1, 138-147 * |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013212539A1 (en) * | 2013-06-27 | 2015-01-15 | Carl Von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg | Method of analysis |
| DE102013212539B4 (en) * | 2013-06-27 | 2015-07-23 | Carl Von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg | Method and apparatus for analysis |
| US20160033389A1 (en) * | 2014-07-03 | 2016-02-04 | The Governors Of The University Of Alberta | Stimulus responsive polymeric system |
| US9759648B2 (en) * | 2014-07-03 | 2017-09-12 | The Governors Of The University Of Alberta | Stimulus responsive polymeric system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB0501155D0 (en) | 2005-03-02 |
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| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |