GB2417326A

GB2417326A - Resistive or capacitive position transducer

Info

Publication number: GB2417326A
Application number: GB0418671A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Anders Lenning
Original assignee: Autoliv Development AB
Current assignee: Autoliv Development AB
Priority date: 2004-08-20
Filing date: 2004-08-20
Publication date: 2006-02-22
Anticipated expiration: 2024-08-20
Also published as: WO2006036097A1; GB0418671D0; GB2417326B

Abstract

A sensor 12 measures the position of one object 11 relative to another 15 using the position of a bend 10 in a flexible element 1 linking the two. The element has an electrical characteristic, which may be resistance or capacitance, which varies according to the bend position. The flexible strip may have a resistivity that varies along is length, for example by varying the cross section of the strip; or a capacitance that varies along its length, for example by varying the thickness of a dielectric. The bend is detected via resistance using a material which increases its resistance when bent, or via capacitance using a pair of conductors which are brought closer by the compression of a dielectric between them. The device may be deployed with the flexible element bent through 180 degrees, or passing over a roller or in a rotatable shaft to measure angular displacement.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION

"A POSITION SENSOR" THE PRESENT INVENTION relates to a sensor for measuring the position of a first object relative to a second object and to an arrangement employing such a sensor.

Various sensors are known for measuring the position of a first object moveable relative to a second object. One such sensor involves the use of a potentiometer having a sliding contact. However, a problem with this type of sensor is that the sliding contact can be worn with use and consequently measurements can become unreliable.

There are sensors for which no contact is made by the sensor between the first and second objects, referred to hereafter as contactless sensors.

Examples of such sensors include optical or magnetic sensors, which when secured to the first object respond to optical or magnetic markings on the second object. Other contactless sensors include optical and acoustic transceivers for transmitting and receiving a signal between the two objects.

Although contactless sensors do not normally suffer from the reliability problems normally associated with sliding contacts, they are generally complex and / or expensive.

An additional problem with many sensors is that they are capable of measuring only a change in the position of the first object relative to the second object. The sensors are not therefore able to measure the absolute position of S the first object relative to the second object and require re-calibrating with every reset, e.g. whenever the power is turned off and on.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a sensor that overcomes one or more of the aforementioned problems.

Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a sensor for securing to a first object and a second object and for measuring the position of the first object relative to the second object, the sensor comprising a flexible bend-responsive element having a characteristic that may be measured electrically and which varies as a function of a position of a bend in the element.

By securing the sensor to both the first and second objects, the sensor does not suffer from the reliability problems normally associated with sensors that employ sliding contacts. Additionally, owing to its relative simplicity, the sensor is generally less expensive and complex than many contactless sensors.

The cross-section of the bend-responsive element, e.g. width and/or thickness, preferably varies along the length of the element. Moreover, the change in cross-section preferably varies linearly along the length of the element such that the characteristic to be measured varies linearly with bending position.

The characteristic of the bend-responsive element may be electrical resistance, with the resistivity of the element preferably varying along its length. This may be achieved, for example, by means of a layer of an electrically conductive material whose resistance increases upon bending.

Alternatively, the characteristic to be measured may be electrical capacitance, with the bend-responsive element comprising a dielectric sandwiched between a pair of electrically conductive layers. The dielectric is compressible such that the electrical capacitance of the bend-responsive element increases upon bending. The thickness and/or the dielectric constant of the dielectric may vary along the length of the element.

The sensor preferably includes four bend-responsive elements arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration, such that the sensitivity and accuracy of the sensor is improved.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides a sensor arrangement for measuring the position of a first object relative to a second object, the first and second objects being moveable with respect to one another, the arrangement comprising: a sensor having a first portion secured to the first object, a second portion secured to the second object, and a bend formed in the sensor at a position between the first and second portions, wherein the sensor arrangement is configured such that position of the bend in the sensor is caused to move as the first object moves relative to the second object, and the sensor comprises a flexible bend- responsive element having a characteristic that may be measured electrically and which varies as a function of a position of a bend in the sensor; and means for measuring the characteristic of the bend- responsive element to obtain information regarding the position of the first object relative to the second object.

The bend formed in the sensor is preferably about 180. Moreover, the sensor preferably comprises a U-shaped strip.

The sensor arrangement may be configured so that the position of the bend in the sensor is caused to move as the first object moves laterally relative to the second object. As a result information regarding the lateral position of the first object relative to the second object is obtained. Alternatively, the sensor arrangement may be configured such that the position of the bend in the sensor is caused to move as the first object moves rotationally relative to the second object. Consequently, information regarding the angular position of the first object relative to the second object may be obtained.

In a preferred embodiment of the sensor arrangement, the first and second objects are components of a motor vehicle. In particular, the first and second objects may be components of a seat and its mounting, a swab and back rest of a seat, or a pillar loop of a seat belt mechanism and its mounting.

In a third aspect, the present invention provides a method of measuring the position of a first object relative to a second object, the first and second objects being moveable with respect to one another, the method comprising the steps of: providing a sensor comprising a flexible bendresponsive element having a characteristic that may be measured electrically and which varies as a function of a position of a bend in the sensor; securing a first portion of the sensor to the first object and securing a second portion of the sensor to the second object; configuring the sensor such that a bend is formed in the sensor between the first and second portions, and the position of the bend is caused to move as the first object moves relative to the second object; and measuring the characteristic of the bend-responsive element to obtain information regarding the position of the first object relative to the second object.

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example with reference to accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 illustrates a sensor in accordance with the present invention; Figure 2 illustrates the specific electrical resistance measured at various points along the length of the sensor of Figure 1; Figure 3 illustrates the total electrical resistance measured across the sensor of Figure 1 as a function of bending position; Figure 4 illustrates an alternative sensor in accordance with the present invention; Figure 5 is a circuit diagram of the sensor of Figure 4; Figure 6 illustrates the total electrical resistance measured across the different junctions of the sensor of Figure 4 as a function of bending position; Figure 7 illustrates the potential difference measured across junctions C and D of the sensor of Figure 4 as a function of bending position; Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view of a further alternative sensor in accordance with the present invention; Figure 9 is a circuit diagram of the sensor of Figure 8; Figure 10 illustrates a sensor arrangement in accordance with the present invention; Figure 11 illustrates an alternative sensor arrangement in accordance with the present invention; Figure 12 illustrates a further alternative sensor arrangement in accordance with the present invention, the sensor arrangement being in a first position; Figure 13 illustrates the sensor arrangement of Figure 12 in a second position; and Figure 14 illustrates the sensor arrangement of Figure 12 in a third position.

Figure 1 illustrates a sensor 1 in accordance with the present invention.

The sensor 1 comprises a bend-responsive element 2 carried on a flexible substrate 3. The substrate 3 is generally rectangular having a length greater than that of the width, such that the sensor l resembles a strip. The bend- responsive element 2 comprises a thin layer of an electrically conductive material whose resistance increases upon bending. The sensor 1 also includes a pair of wires or conductive tracks 6 carried on the substrate 3 for connecting to a measuring device 30, such as an ohmmeter, each wire or track being connected to one end of the bend-responsive element 2. The measuring device measures the electrical resistance across the bend- responsive element 2.

The width of the bend-responsive element 2 is tapered along the length of the sensor 1, such that the element 2 is wider at one end 4 of the sensor 1.

Because the width of the bend-responsive element 2 varies along the length of the sensor l, the electrical resistance of the sensor 1 (as measured by the wires or tracks 6) depends not only upon whether the sensor 1 includes a bend but also upon the location of the bend, as will now be demonstrated with reference to Figures 2 and 3.

Figure 2 illustrates the specific electrical resistance, dR/dx, of the sensor at a particular position, x, along the length of the sensor 1. The graph includes two plots, the first illustrating the specific electrical resistance when the strip is unbent and the second illustrating the same measurement when the strip is bent by some fixed amount. A plan view of the bend-responsive element 2 is shown beneath the x axis, from which it can be seen that x = 0 corresponds to the end 4 of the sensor l for which the bend-responsive element 2 is widest. It can be seen from Figure 2 that the specific electrical resistance of the sensor l, when bent and unbent, increases as the width of the bend- responsive element 2 at the location of the bend decreases. Importantly, the gradient of the change in specific electrical resistance along the length of the sensor 1 is greater when the sensor 1 is bent than when it is unbent. Accordingly, the total electrical resistance across the sensor depends not only upon whether the sensor 1 is bent but also upon the location of the bend, as illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 3 illustrates the total electrical resistance, R. measured across the sensor 1 as a function of the location, x, of a bend in the sensor 1. Owing to the specific resistance behaviour of the sensor, as illustrated in Figure 2, the total resistance across the sensor 1 varies according to the location of the bend in the sensor 1. Consequently, the position of a bend in the sensor 1 may be determined by measuring the electrical resistance across the sensor 1.

The sensor 1 of the present invention may therefore be used to determine the position of a first object relative to a second object. This is achieved by securing one end 4 (or first portion) of the sensor 1 to the first object and the other end 5 (or second portion) of the sensor 1 to the second object. A bend is then formed in the sensor 1 between the two ends 4, 5 of the sensor 1, and the arrangement of the sensor 1 and objects is configured such that the position of the bend is caused to move when the first object is moved relative to the second object. As a result, movement of the first object brings about a change in position of the bend in the sensor l, resulting in a change in the electrical resistance of the sensor 1. Thus the electrical resistance measured by the measuring device 30 can be used as a measure of the position of the first object relative to the second object.

Figures 4 and 5 illustrate an alternative embodiment of a sensor 1 in accordance with the present invention. In this embodiment, the sensor 1 includes four identical bend-responsive elements 2a, 2b arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration. The bend-responsive elements 2a, 2b are aligned parallel to one another on the substrate 3. However, two of the bend responsive elements 2a are arranged such that tapering occurs in a first direction, whilst the tapering of the other two elements 2b is an opposite direction. In providing four bend-responsive elements 2a, 2b arranged in a bridge configuration, the sensitivity and accuracy of the sensor is improved.

Figure 6 shows the total electrical resistance, R. across each of the four bend-responsive elements 2a, 2b of the sensor 1 of Figure 4 as a function of bending position, x. Since the bend-responsive elements 2a between junctions B-C and A-B are aligned in the same direction, they share the same resistance behaviour with bending position. Similarly, the bend-responsive elements 2b between junctions B-D and A-C also share the same resistance behaviour with bending position. As the bending position moves along the sensor 1 in a direction x indicated in Figure 4, the resistance across the bend-responsive elements between junctions B-C and A-B increases, while the resistance of the bend-responsive elements between junctions B-D and A-C decreases.

The potential difference across junctions C and D of the sensor l of Figure 4, VC D, as a function of bending position, x, is shown in Figure 7. As the bending position moves along the sensor 1 in a direction indicated in Figure 4, the potential difference across junctions C and D gradually decreases.

Accordingly, the position of the bend in the sensor l can be determined by measuring the potential difference across this junction using a suitable measuring device 30, e.g. a Voltmeter.

The dashed lines in Figures 4 to 7 represent the position of a possible bend in the sensor 1. At this bending position, the potential difference at junction C is higher than that at junction B and therefore a positive VC D is measured by the measuring device 30 across the C-D junction.

In the embodiments of the sensor described thus far, the bend-responsive element 2 of the sensor 1 comprises an electrically conductive material whose resistance increases at a bend in the sensor 1. As a result, the total resistance across the sensor 1 varies as a function of bending position. Rather than a sensor 1 whose resistance varies as a function of bending position, the sensor l may alternatively be configured such that its capacitance or inductance varies as a function of bending position.

Figures 8 and 9 illustrate a further alternative embodiment of sensor 1 in accordance with the present invention, in which the capacitance of the sensor 1 varies as a function of bending position. As with the sensor 1 of Figure 4, the sensor 1 of Figure 8 comprises four bend-responsive elements 2 arranged in a bridge configuration. However, the sensor 1 may equally comprise a single bend-responsive element 2.

Each bend-responsive element 2 comprises a pair of conductive layers 7a, 7b which sandwich a dielectric 8. The dielectric 8 is made of a compressible material such that when the sensor 1 is bent, the separation of the conductive layers 7a, 7b decreases and therefore the capacitance of the bend- responsive element 2 increases. The widths of the conductive layers 7a, 7b are tapered along the length of the sensor 1 such that the specific capacitance of each bend-responsive element 2 varies along the length of the sensor 1.

Consequently, the total capacitance of the sensor 1 varies as a function of bending position. The position of the bend in the sensor 1 may therefore be determined by measuring the capacitance of the sensor 1 using a suitable measuring device 30, e.g. a Voltmeter.

The dielectric 8 serves as a carrier for the conductive layers 7a, 7b.

Consequently, there is no need for the sensor 1 to include a separate substrate 3.

Indeed, the same dielectric 8 is preferably common to all four bendresponsive elements 2 of the sensor 1 and is generally rectangular in shape such that the sensor 1 resembles a strip. Nevertheless, each bendresponsive element 2 may be formed individually and carried on a common substrate.

The sensor 1 further includes insulating layers 9 disposed over at least the conductive layers 7a, 7b of the bend-responsive elements 2. The insulating layers 9 serve to insulate the conductive layers 7a, 7b from the objects to which the sensor 1 is to be secured. Accordingly, should the objects, or at least the parts to which the sensor 1 is secured, be made of an insulating material then the insulating layers 9 may be omitted. s

As shown in Figure 9, the sensor 1 of Figure 8 is wired to an alternating current source. Moreover, junctions A and B are wired to a first conductive layers 7a of the bend-responsive elements 2, whilst junctions C and D are wired to the second conductive layers 7b of the bend- responsive elements 2. A measuring device 30, e.g. a Voltmeter, measures the potential difference across the C-D junction to provide a measure of the capacitance of the sensor 1.

The variation in the width of the bend-responsive elements 2 of the sensors 1 of Figures l, 4 and 8 is preferably linear along the length of the sensor 1. Accordingly, the total resistance or capacitance across the sensor 1 varies linearly with the bending position. Nevertheless, the variation in width of the bend-responsive element 2 need not be linear but may instead be tailored to suit. For example, the width of the bendresponsive element 2 may vary exponentially such that the sensitivity of the sensor 1 to changes in bending position increases at one end of the sensor 1. Alternatively, the width of the bend-responsive element 2 may vary in discrete steps such that the resistance across the sensor 1 similarly varies in discrete steps. With this particular arrangement, the resistance of the sensor 1 would therefore only change when the bend in the sensor l is moved by a specific amount.

In the embodiments of the sensor 1 described thus far, the width of the bend-responsive element 2 varies along the length of the sensor 1 such that the resistance, capacitance or inductance across the element 2 varies with bending position. It will be appreciated, however, that the same technical effect may be achieved by having a bend-responsive element 2 whose thickness, rather than its width, varies along the length of the sensor 1. Indeed, changes in the thickness of the element 2 may be used in addition to changes in width so as to increase the sensitivity of the sensor 1.

Where the bend-responsive element 1 comprises a paid of conductive layers 7a,7b which sandwich a dielectric 8, the thickness of the dielectric 8 may vary across the length of the sensor 1. Alternatively, or additionally, the dielectric constant of the dielectric 8 may vary across the length of the sensor 1.

Embodiments of a sensor arrangement employing the sensor l of the present invention will now be described with reference to Figures 10 to 14.

Figure 10 illustrates a first embodiment of a sensor arrangement in accordance with the present invention. The sensor arrangement is configured to measure the lateral position of a first object 11, which may be part of a vehicle seat, slideably mounted on a second object 12, which may be mounted on the floor of a vehicle.

The second object 12 comprises a base 13 to which are attached a pair of upright side walls 14, 15 which support a rail 16 positioned directly above the base 13. The rail 16 includes a pair of tracks 17 upon which the first object 11, e.g. a carriage, is slideably mounted.

A sensor 1 is housed within the second object 12 and is secured at one end 5 to the base 13 of the second object 12. The end 5 of the sensor 1 is secured to the base 13 at a point adjacent one of the upright side walls 15. The remainder of the sensor 1 extends along the base 13 towards the other side wall 14. Before reaching the other side wall 14, the sensor 1 is bent back upon itself so as to form a U-shaped bend 10. The other end 4 of the sensor 1 is secured to the first object 11 by means of a pin 18 which slots between the pair of tracks 17 of the rail 16.

5As the first object 11 is slid along the rail 16 of the second object 1 2, the end 4 of the sensor 1 secured to the first object l l is caused to move laterally.

As a result, the position of the bend 10 in the sensor 1 is also caused to move, resulting in a change in the resistance or capacitance of the sensor 1. By measuring the resistance or capacitance of the sensor 1, the position of the bend 1010 in the sensor 1 may be determined and consequently the position of the first object 11 relative to the second object 12 may be measured.

In this particular embodiment, the sensor 1 may be regarded as having a pair of legs, each leg extending either side of the U-shaped bend 10. The first 15leg extends from the bend 10 to the end 4 of the sensor 1 secured to the first object 11. The second leg extends from the bend 10 to the end 5 of the sensor 1 secured to the second object 12. The two legs are substantially parallel and their respective lengths change as the first object 11 is slid relative to the second object 12.

Figure 11 shows an alternative sensor arrangement in accordance with the present invention. As with the sensor arrangement of Figure 10, the arrangement of Figure 11 is configured to measure the lateral position of a first object 11 slideably mounted on a second object 12. Again, the second object 25comprises a base 13 attached to upright side walls 14, 15, which support a rail 16 above the base 13.

The sensor 1 is again housed within the second object 12 and is secured at one end 5 to a spring 19, or other resilient means. The end of the spring 19 remote from the end 5 of the sensor 1 is attached to the rail 16 of the second object 12 at a point adjacent a side wall 15. From the spring 19, the sensor I extends vertically downwards and passes around a roller 20 mounted within the second object. The roller may be mounted, as shown, by a pair of brackets to the base 13 of the second object 12. Alternatively, the second object 12 may include front and rear walls (not shown) and the roller 20 is mounted directly to these walls. The sensor 1 passes around the roller 20 to create a bend 10 in the sensor 1. After passing around the roller 20, the other end 4 of the sensor I is secured to the first object 11 by means of a pin 18, which again passes between the tracks 17 of the rail 16.

As the first object 11 is slid along the rail 16Ofthesecond object 12,the end 4 of the sensor 1 is also caused to move. When the first object 11 is moved in a direction away from the roller 20, the length of the sensor 1 between the end 4 attached to the first object and the roller 20 increases, and the length of the sensor between the end 5 attached to the spring 19 and the roller 20 decreases. Additionally, the spring 19 is stretched. When the first object 11 is instead moved in a direction towards the roller 20 of the second object 12, the tension in the spring 19 ensures that length of sensor 1 between the end 4 secured to the first object and the roller 20 decreases, whilst the length of sensor I between the end 5 secured to the spring 19 and the roller 20 increases.

Accordingly, as the first object 11 is moved along the rail 16 of a second object, the position of the bend 10 formed in the sensor 1 by the roller 20 is caused to move. This change in the position of the bend 10 is measured as changes in the resistance or capacitance of the sensor 1.

Again, the sensor 1 may be regarded as having a pair of legs on either side of the bend 10, the first leg extending from the bend 10 to the first object 11 and the second leg extending from the bend 10 to the spring 19. As the first object 11 is moved along the rail 16 of the second object 12, the respective lengths of the legs change.

Figures 12 to 14 illustrate a further embodiment of the sensor arrangement of the present invention. The sensor arrangement is configured to measure the angular position of a first object 11 which is rotatable relative to a second object 12. The three figures illustrate the sensor arrangement in three different angular positions.

The first object 11 is a cylindrical element and the second object 12 is a tubular sleeve arranged co-axially around the first object 11. The first object 11 is rotatable relative to the second object 12 about the coaxial axis.

Disposed between the first and second objects 11, 12 is a guiding means 21. The guiding means 21 comprises a substantially cylindrical collar arranged coaxially around the first object 11. The guiding means 21 is spaced from the first object 11 so as to create an inner annular passage 22 between the guiding means 21 and the first object 11. The guiding means 21 is also spaced from the second object 12 so as to create an outer annular passage 23 between the guiding means 21 and the second object 12.

The guiding means 21 includes a channel 24 which communicates the inner annular passage 22 to the outer annular passage 23, the channel 24 including a radial portion 25 and a circumferential portion 26.

The radial portion 25 of the channel 24 extends radially from the surface 27 of the guiding means 21 adjacent the inner annular passage 22 towards the surface 28 of the guiding means 21 adjacent the outer annular passage 23. The circumferential portion 26 is formed in a direction substantially parallel to the inner and outer annular passages 22, 23 and extends from the radial portion 25 to the surface 28 of the guiding means 21 adjacent the outer annular passage 23.

The radial portion 25 of the channel 24 is therefore normal to both the inner annular passage 22 and the circumferential portion 26 of the channel 24.

The sensor 1 is secured at one end 4 to the first object 11 and extends along at least a portion of the inner annular passage 22. The sensor 1 then continues along the channel 24 of the guiding means 21 and extends along at least a portion of the outer annular passage 23 before being secured at the other end 5 to the second object 12.

The sensor 1 extends along the inner annular passage 22 in a direction such that a U-shaped bend 10 is created in the sensor 1 by the guiding means 21 as the sensor 1 passes from the inner annular passage 22 to the circumferential portion 26 of the channel 24.

The guiding means 21 can be rotated independently of the first and second objects 11, 12 and ensures that a single bend 10 is formed in the sensor 1 as the first object 11 is rotated relative to the second object 12. The guiding means 21 is resiliently biased to rotate in an anti-clockwise direction. Although the sensor 1 is curved along the inner and outer annular passages 22, 23, as well as the circumferential portion 26 of the channel 24, the degree of curvature is small compared to that of the bend 10 in the sensor 1. Consequently, changes in the resistance or capacitance of the sensor 1, as the first object 11 is rotated, are due primarily to changes in the position of the bend 10.

Figure 12 illustrates the sensor arrangement in a first end position. In this position, the end 4 of the sensor 1 secured to the first object 11 is proximate the radial portion 25 of the channel 24, whilst ensuring that a bend 10 is maintained in the sensor 1. Were the first object 11 rotated anti-clockwise from this position, the bend 10 in the sensor 1 would be released. Consequently, anti-clockwise rotation of the first object 11 from this position is prohibited.

Rotation of the first object 11 is, however, permitted in a clockwise direction.

As the end 4 of the sensor 1 secured to the first object is proximate the radial portion 25 of the channel 24, the length of sensor I which extends along the inner annular passage 22 is relatively short (and is at a minimum).

Conversely, the length of sensor 1 which extends around the outer annular passage 23 is relatively long (and is at a maximum) in this first end position.

Figure 13 shows the sensor arrangement after the first object 11 has been rotated clockwise by 360 from the position of Figure 12. As the first object 11 is rotated clockwise, the end 4 of a sensor 1 secured to thefirst object 11 is pulled around the inner annular passage 22. Consequently, the length of sensor I which extends along the inner annular passage 22 increases. Moreover, the position of the bend 10 in the sensor 1 moves along the sensor 1 in a direction away from the end 4 of the sensor 1 secured to the first object 11. The guiding means 21 has moved by 180 against the resilient bias.

In this particular position, the sensor 1 may be regarded as having two legs on either side of the bend 10, the first leg extending from the bend 10 to the end 4 of the sensor 1 secured to the first object 11 and the other leg extending from the bend 10 to the end 5 secured to the second object 12.

Although the legs are curved, they may be regarded nevertheless as lying substantially parallel to one another. Again, as with the arrangements of Figures 10 and 11, the respective lengths of the legs vary as the first object 11 is rotated relative to the second object 12.

Figure 14 illustrates the sensor arrangement after the first object 11 has been rotated clockwise by a further 270 (i.e. roughly 630 from the first end position of Figure 12). The sensor 1 has been pulled further around the inner annular passage 22 and now extends completely around the inner annular passage 22. The guiding means 21 has also executed a further rotation against its bias. Consequently, were the first object 11 to be rotated further in a clockwise direction, a short circuit would be created between the end 4 of the sensor 1 and a portion of the sensor 1 located at the bend 10. The sensor arrangement of Figure 13 therefore represents a second end position, whereby further clockwise rotation of the first object l l relative to the second object 12 is prohibited.

In this second end position, the length of sensor 1 which extends around the inner annular passage 22 is relatively long (and is at a maximum) whilst the length of sensor 1 extending around the outer annular passage 23 is relatively short (and is at a minimum).

By employing a sensor that is secured to the objects whose relative positions are to be measured, the sensor arrangement of the present invention does not suffer from the reliability problems of sliding contacts. Additionally, the sensor of the present invention is relatively simple in construction and is therefore generally less expensive and complex than many contactless sensors.

Owing to the versatility of the sensor, it is anticipated that the sensor will have practical applications in many different fields. For example, the sensor may be used to measure the position of hydraulic and pneumatic pistons as used, for example, in the automation of production, as well as forest and construction machinery.

The sensor is intended to have applications in the automotive industry, and in particular as components of a vehicle interior. For example, in the sensor arrangements illustrated in Figures 10 and 11, the first and second objects may be, respectively, components of a seat and a rail mounted to the floor of a vehicle interior. Additionally, in the sensor arrangement of Figures 12 to 14, the first and second objects may be respectively components of a back rest and squab of a seat. Alternatively, the first and second objects may be respectively, components of a pillar loop of a seat belt mechanism and the mounting point within a vehicle. The sensor may also be used to measure the angular position of a steering wheel.

When used in this specification and claims, the terms "comprises" and "comprising" and variations thereof mean that the specified features, steps or integers are included. The terms are not to be interpreted to exclude the presence of other features, steps or components.

The features disclosed in the foregoing description, or the following claims, or the accompanying drawings, expressed in their specific forms or in terms of a means for performing the disclosed function, or a method or process for attaining the disclosed result, as appropriate, may, separately, or in any combination of such features, be utilised for realising the invention in diverse forms thereof.

Claims

CLAIMS: 1. A sensor for securing to a first object and to a second object

and for measuring the position of the first object relative to the second object, the sensor comprising a flexible bend-responsive element having a characteristic that may be measured electrically and which varies as a function of a position of a bend in the element.
2. A sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cross-section of the bendresponsive element varies along the length of the element.
3. A sensor as claimed in claim 2, wherein the change in cross-section of the bend-responsive element varies linearly along the length of the element.
4. A sensor as claimed in either claim 2 or 3, wherein the width of the bend-responsive element varies along the length of the element.
5. A sensor as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the thickness of the bend-responsive element varies along the length of the element.
6. A sensor arrangement as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the characteristic which varies as a function of a position of a bend in the element is electrical resistance.
7. A sensor as claimed in claim 6, wherein the resistivity of the bendresponsive element varies along the length of the element.
8. A sensor as claimed in either claim 6 or 7, wherein the bendresponsive element comprises a layer of an electrically conductive material whose electrical resistance increases upon bending.
9. A sensor as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the characteristic which varies as a function of a position of a bend in the element is electrical capacitance.
10. A sensor as claimed in claim 9, wherein the bend-responsive element comprises a dielectric sandwiched between a pair of electrically conductive layers, the dielectric being compressible such that the electrical capacitance of the bend-responsive element increases upon bending.

l 5
11. A sensor as claimed in claim 10, wherein the dielectric constant of the bend-responsive element varies along the length of the element.
12. A sensor as claimed in either claim 10 or 11, wherein the thickness of the dielectric layer varies along the length of the bend-responsive element.
13. A sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sensor comprises four bend-responsive elements arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration.
14. A sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bend-responsive element is carried by a flexible substrate.
15. A sensor arrangement for measuring the position of a first object relative to a second object, the first and second objects being moveable with respect to one another, the arrangement comprising: a sensor having a first portion secured to the first object, a second portion secured to the second object, and a bend formed in the sensor at a position between the first and second portions, wherein the sensor arrangement is configured such that position of the bend in the sensor is caused to move as the first object moves relative to the second object, and the sensor comprises a flexible bend-responsive element having a characteristic that may be measured electrically and which varies as a function of a position of a bend in the sensor; and a measuring device for measuring the characteristic of the bend- responsive element to obtain information regarding the position of the first object relative to the second object.
16. A sensor arrangement as claimed in claim 15, wherein the bend formed in the sensor is about 180 .
17. A sensor arrangement as claimed in either claim 15 or 16, wherein the sensor comprises a U-shaped strip.
18. A sensor arrangement as claimed in any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the cross-section of the bend-responsive element varies between the first and second portions of the sensor.
19. A sensor arrangement as claimed in claim 18, wherein the change in cross-section of the bend-responsive element varies linearly between the first and second portions of the sensor.
20. A sensor arrangement as claimed in either claim 18 or 19, wherein the width of the bend-responsive element varies between the first and second portions of the sensor.
21. A sensor arrangement as claimed in any one of claims 18 to 20, wherein the thickness of the bend-responsive element varies between the first and second portions of the sensor.
22. A sensor arrangement as claimed in any one of claims 15 to 21, wherein the characteristic which varies as a function of a position of a bend in the sensor is electrical resistance.
23. A sensor arrangement as claimed in claim 22, wherein the resistivity of the bend-responsive element varies between the first and second portions of the sensor.
24. A sensor arrangement as claimed in either claim 22 or 23, wherein the bend-responsive element comprises a layer of an electrically conductive material whose electrical resistance increases upon bending.
25. A sensor arrangement as claimed in any one of claims 15 to 21, wherein the characteristic which varies as a function of a position of a bend in the sensor is electrical capacitance.
26. A sensor arrangement as claimed in claim 25, wherein the bendresponsive element comprises a dielectric sandwiched between a pair of electrically conductive layers, the dielectric being compressible such that the electrical capacitance of the bend-responsive element increases upon bending.
27. A sensor arrangement as claimed in claim 26, wherein the dielectric constant of the bend-responsive element varies between the first and second portions of the sensor.
28. A sensor arrangement as claimed in either claim 26 or 27, wherein the thickness of the dielectric layer varies between the first and second portions of the sensor.
29. A sensor arrangement as claimed in any one claims 15 to 28, wherein the sensor comprises four bend-responsive elements arranged in a Wheatstone bridge configuration.
30. A sensor arrangement as claimed in any one of claims IS to 29, wherein IS the sensor arrangement is configured such that position of the bend in the sensor is caused to move as the first object moves laterally relative to the second object such that information regarding the lateral position of the first object relative to the second object is obtained.
31. A sensor arrangement as claimed in any one of claims 15 to 29, wherein the sensor arrangement is configured such that position of the bend in the sensor is caused to move as the first object moves rotationally relative to the second object such that information regarding the angular position of the first object relative to the second object is obtained.
32. A sensor arrangement as claimed in claim 30, wherein the first and second objects are respectively a seat and a mounting.
33. A sensor arrangement as claimed in claim 31, wherein the first and second objects are respectively a squab and a backrest of a seat, and the sensor arrangement measures the angular position of the backrest relative to the squab.
34. A sensor arrangement as claimed in claim 31, wherein the first and second objects are respectively a pillar loop of a seatbelt mechanism and a mounting within a vehicle, and the sensor arrangement measures the angular position of the pillar loop relative to the mounting.
35. A method of measuring the position of a first object relative to a second object, the first and second objects being moveable with respect to one another, the method comprising the steps of: providing a sensor comprising a flexible bend-responsive element having a characteristic that may be measured electrically and which varies as a function of a position of a bend in the sensor; securing a first portion of the sensor to the first object and securing a second portion of the sensor to the second object; configuring the sensor such that a bend is formed in the sensor between the first and second portions, and the position of the bend is caused to move as the first object moves relative to the second object; and measuring the characteristic of the bend-responsive element to obtain information regarding the position of the first object relative to the second object.
36. A sensor substantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings.
37. A sensor substantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in Figures 4 and 5 of the accompanying drawings.
38. A sensor substantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in Figures 8 and 9 of the accompanying drawings.
39. A sensor arrangement substantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in Figure 10 of the accompanying drawings.
40. A sensor arrangement substantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in Figure 11 of the accompanying drawings.
41. A sensor arrangement substantially as herein described with reference to and as shown in Figures 12 to 14 of the accompanying drawings.
42. Any novel feature or combination of features disclosed herein.