GB2408128A

GB2408128A - Configuration of a wireless network

Info

Publication number: GB2408128A
Application number: GB0326506A
Authority: GB
Inventors: Russell John Haines; Georgios Kalogridis
Original assignee: Toshiba Research Europe Ltd
Current assignee: Toshiba Europe Ltd
Priority date: 2003-11-13
Filing date: 2003-11-13
Publication date: 2005-05-18
Anticipated expiration: 2023-11-13
Also published as: GB2408128B; GB0326506D0

Abstract

A first device (34) of a wireless network (22) has a label (36) representing one or more characteristics of the first device (34). The label (36) is scanned (25) to extract the characteristics information (CI) from the label (36), and communicate it to a second device (24) of the network (22). Subsequent interactions between the first and second devices (34, 24) are configured in dependence upon the extracted characteristics information (CI).

Description

2408 1 28 s The present invention relates to a wireless network, a device

for use in a wireless network and a method of configuring a wireless network.

Figure] of the accompanying drawings is a block diagram illustrating the basic setup of a typical wireless network, such as a wireless local area network. The illustrated wireless network 2 comprises a primary device 4 in communication with a first secondary device 6 over a first wireless communications path 8 and also in communication with a second secondary device 10 over a second wireless communications path 12. ]5

To explain the process of installing a new device into a wireless network, Figure 1 also illustrates a third secondary device] 4 that is to be installed into the existing wireless network 2 such that wireless communication can be established between the primary device 4 and the third secondary device 14. As part of this procedure, the third secondary device 14 must communicate information CI relating to its physical characteristics, capabilities, functionality and identification to the primary device 4 so that subsequent interactions between the primary device 4 and the secondary device 14 can be configured accordingly.

For wireless local area networks to succeed in the mass consumer market, the tasks currently performed by skilled and computer-literate IT administrators must be automated or made foolproof. When a wireless local area network is being used for media provision around the home, with many potential secondary devices 14 attempting to gain access to the services provided by the primary device (or access point) 4, security is critical to protect resources and content within the home. One of the many weapons available for access protection is that of only allowing known devices onto the network. This process of physical address authentication is well known and commonly used.

One example of physical address authentication is the Media Access Control (MAC) Address Authentication procedure as part of the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network standard. The MAC address is a unique value associated with a network adapter, and is also known as a hardware address or physical address. A MAC address uniquely identifies an adapter on a local area network. MAC addresses are 12-digit hexadecimal numbers (48 bits in length). By convention, MAC addresses are usually written in the format "MM-MM-MM-SS-SS-SS", where the first half(MM-MM-MM) contains the ID number of the adapter manufacturer and the second half (SS-SS-SS) represents the seria] number assigned to the adapter by the manufacturer.

However, there are barriers to this powerful technique being adopted in the consumer market, mainly due to the complexity involved in entering the lengthy code correctly into a device by an inexperienced user. This is made even more difficult and error- prone in view of the limited user interface available on many such devices (for example, on a hi-fi). The provision of a more complex user interface (for example a full keyboard, or a method for connecting a Personal Computer to the device) would be expensive.

Accordingly it is desirable to provide a wireless network that allows the configuration and installation of a new device into the network in a straightforward, reliable and inexpensive manner.

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of conf goring a wireless network comprising providing a first device of the wireless network with a label representing one or more characteristics of the first device, scanning the labe] with a scanning device to extract the characteristics information from the label, communicating the extracted characteristics information to a second device of the network, and configuring subsequent interactions between the first and second devices in dependence upon the extracted characteristics information.

The characteristics information may comprise device authentication information for authenticating the first device. The characteristics information may comprise device identification information for identifying the first device. The characteristics information may comprise capability information relating to the first device. The characteristics information may comprise information relating to the type of the first device. The characteristics information may be extracted in encoded format, the method further comprising decoding the extracted characteristics information. The encoded format may be the graphical or magnetic representations mentioned below, or may be some other encoding or encrypted format.

A wireless communications channel between the first and second devices may be established in dependence upon the characteristics information. The characteristics information may comprise one or more configuration parameters relating to the first device required to establish the wireless communications channel. The characteristics information may comprise a unique device identifier of the first device. The unique device identifier may be the Media Access Control address of the first device. J he unique device identifier may be used to authenticate the first device before the wireless communications channel is established.

The wireless network may be a local area wireless network. The scanning device may be formed integrally with the second device. The second device may be a primary device or access point of the network and the first device may be a secondary device of the network.

At least some of the characteristics information may be represented as a graphical representation. The graphical representation may comprise a bar code, which may be a two-dimensional bar code. The scanning device may comprise an optical scanner for scanning the graphical representation. The label may be formed from or comprise a paper medium, and the graphical representation may be printed on the paper medium.

The label may comprise a magnetic medium and at least some of the characteristics information may be represented as a magnetic representation by the magnetic medium.

The scanning device may comprise a magnetic media scanner for scanning the magnetic representation. The magnetic medium may be formed as a magnetic strip.

The label may be provided on an exterior surface of the first device. The label may also be provided on a card associated with the first device, the card being separable from the first device for presentation to the scanning device. The label may be an adhesive- backed label.

According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a wireless ] O network comprising first and second devices, a label associated with and representing one or more characteristics of the first device, a scanning device for scanning the label to extract the characteristics information from the]abe], means for communicating the extracted characteristics information to the second device, and means for configuring subsequent interactions between the first and second devices in dependence upon the extracted characteristics information.

According to a third aspect of the present invention there is provided a device for use in a wireless network and a label associated with the device, the label comprising a representation of one or more characteristics of the device in a suitable form such that the characteristics information can be extracted by scanning the label with a scanning device and communicated to a further device of the network for use in configuring interactions between the device and the further device.

According to a fourth aspect of the present invention there is provided a label associated with a first device of a wireless network, comprising a representation of one or more characteristics of the first device in a suitable form such that the characteristics information can be extracted by scanning the label with a scanning device and communicated to a second device of the network for use in configuring interactions between the first and second devices.

Reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure] is a block diagram i]]ustrating a typical wireless network; Figure 2 is a block diagram i]]ustrating a wireless network according to an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 is a block diagram i]]ustrating parts of the primary and secondary devices of Figure 2 in more detail; and Figure 4 is a flow diagram i]]ustrating a method of configuring a wireless network embodying the present invention.

Figure 2 is a block diagram i]]ustrating a]oca] area wireless network according to an embodiment of the present invention. The illustrated wireless network 22 comprises a primary device 24 in wireless communication with a first secondary device 26 over a first wireless communications channel 8 and also with a second secondary device 30 over a second wireless communications channel] 2. In this respect, the wireless communications channels 8 and 12 have already been configured.

The wireless network 22 is to be further configured by insta]]ing a third secondary device 34 into the wireless network 22. To enable this, information CI relating to one or more characteristics of the secondary device 34 must be communicated from the secondary device 34 to the primary device 24. The characteristics information CI is for use in configuring subsequent interactions between the primary device 24 and the secondary device 34. For example, characteristics information CI may be used for authenticating the secondary device 34 prior to establishing a new wireless communications channel between the primary device 24 and the secondary device 34, and for configuring the communications channel itself; more possibilities are discussed below.

For the purpose of communicating the characteristics information CI from the secondary device 34 to the primary device 24, use is made in this embodiment of a label 36 that is affixed to an exterior surface of the secondary device 34. The label 36 comprises a graphical representation 37 that encodes the characteristics information CI.

Vsc is also made of a scanning device 25, in communication with the primary device 24, which is used to scan the label 36 including the graphical representation 37. In this embodiment, the graphical representation 37 is a two-dimensional bar code and the scanning device 25 is a bar code scanner. Two-dimensional bar codes are well known in the art; for example the Intacta code (developed by Intacta Loves Limited of the US) is described in US 2003/116628. Other types of two-dimensional barcodes are the QR Code (Quick Response Code, developed in Japan by the Nippondenso Company), and the hueCode (see US 5,369,261 and US 5,118,369) which uses colours in order to pack more information into a smaller space.

The present embodiment will now be described in more detail with reference to Figures 3 and 4. Figure 3 is a block diagram showing parts of the primary device 24 and the secondary device 34 of Figure 2 in more detail, while Figure 4 is a flow diagram for use in explaining a method of configuring a wireless network embodying the present invention.

As shown in Figure 4, the primary device 24 comprises a control unit 39, a wireless communications unit 40 and a decoding unit 42. The secondary device 34 comprises a control unit 44 and a wireless communications unit 46. The wireless communications units 40 and 46 are for performing wireless communication between the devices 24 and 34 over a wireless communications channel 38 once that channel has been configured and established.

The secondary device 34 is further provided with the label 36 comprising the graphical representation 37 as described above with reference to Figure 2. In this embodiment, the]abe] 36 is affixed to the secondary device 34 before shipping. The provision of the label 36 is represented by step Sl in Figure 4.

When the secondary device 34 is to be installed into the network 22, the label 36 including graphical representation 37 is scanned using scanning device 25 (step S2).

The scanned data is communicated to the primary device 24 (step S3), where it is decoded to extract the characteristics information CI that was represented in the graphical representation 37 (step S4).

In this embodiment, the characteristics information Cl comprises the MAC address of the secondary device 34 as well as various configuration parameters relating to the perfonnancc characteristics of the wireless communications unit 46 of the secondary device 34. Based on the characteristics information CI, the wireless communications channel 38 between the primary device 24 and the secondary device 34 is configured (step S5) as fo]]ows. The MAC address is first checked by the primary device 24 to authenticate the secondary device 34. If the authentication is positive then the wireless communications unit 40 of the primary device 24 is configured taking into account the information gained from the characteristics information CI about the performance characteristics of the wireless communications unit 46 of the secondary device 34.

Wireless communications channel 38 between the primary device 24 and the secondary device 34 can then be established.

A major advantage with an embodiment of the present invention is that there is no requirement for the user manua]]y to enter in the characteristics information C] mto the primary device 24 and this allows the setup procedure to be automated with less susceptibility to installation enrors and problems caused by an inexperienced installer or home user. Once the physical address of the new device is known, the primary device would know to begin discovery and configuration procedures, without any further intervention required from the user. Thus the whole installation procedure is significantly eased, making it more attractive to the inexperienced or home user. The provision of a scanning device such as a bar code reader is also significantly cheaper than providing a fully feature user interface.

Furthenmore, the requirement that a scanning device 25 associated with the primary device 24 is used by the network installer to scan the label 36 associated with the secondary device 34 is a good security mechanism to ensure that no rogue secondary devices gain access to the wireless network 22 and the primary device 24, since the network installer will only use the scanning device 25 to scan the label of trusted secondary devices. The presentation of a physical scanning device 25 by a network insta]]er also imparts a degree of trust that the network 22 that the secondary device 34 is about to connect to is a valid one. The scanning of the label of a new secondary device could be included as an essential first step in the installation procedure so that this security proccdrc must be performed before any secondary device can gain access to the network 22.

The characteristics information Cl may also comprise authentication information for authenticating the secondary device 34 to the primary device 24. One such piece of identification information may be the Media Access Control (MAC) address of the secondary device 34 already discussed above. Such authentication and identification would comprise part of the configuration procedure to establish the wireless ] 0 communications channel 38. The characteristics information CI may also comprise one or more configuration parameters required for establishing the wireless communications channel 38, for example the channel frequency to be used. The label 36 may conveniently be combined with other such labels conventionally provided on an exterior surface of the secondary device 34, such as a label containing the serial number of the device, so that a single label 36 contains all such information.

The characteristics information CI may also be used to transfer information in a "capability exchange" between the primary and secondary devices 24 and 34. In such a case the characteristics information Cl would comprise capability information representing the functions and/or physical capabilities of the secondary device 34. For example, in the case where the secondary device 34 is a loudspeaker and the primary device 24 is a home entertainment system, the capability information in the characteristics information C! might comprise an entry "can output sound, cannot input sound", along with a common way of categorising that information, for example "transducer capabilities: sound". The name of the device can also be included, for example "Third Party LoudSpeaker with Toshiba Control Module", along with an explanation of what that means in terms that the primary device 24, for example with the name "Toshiba Home Entertainment System", can understand. One way of expressing this capability information is by using XML (extensible markup language).

This capability information is used to configure subsequent interactions between the primary and secondary devices 24 and 34 because the primary device 24 will know what the secondary device 34 is capable of and therefore what signals and information the secondary device 34 should receive over the wireless communications channel 38.

Although the above wireless network is described as having a primary device and several secondary devices each in communication with the primary device, with the primary device being the device in overall control of the network, it is also possible to use an embodiment of the present invention in an ad hoc wireless network where each device can establish communication directly with any other device of the network.

A wireless network embodying the present invention need not be a local area wireless network, but may in fact allow wireless communication over relatively large distances.

Where the label 36 is affixed to the secondary device 34 and the scanning device 25 is in close connection with the primary device 24, it would of course be required that, at least during the initial installation period, the primary and secondary devices 24 and 34 are located close to each other so that the label 36 can easily be scanned and the characteristics information Cl transferred from the secondary device 34 to the primary device 24. However, other configurations are possible so is not essential. For example, if the label 36 is affixed to the secondary device 34 and the primary device 24 is located some distance away, the remote scanning device 25 could communicate the scanned data to the primary device 24 via some suitable long-distance communications channel; or the scanning device 25 could store the scanned data for subsequent transfer to the primary device 24 when the scanning device 25 is returned to the vicinity of the primary device 24. Alternatively, rather than being affixed to the secondary device 34, the label 36 could be provided on a card that is associated with the secondary device 34 but which is not actually affixed to it. The card would be presented to the scanning device for scanning of the label 36 irrespective of where the secondary device 34 is located relative to the primary device 24 and the scanning device 25.

Although the scanning device 25 is described above as being separate from the primary device 24, the scanning device 25 could also be formed as an integral unit with the primary device 24.

The graphical representation 37 is described in the main embodiment above as being a two-dimensional bar code. This is a convenient graphical representation since two dimensional barcodes can encode sufficient information to include a great deal of characteristics information CI. However, a one-dimensional barcode may also be used where appropriate; such one-dimensional bar codes are well known and have been in use for many years. It will be appreciated that any other type of visual or graphical encoding may also be employed as the graphical representation 37. For example, the graphical representation 37 could be in textual (alphanumeric) form; in this case the scanning device 25 or primary device 24 would have Optical Character Recognition (OCR) capabilities to decode the scanned image data to extract characteristics information from the data in a useable form. The graphical representation 37 could even be formed by use of light having wavelengths outside the visible range, for ] 0 example, in the infrared range of wavelengths, when combined with a suitable scanning device 25 that responds to such wavelengths.

The characteristics information CI can also be represented using other media. For example, the label may comprise a magnetic medium and the characteristics information ] 5 CI would be represented as a magnetic representation by the magnetic medium. In this case the scanning device 25 would comprise a magnetic media scanner for scanning the magnetic representation. For example, the magnetic medium may be formed as a magnetic strip on a card, which would be swiped through the magnetic media scanner.

Any other type of tag technology can be employed in the label 36 to represent the characteristics information CI, and RF (Radio Frequency) tags are just one such

example.

Several previous disclosures describe the use of bar codes in a network environment, but none teach the use of a bar code or other graphical representation to configure a wireless network in the manner described above in relation to an embodiment of the present invention. For example, EP-A-] 329329 describes a method for the satisfactory printing of a bar code over a network. WO 02/0] 369 describes the use of a bar code to encode a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to provide the user with a convenient means to access an Internet document by scanning the URL bar code and automatically accessing the document based on the scanned URL. WO 98/38761 describes a similar method in relation to the encoding of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, as well as URLs, as a bar code to provide easy and automatic access to the IP address or URL. US 5,519,878 describes the use of a bar code to identify an already- installed network device to a configuration manager so as to enable re- configuration of the device by the configuration manager. US 2001/00168 9 describes the use of a smart card to present personal user identification information to device in order to authorise the user and to configure the device according to the user's preferences.

Claims

CLAIMS: 1. A method of configuring a wire]css network comprising providing

a first device of the wireless network with a label representing one or more characteristics of the first device, scanning the label with a scanning device to extract the characteristics information from the label, communicating the extracted characteristics information to a second device of the network, and configuring subsequent interactions between the first and second devices in dependence upon the extracted characteristics information.

2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the characteristics information comprises device authentication information for authenticating the first device.

3. A method as claimed in claim I or 2, wherein the characteristics information comprises device identification information for identifying the first device.

4. A method as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein a wireless communications channel between the first and second devices is established in dependence upon the characteristics information.

5. A method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the characteristics information comprises one or more configuration parameters relating to the first device required to establish the wireless communications channel.

6. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the characteristics information comprises a unique device identifier of the first device.

7. A method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the unique device identifier is the Media Access Control address of the first device.

8. A method as claimed in claim 6 or 7, when dependent on claim 4, wherein the unique device identifier is used to authenticate the first device before the wireless communications channel is established.

9. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the characteristics information comprises capability information relating to the first device.

10. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the characteristics information comprises information relating to the type of the first device.

11. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the wireless network is a local area wireless network.

12. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the scanning device is formed integrally with the second device.

13. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the second device is a primary device or access point of the network and the first device is a secondary device of the network.

14. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the characteristics information is extracted in encoded format, and further comprising decoding the extracted characteristics information.

15. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein at least some of the characteristics information is represented as a graphical representation.

16. A method as claimed in claim 15, wherein the graphical representation comprises a bar code.

17. A method as claimed in claim 16, wherein the bar code is a twodimensional bar code.

18. A method as claimed in any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the scanning device comprises an optical scanner for scanning the graphical representation.

19. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the label comprises a paper medium.

20. A method as claimed in claim 19, when dependent on claim 15, wherein the graphical representation is printed on the paper medium.

21. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the label comprises magnetic medium and at least some of the characteristics information is represented as a magnetic representation by the magnetic medium.

22. A method as claimed in claim 21, wherein the scanning device comprises a magnetic media scanner for scanning the magnetic representation.

23. A method as claimed in claim 2 l or 22, wherein the magnetic medium is formed as a magnetic strip.

24. A method as claimed in any one of claims 15 to 23, when dependent on claim 14, wherein the representation is the encoded format.

25. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the label is provided on an exterior surface of the first device.

26. A method as claimed in any one of claims I to 24, wherein the label is provided on a card associated with the first device.

27. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the label is an adhesive- backed label.

28. A wireless network comprising first and second devices, a label associated with and representing one or more characteristics of the first device, a scanning device for scanning the label to extract the characteristics information from the label, means for communicating the extracted characteristics information to the second device, and means for configuring subsequent interactions between the first and second devices in dependence upon the extracted characteristics information.

29. A device for use in a wireless network and a label associated with the device, the lube] comprising a representation of one or more characteristics of the device in a suitable form such that the characteristics information can be extracted by scanning the label with a scanning device and communicated to a further device of the network for use in configuring interactions between the device and the further device.

30. A label associated with a first device of a wireless network, comprising a representation of one or snore characteristics of the first device in a suitable form such that the characteristics information can be extracted by scanning the label with a scanning device and communicated to a second device of the network for use in configuring interactions between the first and second devices.

31. A method substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 2 to 4 of the accompanying drawings.

32. A wireless network substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 2 to 4 of the accompanying drawings.

33. A device substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 2 to 4 of the accompanying drawings.

34. A label substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 2 to 4 of the accompanying drawings.

Amendments to the claims have been filed as follows 1G CLAIMS: 1. A method of configuring a wireless network comprising providing a first device of the wireless network with a label representing one or more characteristics of the first device, scanning the label with a scanning device to extract the characteristics information from the label, communicating the extracted characteristics information to a second device of the network, authenticating the first device using the extracted characteristics information, and configuring subsequent interactions between the first and second devices in dependence upon the extracted characteristics information.
2. .... ..:

2. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the characteristics information comprises a unique device identifier of the first device.

3. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the unique device identifier is the Media Access Control address of the first device.

4. A method as claimed in claim 2 or 3, comparing the unique device identifiers provided by the first device to the second device over the wireless network with the unique device identifier in the characteristics information in order to authenticate the first device.

5. A method as claimed in any one preceding claim, wherein a wireless communications channel between the first and second devices is established in dependence upon the characteristics information.

6. A method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the characteristics information comprises one or more configuration parameters relating to the first device required to establish the wireless communications channel.

..:: : ..

' : : , .. :.: . 7. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the characteristics information comprises capability information relating to the first device.

8. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the characteristics information comprises information relating to the type of the first device.

9. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the wireless network is a local area wireless network.

10. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the scanning device is formed integrally with the second device.

11. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the second device is a primary device or access point of the network and the first device is a secondary device of the network.

12. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the characteristics information is extracted in encoded format, and further comprising decoding the extracted characteristics information.

13. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein at least some of the characteristics information is represented as a graphical representation.

14. A method as claimed in claim 13, wherein the graphical representation comprises a bar code.

15. A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the bar code is a twodimensional bar code.

16. A method as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the scanning device comprises an optical scanner for scanning the graphical representation.

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. .e.. .: 17. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the label comprises a paper medium.

18. A method as claimed in claim 17, when dependent on claim 13, wherein the graphical representation is printed on the paper medium.

19. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the label comprises magnetic medium and at least some of the characteristics information is represented as a magnetic representation by the magnetic medium.

20. A method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the scanning device comprises a magnetic media scanner for scanning the magnetic representation.

21. A method as claimed in claim 19 or 20, wherein the magnetic medium is formed as a magnetic strip.

22. A method as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 21, when dependent on claim 14, wherein the representation is the encoded format.

23. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the label is provided on an exterior surface of the first device.

24. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein the label is provided on a card associated with the first device.

25. A method as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the label is an a&esive- backed label.

26. A wireless network comprising first and second devices, a label associated with and representing one or more characteristics of the first device, a scanning device for scanning the label to extract the characteristics information from the label, means for communicating the extracted characteristics information to the second device, means for authenticating the first device using the extracted characteristics information, and means ..: : .:. ...

. :.e .... -.

for configuring subsequent interactions between the first and second devices in dependence upon the extracted characteristics information.

27. A network according to claim 26, wherein the characteristics information comprises a unique device identifier of the first device.

28. A network according to claim 27, wherein the unique device identifier is the Medium Access Control address of the first device.

29. A network according to claim 27 or 28, further comprising means for comparing the unique device identifier provided by the first device to the second device over the wireless network with the unique device identifier in the characteristics information in order to authenticate the first device.

30.. A device for use in a wireless network and a label associated with the device, the label comprising a representation of one or more characteristics of the device in a suitable form such that the characteristics information can be extracted by scanning the label with a scanning device and communicated to a further device of the network for use in authenticating the device and in configuring interactions between the device and the further device.

31. A label associated with a first device of a wireless network, comprising a representation of one or more characteristics of the first device in a suitable form such that the characteristics information can be extracted by scanning the label with a scanning device and communicated to a second device of the network for use in authenticating the first device and configuring interactions between the first and second devices.

32. A method substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 2 to 4 of the accompanying drawings.

33. A wireless network substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 2 to 4 of the accompanying drawings.

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34. A device substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 2 to 4 of the accompanying drawings.

35. A label substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figures 2 to 4 of the accompanying drawings.

.. : : : : ...