GB2375347A - Stabilisation of clay materials; forming aggregate - Google Patents
Stabilisation of clay materials; forming aggregate Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2375347A GB2375347A GB0111245A GB0111245A GB2375347A GB 2375347 A GB2375347 A GB 2375347A GB 0111245 A GB0111245 A GB 0111245A GB 0111245 A GB0111245 A GB 0111245A GB 2375347 A GB2375347 A GB 2375347A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- additive
- clay material
- portland cement
- clay
- aggregate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 85
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 title description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000012024 dehydrating agents Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003311 flocculating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B18/02—Agglomerated materials, e.g. artificial aggregates
- C04B18/021—Agglomerated materials, e.g. artificial aggregates agglomerated by a mineral binder, e.g. cement
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Abstract
A method of treating a clay material to form a material usable as an aggregate comprises bringing the clay material to a condition receptive to the introduction and mixing of at least one binding additive; adding said additive and mixing it with the clay material; creating a paste of the clay material and additive(s); compacting the mixture and curing it. Additives include granulated blast furnace slag, basic oxygen steel slag, and Ordinary Portland Cement. Pulverised fuel ash and a blend of calcium oxide and gypsum may also be included. The treatment of the clay material prior to addition of the binding additive may comprise a) forming an aqueous slurry of the material and deflocculating the slurry of b) drying the clay material by heating it, or by addition of a dehydrating agent e.g. quicklime, hydrated lime or other lime based material. The paste may be roll pressed, pelletised or sheeted.
Description
<Desc/Clms Page number 1>
Title: Stabilisation of Clay Materials Description of Invention
This invention relates to the stabilisation of cohesive and in particular clay-type materials in order to form a material usable as an aggregate.
When we refer herein to clay materials, we mean to include a broad range of materials, from the type of material characteristically produced by excavation in trenching activities ("utility arising"), to low grade products and waste generated by quarrying operations, known as"overburden clays"or "scalping".
The invention enables the formation from such clay materials of relatively low strength aggregates, suitable for use in a wide range of applications ranging from a non-subsiding backfill for trenches, as capping or sub-base material, to the manufacture of concrete blocks.
According to the present invention, we provide a method of treating a clay material to provide a material usable as an aggregate, comprising: bringing the clay material to a condition receptive to the introduction and mixing of at least one binding additive; adding said at least one additive and mixing it with the clay material; creating a paste of the clay material and mixed additive (s); compacting the mixture and allowing curing thereof.
The additive (s) may include granulated blast furnace slag, basic oxygen steel slag fines, and Portland Cement. Preferably all the above mentioned additives are included, in quantities described hereafter together with other additives as described.
The step of bringing the clay material to a condition in which it is receptive to the introduction of additives and for thorough mixing to be
<Desc/Clms Page number 2>
achieved may be carried out, in accordance with the invention, in either a"wet" process or a"dry"process. The former process includes the addition of water to the clay material thereby converting it into a slurry, prior to the addition of additives to deflocculate, stabilise, then dehydrate the material.
The"dry"method, also described in greater detail hereafter, includes the pre-blending of the clay material with lime, a lime-rich, or a highly alkaline, material in order to dehydrate and pelletise the clay, then crushing and screening the resultant material to produce a material of a suitable particle size prior to introduction of the additives at a controlled moisture content.
Whichever method is used, the mixed material may then be allowed to cure (harden) by storing it for, e. g. up to ninety days, in stockpiles, prior to final crushing and screening to produce a material usable as an aggregate.
As an alternative to stockpiling for curing, followed by crushing and screening, the paste of the clay and additives when used in the wet method may be agglomerated by roll pressing or ring die pelletisation, to produce a rounded aggregate material which can then be left to cure, preferably sheeted.
Now to describe the"wet"process above referred to in greater detail, the initial step is to mix the clay material into a smooth sluny or paste with the addition of water. The amount of water required to be added will be determined by the type of clay material involved and the conditions, i. e. its mineralogical, physical and chemical properties. By way of example, the amount of water required to be added could range from 15% (for a very wet clay material) to 45% (for a dry clay material). A deflocculant preferably the substance provided by Ciba Chemicals and known as"N40 Deflocculant" is added to the water prior to mixing, at typically 0. ] % of the weight of the clay material. Continuous mixing is then carried out until a smooth paste or slurry is obtained.
<Desc/Clms Page number 3>
When the clay material is well mixed and behaving in a fluid manner, additive materials can then be introduced in the following order (the percentages quoted are relative to the weight of the initial clay material):
1. Granulated blast furnace slag (5/0mm) in the range 10%-15% preferably 15%.
2. Basic oxygen steel slag, fines (3/0 mm) in the range 5-10%.
3. Portland Cement (42.5N, 52.5N, or 62.5N) in the range 3%-10%, preferably 8%.
Additions of granulated blast furnace slag and basic oxygen slag can be made either dry or with the material as usually supplied, i. e. with a moisture content. Addition of Portland Cement should be made based on the moisture content of the clay material after the addition of the granulated blast furnace slag and basic oxygen slag. If the mixture is still behaving in a fluid manner, with a moisture content of around 35% or greater, further Portland Cement may be added to dehydrate the material. This will also result in the production of a stronger final aggregate.
However, if the behaviour of the material is more like that of a sticky solid mass, additions of a thick paste of Portland Cement and water may be made to avoid excessive dehydration of the material into a form which would be difficult to blend into a smooth and consistent product.
The times required for mixing in the above-described process will vary in accordance with the type of mixer which is being used. A mixer utilising rotating blades is considered to be the preferred type to be used. The method depends on a certain degree of visual assessment during initial work. After mixing Portland Cement into the material, no longer than thirty minutes should be spent achieving a final mixture, while all other mixing times can be established in the course of mixing, depending on assessment of the behaviour of the material and the consistency of the mix which is being produced.
<Desc/Clms Page number 4>
Now to describe the above-refen'ed-to"dry"process in greater detail, the clay forming the starting material for this process is required to be, in essence, dry. To enable the clay material to be mixed efficiently it should be crushed to a particle size of less than 5mm, and it can be dried either physically by water evaporation in a heating apparatus or chemically by use of a dehydrating agent such as quick lime, hydrated lime, or any lime based material. Once dehydrated to a low moisture content, the clay material should then be crushed, using a ball or hammer mill, vertical impact crusher, or other suitable crusher.
The required additives can then be added dry to the mix. They can either be pre-blended and added as a total percentage of the weight of the clay present, or individually as respective percentages of the total clay weight. Two groups of binder additives are proposed, the first group being as follows:
1. Granulated blast furnace slag 10%-20%, preferably 15%.
2. Basic oxygen slag 5%-10%, preferably 5%.
P 3. Portland Cement (42. 5N, 52. 5N, 62. 5N) 5%-10%, preferably 8%. oi
4."Magnafloc" (a flocculating chemical supplied by Ciba Speciality
Chemicals) 0. 1% preferably.
The second group of additives is as follows :-
1. Granulated blast furnace slag 10%-20%, preferably 10%.
2. Portland Cement (42.5N, 52.5N, 62.5N) 5%-10%, preferably 5%.
3. Pulverised fuel ash 10%-15%, preferably 10%.
4. CaO/Gypsum (a blend of 80% quick lime and 20% gypsum) (CaSO. 4. 2H20) 1%-2%, preferably 1.5%.
5. Magnafloc 0. 1% preferably.
Once the additives constituting either group as set forth above have been weighed into the prepared clay material, the dry blend must be mixed thoroughly to circulate the ingredients and produce a uniform mix. Thereafter water can be added, to produce a mixture ideally containing of the order of
<Desc/Clms Page number 5>
3%-5% water in excess of the optimum moisture content for the mixed material. This may be approximately 20%-25% total moisture content.
Mixing times will depend, as for the"wet"process first described above, on the type of mixer being used and the behaviour of the material which is being mixed. Blending the initial diy mix together can be achieved with a simple drum mixer, however the achievement of a good final product after water addition requires a more severe mixing action, preferably that provided by a"cement mixer"type of mixer, utilising rotating blades. When water is being added to the mixture of dry materials, absorption thereof takes more time so additions of water should be made gradually and around twenty minutes should be allowed for the moisture content of the material to reach equilibrium.
As above referred to, after the paste of the clay material mixed with the binding additives has been produced by either of the processes described above, agglomeration of the paste to produce usable aggregates may be achieved by methods such as roll pressing or ring die pelletisation. Either methods produce sound rounded aggregates, which when produced should be left to cure.
Preferably the aggregate is left sheeted during curing. The curing time is determined by the final strength of the aggregate required : longer curing times produce stronger aggregates. Climatic conditions during external storage will influence the rate of strength development, i. e. cold will delay the strength gain.
An alternative method of producing non-rounded aggregates from the clay paste, at reduced cost could comprise discharging the paste onto the ground and compacting it in layers using a steel-wheeled roller, after which it is sheeted and allowed to cure. Following the curing period, the material is dug out of the ground, crushed and screened to the required aggregate sizes. Fines generated by the crushing operation can be recycled back into the mixing process.
Aggregate obtained by the above methods may have its strength increased by coating with one or more of the following materials, namely quick
<Desc/Clms Page number 6>
lime (CaO), hydrated lime (CaOH2), pulverised fuel ash activated with cement, lime, lime based material, or Portland Cement. Efficient coating of the aggregate with such materials may be achieved by soaking the clay aggregates in water for twenty-four hours, then mixing with the any of the required coating materials. Thereafter the aggregates may be sheeted or bagged and left to cure for at least fourteen days.
In the present specification"comprise"means"includes or consists of and"comprising"means"including or consisting of.
The features disclosed in the foregoing description, or the following claims, or the accompanying drawings, expressed in their specific forms or in terms of a means for performing the disclosed function, or a method or process for attaining the disclosed result, as appropriate, may, separately, or in any combination of such features, be utilised for realising the invention in diverse forms thereof.
Claims (31)
- CLAIMS 1. A method of treating a clay material to form a material usable as an aggregate, comprising : bringing the clay material to a condition receptive to the introduction and mixing of at least one binding additive; adding said at least one additive and mixing it with the clay material; creating a paste of the clay material and mixed additive (s); compacting the mixture and allowing curing thereof.
- 2. A method according to Claim I wherein said additive comprises granulated blast furnace slag, basic oxygen steel slag, and Portland Cement.
- 3. A method according to Claim 2 wherein said additive comprises 25%-30% by weight of the clay material.
- 4. A method according to Claim 1 wherein said additive comprises 0 granulated blast furnace slag, Portland Cement, pulverised fuel ash, and a blend zn of calcium oxide and gypsum.
- 5. A method according to Claim 4 wherein said additive comprises 25%-30% by weight of the clay material.
- 6. A method according to Claim 2 or Claim 3 wherein said additive comprises granulated blast furnace slag 10%-15%, basic oxygen steel slag 5%- 10% and Portland Cement 3%-10%.<Desc/Clms Page number 8>
- 7. A method according to Claim 6 wherein said additive comprises granulated blast furnace slag 10%-20%, basic oxygen steel slag 5%-10%, Portland Cement 3%-10%.
- 8. A method according to Claim 4 wherein said additive comprises granulated blast furnace slag 10%-20%, Portland Cement 5%-10%, pulverised fuel ash 10%-15%, and calcium oxide and gypsum (comprising 80% calcium oxide and 20% gypsum) 1%-2%.
- 9. A method according to Claim 8 wherein said additive comprises granulated blast furnace slag 10%, Portland Cement 5%, pulverised fuel ash 10%, and calcium oxide and gypsum 1.5%.
- 10. A method according to Claim 2 or any claim appendant thereto wherein said clay material is brought to a condition suitable for the introduction of additives by forming it into a slurry with water.
- 11. A method according to Claim 10 further comprising the addition of a deflocculant additive to the slurry.
- 12. A method according to Claim 11 wherein said deflocculant additive ZD comprises"N40 deflocculant".
- 13. A method according to any one of Claims 10 to 12 wherein said additive is introduced in the order firstly the granulated blast furnace slag, secondly the basic oxygen steel slag, and thirdly Portland Cement.
- 14. A method according to Claim 13 wherein the Portland Cement is added ZD dry or mixed with water, according to the water content of the mixture.<Desc/Clms Page number 9>
- 15. A method according to any one of Claims 2,3, 6,7, or Claim 4 or any claim appendant thereto, wherein said bringing of the clay material to a condition receptive to the introduction of said additive (s) comprises dehydration of the clay material.
- 16. A method according to Claim 15 wherein said dehydration is effected by evaporation of moisture or by use of a dehydrating agent.
- 17. A method according to Claim 15 or Claim 16 further comprising crushing the clay material to reduce its particle size.
- 18. A method according to Claim 17 wherein the clay material is crushed to a particle size of less than 5mm.
- 19. A method according to any one of Claims 15 to 18 wherein said additive is added dry to the mix and thoroughly mixed therewith.
- 20. A method according to Claim 19 further comprising the addition of a flocculating additive.
- 21. A method according to Claim 19 further comprising the addition of a defloculating additive.
- 22. A method according to Claim 19,20 or 21 comprising subsequent addition of water to the mixed clay material and additive, and subsequent mixing to produce said paste.<Desc/Clms Page number 10>
- 23. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said paste is processed by roll pressing or ring die pelletisation to produce aggregate material for curing.
- 24. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 22 wherein said paste is discharged and compacted by rolling after which it is allowed to cure.
- 25. A method according to Claim 23 or Claim 24 wherein the compacted paste is sheeted during curing.
- 26. A method according to Claim 24 or Claim 25 wherein, following curing, the aggregate material is dug from the ground, crushed and screened to the required aggregate particle size.
- 27. A method according to any one of Claims 23 to 26 further comprising coating the aggregate material with one or more further materials to increase the strength of the aggregate.
- 28. A method according to Claim 27 wherein said coating material C > comprises one or more of: quick lime, hydrated lime, pulverised fuel ash activated with cement, a lime based material, Portland Cement.
- 29. A method according to Claim 27 or Claim 28 wherein said coating is effected by soaking the aggregate material in water, mixing with the requiredcoating material (s), and storage for curing.ZD 29. A method of treating a clay material, substantially as hereinbefore described.<Desc/Clms Page number 11>
- 30. An aggregate material, made by a method according to any one of the preceding claims.
- 31. Any novel feature or novel combination of features described herein and/or in the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0111245A GB2375347B (en) | 2001-05-09 | 2001-05-09 | Stabilisation of clay materials |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0111245A GB2375347B (en) | 2001-05-09 | 2001-05-09 | Stabilisation of clay materials |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB0111245D0 GB0111245D0 (en) | 2001-06-27 |
| GB2375347A true GB2375347A (en) | 2002-11-13 |
| GB2375347B GB2375347B (en) | 2005-05-11 |
Family
ID=9914236
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB0111245A Expired - Fee Related GB2375347B (en) | 2001-05-09 | 2001-05-09 | Stabilisation of clay materials |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2375347B (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2004106250A1 (en) * | 2003-06-02 | 2004-12-09 | Anton Francois De Jager | A composition for the preparation of a vitrified product |
| CN103864326A (en) * | 2014-01-27 | 2014-06-18 | 济南大学 | Steel slag aggregate and preparation method thereof |
| GB2513417A (en) * | 2013-04-26 | 2014-10-29 | Univ Coventry | Composition |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4490178A (en) * | 1980-04-17 | 1984-12-25 | Aarding Weerstandlas B.V. | Granulated material |
| GB2218412A (en) * | 1988-05-13 | 1989-11-15 | Philip Leonard Owens | Lightweight aggregates |
| GB2273095A (en) * | 1992-12-04 | 1994-06-08 | Gareth Anthony Owens | Lightweight aggregates made with pulverised-fuel ash |
| GB2292940A (en) * | 1994-09-10 | 1996-03-13 | Gareth Anthony Owens | Lightweight aggregate |
-
2001
- 2001-05-09 GB GB0111245A patent/GB2375347B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4490178A (en) * | 1980-04-17 | 1984-12-25 | Aarding Weerstandlas B.V. | Granulated material |
| GB2218412A (en) * | 1988-05-13 | 1989-11-15 | Philip Leonard Owens | Lightweight aggregates |
| GB2273095A (en) * | 1992-12-04 | 1994-06-08 | Gareth Anthony Owens | Lightweight aggregates made with pulverised-fuel ash |
| GB2292940A (en) * | 1994-09-10 | 1996-03-13 | Gareth Anthony Owens | Lightweight aggregate |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2004106250A1 (en) * | 2003-06-02 | 2004-12-09 | Anton Francois De Jager | A composition for the preparation of a vitrified product |
| GB2513417A (en) * | 2013-04-26 | 2014-10-29 | Univ Coventry | Composition |
| GB2513417B (en) * | 2013-04-26 | 2015-04-29 | Univ Coventry | A cementitious mix formed from industrial waste materials |
| US10227257B2 (en) | 2013-04-26 | 2019-03-12 | Coventry University | Cement binder |
| CN103864326A (en) * | 2014-01-27 | 2014-06-18 | 济南大学 | Steel slag aggregate and preparation method thereof |
| CN103864326B (en) * | 2014-01-27 | 2015-12-02 | 济南大学 | A kind of slag aggregate processing method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2375347B (en) | 2005-05-11 |
| GB0111245D0 (en) | 2001-06-27 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20110509 |