GB2359074A - Bentonite-slag slurries; in-ground hydraulic cut-off barriers - Google Patents

Bentonite-slag slurries; in-ground hydraulic cut-off barriers Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2359074A
GB2359074A GB0003240A GB0003240A GB2359074A GB 2359074 A GB2359074 A GB 2359074A GB 0003240 A GB0003240 A GB 0003240A GB 0003240 A GB0003240 A GB 0003240A GB 2359074 A GB2359074 A GB 2359074A
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self
slurry
hardening slurry
bentonite
hardening
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GB2359074B (en
GB0003240D0 (en
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Geoffrey Bernard Card
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C04B28/08—Slag cements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D19/00—Keeping dry foundation sites or other areas in the ground
    • E02D19/06—Restraining of underground water
    • E02D19/12—Restraining of underground water by damming or interrupting the passage of underground water
    • E02D19/18—Restraining of underground water by damming or interrupting the passage of underground water by making use of sealing aprons, e.g. diaphragms made from bituminous or clay material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
    • C04B2111/00732—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for soil stabilisation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
    • C04B2111/00767—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for waste stabilisation purposes
    • C04B2111/00775—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for waste stabilisation purposes the composition being used as waste barriers or the like, e.g. compositions used for waste disposal purposes only, but not containing the waste itself

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)
  • Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)

Abstract

In the construction of an in-ground hydraulic cut-off barrier, a self-hardening slurry comprising bentonite, a cementitious component comprising granulated blast furnace slag and water is injected into the ground and when setting and hardening of the thus formed barrier is required an alkaline activator is added e.g. at ground surface or in the final batch of slurry pumped into the ground. The slurry may also comprise calcium sulphate and/or Portland cement, as well as caustic alkali. The activator may be potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate or calcium hydroxide.

Description

Self-Hardening Slurry This invention relates to a self-hardening clay - cement slurry and to a method of constructing an in-ground hydraulic cut-off barrier therewith.
Clay - cement slurries are used in the building and civil engineering industries to form in-ground hydraulic cut-off barriers. A hydraulic barrier is essentially impermeable relative to the surrounding soil and prevents groundwater flowing in a direction normal to the barrier. The essential properties of any barrier are its density, strength and permeability. Varying the nature and quantity of the constituent materials controls these properties.
Traditionally, the in-ground hydraulic cut-off barriers are constructed using a clay slurry to stabilise an excavation trench. The usual ingredients of the stabilising clay slurry are bentonite clay and water. Once excavation is completed, the stabilising slurry is replaced by a bentonite - Portland cement - water slurry, which is left to harden to form the <I>in situ</I> barrier.
Self-hardening slurry is a further development of the above-described simple clay- cement slurry. Usually, self-hardening slurry consists of a bentonite slurry with cementitious ingredients, based on granulated blastfurnace slag and Portland cement. Varying the ingredients controls the initial hydraulic properties of the fluid, its gelling and setting properties, long-term strength and impermeability.
A self-hardening slurry using granulated blastfurnace slag has previously been proposed and variations in its properties with respect to the ingredients have been investigated (G.B. Card, "The Properties and Performance of Bentonite Cement Slurries for Use As Hydraulic Cut-Offs", Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, 1981). The first self-hardening bentonite - cement slurry in the United Kingdom was used for the hydraulic cut-off beneath Kielder Dam in Northumberland. Recently, hydraulic cut-offs are being used to form barriers to groundwater flow for environmental control of pollution, for example, migration of pollutants from chemical works, landfills etc. Therefore there is an increasing interest in slurry wall technology and the use of<I>in situ</I> barriers to contain pollutants. Granulated blastfurnace slag is ideally suited for this use as it is chemically more stable than Portland cement and less prone to chemical attack.
A limitation of the self-hardening slurries of the prior art is that there is no control over the setting time of the slurry once the cement is added. The slurry continues to stiffen with time thus limiting the duration, during which the slurry is fluid enough to act as a trench support medium and to allow further excavation and deepening. As setting and solidification occurs, disturbance with excavating machinery causes significant loss in long term strength and impermeability. This time limit on excavation thus prevents deep or long trenches being constructed, typical trench panels being about 25 meters deep and 5 meters long.
The present invention provides a self-hardening slurry, which does not set during the period of excavation, thus posing no restriction on trench panel depth or length. Once the trench is complete, the setting of the slurry is activated. Having no restriction on panel length overcomes the need for the construction of joints in the barrier giving better barrier integrity. Furthermore, the self-hardening slurry of the present invention is cheaper and easier to use than the prior art slurries.
The present invention provides a self-hardening slurry comprising a) bentonite, b) a cementitious component comprising granulated blastfurnace slag, and c) water, wherein the setting of the slurry is activated by addition of an alkaline activator.
Preferably the bentonite is "natural" sodium bentonite or "converted" sodium bentonite made from natural calcium bentonite. Preferably the cementitious component comprises only granulated blastfurnace slag.
Alternatively the cementitious component comprises granulated blastfurnace slag as well as calcium sulphate (anhydrite and<I>I</I> or hard burnt gypsum) and<I>I</I> or Portland cement. Preferably the cementitious component comprises 80-90% granulated blastfurnace slag and 10-20% calcium sulphate. Preferably the cementitious component comprises 80-85% granulated blastfurnace slag, 10-15% calcium sulphate anhydrite and about 1-5% Portland cement.
Alternatively the cementitious component comprises granulated blastfurnace slag as well as caustic alkali. Preferably the caustic alkali is selected from one or more of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. Preferably the caustic alkali is present in an amount of 1-5% of the weight of the granulated blastfurnace slag.
Preferably the water contains a low soluble salt content. Often mains water supply is acceptable. Preferably the water contains less than 50mg/1 of magnesium ions. Preferably the water contains less than 250 mg/1 of calcium ions. Preferably the water has a pH of 6-8.
Preferably the ratio of bentonite : water is up to 10 : 90. Preferably the final slurry comprises 50-250 kg/m3 blastfurnace. Preferably the self-hardening slurry comprises a) 2-5% bentonite, b) 5-15% cementitious component comprising granulated blastfurnace slag, and c) 80-90% water.
Preferably the alkaline activator is selected from one or more of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and calcium hydroxide. Preferably the alkaline activator is added to the self-hardening slurry in an amount of up to 5%, more preferably in an amount of up to<B>1%.</B>
The present invention further provides use of the self-hardening slurry for injecting into the ground as a grout to form a grout curtain to control groundwater flow. The present invention further provides a method of constructing an in-ground hydraulic cut-off barrier using the self-hardening slurry. Preferably the in-ground hydraulic cut-off barrier is used to limit groundwater flow for environmental control of pollution. The present invention further provides a method of controlling groundwater flow by injecting the self-hardening slurry into the ground as a grout to form a grout curtain.
The present invention further provides an in-ground hydraulic cut-off barrier constructed using the self-hardening slurry. Preferably the in-ground hydraulic cut-off barrier is used to limit groundwater flow for environmental control of pollution.
The self-hardening slurry of the present invention can be used to construct an in- ground hydraulic cut-off barrier without the slurry setting in the excavated trench during the period of excavation. Once the excavation trench is complete, the setting of the granulated blastfurnace slag in the slurry is activated by adding the alkaline activator to the slurry.
Less than 1 % of alkaline activator in solution is required to activate the granulated blastfurnace slag. The solution can be introduced into the fluid slurry using the mixing action of the excavation plant.
The self-hardening slurry consists of a bentonite slurry with an appropriate quantity of cementitious material, based on granulated blastfurnace slag, to give the desired strength and impermeability to form the in-ground hydraulic cut-off barrier.
The self-hardening slurry of the present invention has the combined properties of being able to act as a stabilising fluid during trench excavation and, when activated, it will set and harden to form the permanent cut-off.
The self-hardening slurry of the present invention is also suitable to be injected into the ground as a grout to form a grout curtain to control groundwater flow. It is believed that this is due to the colloidal properties of the slurry. A further advantage of using granulated blastfurnace slag as the cementitious component in the slurry over more conventional bentonite - Portland cement slurries of the prior art is that the hardened material develops higher strengths and impermeability than the equivalent slurry made with the same proportions of Portland cement. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, this is believed to be due to the formation of cementitious alumino-silica gels between bentonite and granulated blastfurnace slag.
This additional cementing action means that for a particular strength and permeability requirement less cementitious material is required in a bentonite - granulated blastfurnace slag slurry than in a bentonite - Portland cement slurry, resulting in a considerable economic saving.
The essential constituents of the self-hardening slurry of the present invention are as follows: 1. Bentonite The self-hardening slurry comprises an appropriate solution of sodium bentonite clay in water to give a slurry that meets the Federation of Piling Specialists specification for bentonite slurries (F.P.S. 1975) and that can act as a stabilising fluid for trench excavation. The sodium bentonite solution comprises typically less than 10% bentonite in water. The bentonite should either be "natural" sodium bentonite or "converted" sodium bentonite made from natural calcium bentonite. Other sources of bentonite are acceptable provided that they meet the F.P.S. specification.
2. Cementitious component comprising granulated blastfurnace slag The quantity of granulated blastfumace slag to be added will be dictated by the desired strength, required impermeability and also by the quality of the slag itself. Typically the amount of granulated blastfurnace slag to be added is in the range 50-250 kg/m3 of the final slurry. The granulated blastfurnace slag may contain additives to increase activation of the slag or to improve the overall chemical durability of the bentonite - granulated blastfurnace slag slurry.
3. Water Gauging water for the bentonite slurry should be clean and contain a low soluble salt content in order to avoid causing flocculation or aggregation of the bentonite granulated blastfurnace slag slurry and loss of its colloidal properties. The pH of the water should be within 6-8.
Working example A measured amount of dry (at natural moisture content) bentonite powder (70 kg per cubic metre of final slurry) is mixed with a measured amount of water (770 kg per cubic metre of final slurry) to provide a bentonite clay suspension. This is stored in tanks for a minimum of 24 hours to allow the suspension to fully hydrate and develop gel strength and thixotropic properties.
A measured amount of water (150 kg per cubic metre of final slurry) is mixed with a measured amount of granulated blastfurnace slag (150 kg per cubic metre of final slurry) to produce a "cement" slurry.
Then the bentonite clay suspension and the cement slurry are mixed to produce a bentonite - granulated blastfurnace slag slurry. The mixing water is proportioned between the bentonite clay suspension and the cement slurry in such a way that when both initial slurries are mixed and combined into the final slurry, the outcome is a final slurry with the following proportions per cubic metre of final slurry: 70 kg of bentonite (at natural moisture content), 150 kg of granulated blastfurnace slag and 920 kg of water.
Usually, a11 mixing is undertaken on site in paddle mixers and the final slurry batch is then pumped and piped into the trench. Then the alkaline activator is introduced directly into the excavation trench, when setting and hardening of the barrier is desired. The measured percentage of activator<B>(1%</B> calcium hydroxide in dry powder form by weight of blastfurnace slag, i.e. 1.5 kg per cubic metre of final slurry) is added to the slurry at ground surface and mixed<I>in situ</I> using the trench excavating equipment to "stir" the slurry. In some cases, it may be more practicable to add the activator into the final batch of slurry mixed at the hatching plant and pump this into the trench excavation and "stir" with the excavating plant.
It will be understood that the invention has been described above by way of example only. The example is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the claims only.

Claims (27)

  1. <U>Claims:</U> 1. A self-hardening slurry comprising a) bentonite, b) a cementitious component comprising granulated blastfumace slag, and c) water, wherein the setting of the slurry is activated by addition of an alkaline activator.
  2. 2. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bentonite is "natural" sodium bentonite or "converted" sodium bentonite made from natural calcium bentonite.
  3. 3. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the cementitious component comprises only granulated blastfurnace slag.
  4. 4. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the cementitious component comprises granulated blastfurnace slag as well as calcium sulphate (anhydrite and / or hard burnt gypsum) and / or Portland cement.
  5. 5. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in claim 4, wherein the cementitious component comprises 80-90% granulated blastfumace slag and 10-20% calcium sulphate.
  6. 6. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in claim 4, wherein the cementitious component comprises 80-85% granulated blastfurnace slag, 10-15% calcium sulphate anhydrite and about 1-5% Portland cement.
  7. 7. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the cementitious component comprises granulated blastfurnace slag as well as caustic alkali.
  8. 8. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in claim 7, wherein the caustic alkali is selected from one or more of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide.
  9. 9. The hardening slurry as claimed in claim 7 or 8, wherein the caustic alkali is present in an amount of 1-5% of the weight of the granulated blastfurnace slag.
  10. 10. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the water contains a low soluble salt content.
  11. 11. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in claim 10, wherein the water contains less than 50mg/1 of magnesium ions.
  12. 12. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in claim 10 or 11, wherein the water contains less than 250 mg/1 of calcium ions.
  13. 13. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the water has a pH of 6-8.
  14. 14. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the ratio of bentonite : water is up to 10 : 90.
  15. 15. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the final slurry comprises 50-250 kg/m3 blastfumace.
  16. 16. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in any preceding claim, comprising a) 2-5% bentonite, b) 5-15% cementitious component comprising granulated blastfurnace slag, and c) 80-90% water.
  17. 17. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the alkaline activator is selected from one or more of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and calcium hydroxide.
  18. 18. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the alkaline activator is added to the self-hardening slurry in an amount of up to 5%.
  19. 19. The self-hardening slurry as claimed in claim 18, wherein the alkaline activator is added to the self-hardening slurry in an amount of up to<B>I%.</B>
  20. 20. Use of the self-hardening slurry as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 19 for injecting into the ground as a grout to form a grout curtain to control groundwater flow.
  21. 21. A method of constructing an in-ground hydraulic cut-off barrier using the self- hardening slurry as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 19.
  22. 22. The method as claimed in claim 21, wherein the in-ground hydraulic cut-off barrier is used to limit groundwater flow for environmental control of pollution.
  23. 23. A method of controlling groundwater flow by injecting the self-hardening slurry as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 19 into the ground as a grout to form a grout curtain.
  24. 24. An in-ground hydraulic cut-off barrier constructed using the self-hardening slurry as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 19.
  25. 25. The in-ground hydraulic cut-off barrier as claimed in claim 24, wherein the in ground hydraulic cut-off barrier is used to limit groundwater flow for environmental control of pollution.
  26. 26. A self-hardening slurry as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 19 and substantially as described hereinbefore.
  27. 27. An in-ground hydraulic cut-off barrier as claimed in claim 24 or 25 and substantially as described hereinbefore.
GB0003240A 2000-02-11 2000-02-11 A cementitious slurry Expired - Fee Related GB2359074B (en)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003046300A1 (en) * 2001-11-29 2003-06-05 Commercial Waterproofing Services Pty Ltd A method and means for waterproofing joints
WO2008052554A1 (en) * 2006-11-01 2008-05-08 Aarhus Universitet Suspension of clays in water for addition to e.g. concrete
WO2009064602A1 (en) * 2007-11-15 2009-05-22 United States Gypsum Company Wet-grinding gypsum with polycarboxylates

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102505701B (en) * 2011-09-28 2014-01-29 中国水利水电第七工程局成都水电建设工程有限公司 Self-compaction mortar and deep hole curtain pouring construction method

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2093444A (en) * 1981-02-20 1982-09-02 Soletanche Dilute grout
JPS5898383A (en) * 1981-12-08 1983-06-11 Shimizu Constr Co Ltd Filler which retains fluidity for long hours
EP0434112A1 (en) * 1989-12-20 1991-06-26 S.A. Ciments D'obourg Hydraulic binder, particularly for grouting, and grout thus obtained
EP0522347A2 (en) * 1991-07-01 1993-01-13 Dyckerhoff Aktiengesellschaft Product for making impervious barrier mass
US5378085A (en) * 1993-10-01 1995-01-03 S. M. W. Seiko Methods for in situ construction of deep soil-cement structures

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2800063B1 (en) * 1999-10-21 2002-01-11 Cie Du Sol GROUT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF WATERPROOF SCREENS

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2093444A (en) * 1981-02-20 1982-09-02 Soletanche Dilute grout
JPS5898383A (en) * 1981-12-08 1983-06-11 Shimizu Constr Co Ltd Filler which retains fluidity for long hours
EP0434112A1 (en) * 1989-12-20 1991-06-26 S.A. Ciments D'obourg Hydraulic binder, particularly for grouting, and grout thus obtained
EP0522347A2 (en) * 1991-07-01 1993-01-13 Dyckerhoff Aktiengesellschaft Product for making impervious barrier mass
EP0659703A2 (en) * 1991-07-01 1995-06-28 Dyckerhoff Aktiengesellschaft Method for making impervious barrier mass
US5378085A (en) * 1993-10-01 1995-01-03 S. M. W. Seiko Methods for in situ construction of deep soil-cement structures

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
WPI Abstract Accession No. 1983-714250[29] & JP 58 098 383 A *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003046300A1 (en) * 2001-11-29 2003-06-05 Commercial Waterproofing Services Pty Ltd A method and means for waterproofing joints
WO2008052554A1 (en) * 2006-11-01 2008-05-08 Aarhus Universitet Suspension of clays in water for addition to e.g. concrete
WO2009064602A1 (en) * 2007-11-15 2009-05-22 United States Gypsum Company Wet-grinding gypsum with polycarboxylates
US7861955B2 (en) 2007-11-15 2011-01-04 United States Gypsum Company Wet-grinding gypsum with polycarboxylates

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GB0003240D0 (en) 2000-04-05

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