GB2327566A - Method of Orienting an Antenna - Google Patents
Method of Orienting an Antenna Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2327566A GB2327566A GB9714999A GB9714999A GB2327566A GB 2327566 A GB2327566 A GB 2327566A GB 9714999 A GB9714999 A GB 9714999A GB 9714999 A GB9714999 A GB 9714999A GB 2327566 A GB2327566 A GB 2327566A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- antenna
- subscriber
- base station
- elevation
- signals
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/125—Means for positioning
- H01Q1/1257—Means for positioning using the received signal strength
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/1207—Supports; Mounting means for fastening a rigid aerial element
- H01Q1/1221—Supports; Mounting means for fastening a rigid aerial element onto a wall
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/02—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical movement of antenna or antenna system as a whole
- H01Q3/08—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using mechanical movement of antenna or antenna system as a whole for varying two co-ordinates of the orientation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W84/00—Network topologies
- H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
- H04W84/10—Small scale networks; Flat hierarchical networks
- H04W84/14—WLL [Wireless Local Loop]; RLL [Radio Local Loop]
Landscapes
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
Abstract
A method of installing a fixed wireless access subscriber antenna employs an antenna for receiving signals from a radio communications base station, support means to orient the antenna in elevation and azimuth and control and analysis means to provide data relating to the signal strength received from the antenna in elevation and azimuth. The control and analysis means is connected to a subscriber transceiver electronics and employs said electronics for signal reception whereby a survey of radio signals can be conducted to enable correct orientation of a subscriber antenna with respect to a suitable base station with which communications can be conducted. The method comprises determining the receive characteristic signals of all relevant radio communications base stations in the area upon rotation and elevation of the antenna about its mount and analysing the data whereby an optimum position and orientation for the subscriber antenna can be determined. By configuring the antenna mount prior to attachment on the structure, then the time required to deploy fixed wireless access subscriber equipment is much reduced.
Description
AN ANTENNA MOUNTING SCHEME
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to radio communication systems and in particular relates to an antenna mounting scheme to aid installation of an antenna of a fixed wireless access subscriber terminal.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
Fixed wireless access systems are currently employed for local telecommunication networks, such as the IONICA system. Known systems comprise an antenna and decoding means which are located within a subscriber's premises, for instance adjacent a telephone. The antenna receives the signal and provides a further signal by wire to a decoding means. Thus subscribers are connected to a telecommunications network by a radio link in place of the more traditional method of copper cable. Such fixed wireless access systems will be capable of delivering a wide range of access services from POTS,
ISDN to broadband data. The radio transceivers of the subscriber terminal communicate with a base station, which provides cellular coverage over, for example, a 5 km radius in urban environments. A typical base station will support 500 - 2000 subscribers. Each base station is connected to the standard PSTN switch via a conventional transmission link/network.
When a fixed wireless access system is originally deployed, a base station of a particular capacity will be installed to cover a particular area.
The capabilities of the base station will be commensurate with the anticipated coverage and capacity requirement. A subscribers antenna will be mounted outside, for instance on a chimney and upon installation will be directed towards the nearest base station or repeater antenna (any future reference to a base station shall be taken to include a repeater). In order to meet the capacity demand, within an available frequency band allocation, fixed wireless access systems divide a geographic area to be covered into cells. At the centre of each cell is a base station through which each subscriber terminal communicates; the distance between the cells is determined such that co-channel interference is maintained at a tolerable level.
Obstacles in a signal path, such as buildings in built-up areas and hills in rural areas, act as signal scatterers and can cause signalling problems.
These scattered signals interact and the resultant signal at a receiving antenna is subject to deep and rapid fading and the signal envelope often follows a Rayleigh distribution over short distances, especially in heavily cluttered regions. Since the various components arrive from different directions, there is also a Doppler spread in the received spectrum.
Correct alignment and installation of the antenna of a fixed wireless access subscriber terminal towards a geographically proximate base station is essential for the correct performance of the network. Otherwise subscribers may 'fire' across proximate base stations to more distant base stations, causing a higher level of interference to be experienced
Operators of fixed wireless access systems are deploying their equipment into an already crowded telecommunications marketplace. To enable them to operate competitively, such deployment must not be time consuming for installation engineers. However, in the installation process and, more particularly, in the mounting of the antenna; the antenna must be oriented towards the base station to enable the signals to be of sufficient strength. It is sometimes difficult to determine the location of the subscribers premises with respect to a proximate base station. Techniques employed are based on traditional cell planning and data base methods.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
The present invention seeks to provide a method and apparatus to improve the installation of subscribers terminals in fixed wireless access telecommunications networks.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for the determination of radio signals from a radio communications base station, the apparatus comprising: an antenna operable to receive characteristic signals of a radio communications base station; support means operable to orient the antenna in elevation and azimuth; control and analysis means operable to provide data relating to the signal strength received from the antenna in elevation and azimuth; wherein the control and analysis means is connected to a subscriber transceiver electronics and employs said electronics for signal reception; whereby a survey of radio signals can be conducted to enable a correct orientation of a subscriber antenna to be determined with respect to a suitable base station with which communications can be conducted.
Preferably, the antenna is mounted on a multi-axis mount operable under the control of a stepper motor or similar whereby movement of the antenna can be reliably controlled. The data relating to the best received signal is then employed in the mounting of a subscriber antenna to a house, other type of building or similar support.
By using the antenna and subscriber control electronics for signal reception, the equipment used for the installation of an antenna can be simple and generic: for the installation of different antenna operating, for example, in a different frequency band, then the same installation apparatus could be employed. Alternatively, the antenna alignment device may include a broad band antenna having suitable matching circuits whereby it may employ only the subscriber control electronics of the subscriber communications equipment.
Preferably, a radio position determining receiver such as a GPS receiver is employed to determine the position of the receiver relative to a base station to provide preliminary data. Preferably, there is a portable computer operable to process data relating to the desired height and orientation of the antenna, which computer has stored data relating to the absolute position of fixed wireless base stations in the area, whereby an antenna mount can be oriented with respect to the structure to which the antenna will be positionned. By configuring the antenna mount prior to attachment on the structure, then the time required to deploy fixed wireless access subscriber equipment is much reduced.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for the determination of radio signals from a radio communications base station, the method employing apparatus comprising: an antenna operable to receive characteristic signals of a radio communications base station; support means operable to orient the antenna in elevation and azimuth; control and analysis means operable to provide data relating to the signal strength received from the antenna in elevation and azimuth; wherein the control and analysis means is connected to a subscriber transceiver electronics and employs said electronics for signal reception; whereby a survey of radio signals can be conducted to enable a correct orientation of a subscriber antenna to be determined with respect to a suitable base station with which communications can be conducted: the method steps comprising: determining the receive characteristic signals of all relevant radio communications base stations in the area upon rotation and elevation of the antenna about its mount; analysing the data whereby an optimum position and orientation for the subscriber antenna can be determined. Using this data , then the subscriber antenna can be fixedly positioned at the subscriber premises.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In order that the present invention can be more fully understood and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference shall now be made, by way of example only, to the Figures as shown in the accompanying drawing sheets wherein:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a typical installation of a fixed wireless access subscriber antenna assembly, as is known;
Figure 2 shows an arrangement in accordance with the invention;
Figure 3 shows the arrangement of figure 2 deployed in a cellular network;
Figures 4a and 4b show examples of sources of fading;
Figures 5 shows an antenna survey kit;
Figure 6 shows an antenna survey arrangement; and
Figure 7 shows an antenna together with a subscriber antenna.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
There will now be described by way of example the best mode contemplated by the inventors for carrying out the invention. In the following description, numerous specific details are set out in order to provide a complete understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be put into practice with variations of the specific.
The integrated antenna assembly 10 shown in Figure 1 comprises one part of a residential service system for a fixed wireless access arrangement and is mounted on a chimney breast 12 of a house - it is preferably located between fascia board level and 1-2 m above the roof top. In this case, the antenna assembly is mounted for use in a fixed wireless access (wireless local loop) telecommunications environment and is connected via a cable 14 to a junction unit for connection with standard telephone and/or facsimile equipment and a power unit.
Referring now to figure 2, there is depicted subscriber antenna 22 which is mounted on a support body 24 and is operable to transmit radio signals to and receive radio signals from a base station. The antenna can be directed at one or more base station antennas, depending upon the local terrain and disposition of base stations. The best received signal can accordingly be used to determine the orientation of the antenna in subsequent communications. Alternatively, the base station providing the best signal may have reached its system capacity limit and the base station providing the next best signal may be employed.
The provision of a simple method of alignment of such an antenna with respect to a base station antenna provides the capability for some adaptive reconfiguration of the wireless local loop network, which allows maximum advantage to be taken of base station selection. Figure 3 shows a simplified representation of a fixed radio access base station network: a subscribers premises 30 has an antenna installation 32 which enables the subscriber unit the choice of communicating with a number of adjacent base stations 34.
Referring now to Figure 5 there is shown an installation schematic comprising a survey antenna, a subscriber unit RTU a ruggedised control unit RBU which is connected to the residential maintenance terminal RMT which may be associated with the control electronics in the back of the subscriber unit. Recently proposed residential subscriber equipment architecture represents a significant departure from that of previous models whilst providing the same or increased functionality. The main drive for this change has been to achieve residential subscriber equipment cost reduction. However, since some system interfaces have been changed including transceiver performance (as a by product of antenna gain), a major change to the maintenance interface (RIU) electrical specification (use of a digital contention bus at the RIU rather
than analogue telephone lines and a change to the power supply.
Optionally a GPS receiver with built in compass may be supplied as part
of the installation kit for use in regions where no adequate maps exist to
locate subscribers.
Assuming the use of standard parts where possible the residential
installation system development and impact on the residential subscriber equipment design are itemised below:
The Survey Antenna Arrangement is shown electrically in Figure 6 and depicted mechanically in Figure 7. The 'survey antenna' is intended to
interface (mechanically and electrically) directly with a residential transceiver unit. A dual polarised antenna arrangement is possible with the following Interfaces/ Provisions:
1. RF Connector to the residential subscriber equipment 2. Mechanical interface to attach to the residential subscriber equipment
electronics to 'Survey Antenna' 3. Handle to hold antenna during survey (or pole mount) 4. Connector to group the residential subscriber equipment multiway
connector 5. Multiway connector to RBU to include S/T, power plus additional
control for V/H polarisation. (Both polarisations electronically
selectable required for survey on pole, unless a survey can be
performed using 45" or circularly polarised antenna measuring V and
H polarisations at the same time) 6. A calibrated Noise Source providing a noise power of around -95 to
85 dBm/ 256 kHz into RTU antenna connector (if required to achieve
measurement accuracy)
Item 2: Power Supply Unit (RBU and PSA)
The RBU is assumed to be based on the ISDN version of RBU containing a micro-processor. The mechanical concept for the RBU is to repackage a standard RBU printed circuit board inside a protective case with environmentally sealed external connectors. A battery compartment is provided to enable the rapid exchange of the integral batteries.
The ruggedised RBU is required to provide: 1. Connection to the Survey Antenna 2. RS232 interface to residential maintenance terminal (electrically
RS232) 3. Power for the residential subscriber equipment 4. Connector to residential interface unit interface (BOC) for
maintenance purposes 5. Battery compartment to permit rapid exchange of batteries
Provides line drivers to Survey antenna to control selection of W H
and Calibration on/off 6. On/Off switch 7. Battery status indicator (low battery) 8. Battery charger input (to accept plug top supply low voltage output to
recharge batteries.
The PSA is required to support legacy residential subscriber
equipment models:
Item 3: Residential Maintenance Terminal 1. Compact computer with screen, alphanumeric keyboard and RS232
interface. Compatible with a portable computer such as a Psion
Workabout TM.
2. Battery charger for above 3. Modem supported by computer
Item 4: Global Positioning System (GPS) Receiver (Optional)
GPS receiver supplied as an option for countries without good maps.
Compass used to verify residential subscriber equipment is aligned to best base station direct signal path (+10 ) rather than a strong multipath signal.
When visiting a site to install a new subscriber a computing device (e.g. a
Personal Computer) in combination with a position finding device (e.g. a
GPS receiver) can be used to establish the closest base station(s) and display a compass bearing. A compass (or direction finding device) can be used to locate the nominal base station signal directions (due to reflections, signal dispersion and the like, then the actual signal direction can vary from the actual planned or nominal directions).
Once a base station has been selected, using position and height data of the base station and the position, height and orientation data of the particular mount for the antenna, an antenna mount is attached to the subscriber's residence. The mount is preferably an adjustable mount, such as a mount with a universal ball and socket type connector or a mount with movable axes in the elevation and azimuth planes.
Preferably the mount has graded scales whereby, once the height etc. of the intended mounting position are known, elevational and azimuthal positionning of the antenna can be carried out by an installation engineer.
Redirecting the antenna would be necessary, for example, if the capacity load of the first base station is exceeded, or if it requires maintenance or upgrading, or if as previously discussed, the link with the existing base station becomes unsatisfactory. The use of the multidirectional mounting bracket will be of great benefit in such circumstances, whereby the antenna can be repositionned with respect to different azimuth and elevational gradations.
The performance of present and other presently envisaged wireless local loop or fixed radio access systems will be compromised at high microwave and millimetric frequencies due to the effects of slow temporal fading. At such high frequencies, diffraction into shadowed regions becomes less significant and therefore very high transmit powers are required. to penetrate shadowed regions. As such, the use of high frequencies is untenable. In contrast, the present invention allows a subscriber to use flexibly any one of a number of base stations which is within range.
Upon installation, the antenna is directed towards the nearest base station. If a building is erected such that it interferes with an optimal link with this base station, then this link may not be sufficiently strong to provide an effective link. At such times the alignment of the antenna would have to be adjusted in a similar fashion as occurred upon the original installation of the antenna whereby the antenna can achieve an optimal link. Since the antenna can communicate with any base station within range, fixed obstructions due to terrain features - see Figure 4a and terrain clutter such as buildings, trees and the like, can be taken into account during installation. During deployment of base stations an accurate position fix is generally taken either based on maps or a positioning system such as the Global Positioning System (GPS). A record of all base stations (and base station identifiers - Bids) is kept and is retained on a database. Alternatively, a fix could be obtained using the base stations of the fixed wireless access arrangement to triangulate the position of the subscribers premises.
Temporally varying slow fades due to building construction, trees growing and gaining leaves can, however, cause problems. Figure 4b shows examples of such sources of fading. Further problems would also arise due to increases in the numbers of subscribers and the effects of cell splitting, as a result of the provision of further base stations. Present systems would require that an installation man would need to be deployed to realign subscribers antennas as new base stations are deployed or as temporal fades occur. If the absolute position of a subscribers antenna is known, then the time required for realignment and the overall network maintenance costs are considerably reduced.
Preferably the system is adapted to take into account variation in temperature.
Claims (10)
1. An apparatus for the determination of radio signals from a radio communications base station, the apparatus comprising: an antenna operable to receive characteristic signals of a radio communications base station; motorised support means operable to orient the antenna in elevation and azimuth; control and analysis means operable to provide data relating to the signal strength received from the antenna in elevation and azimuth; wherein the control and analysis means is connected to a subscriber transceiver electronics and employs said electronics for signal reception; whereby a survey of radio signals can be conducted to enable a correct orientation of a subscriber antenna to be determined with respect to a suitable base station with which communications can be conducted.
2. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein, the antenna employed is a wide band antenna and is associated with the control and analysis means.
3. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein, the antenna employed is associated with the subscriber transceiver unit.
4. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein, the antenna is mounted on a multi-axis mount operable under the control of a stepper motor whereby movement of the antenna can be reliably controlled
5. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein, data relating to the best received signal is employed in the mounting of a subscriber antenna to a house, other type of building or similar support.
6. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein, the antenna alignment device includes a broad band antenna having suitable matching circuits whereby it may employ only the subscriber control electronics of the subscriber communications equipment.
7. An apparatus according to Claim 1 wherein a radio position determining receiver such as a GPS receiver is employed to determine the position of the receiver relative to a base station to provide preliminary data.
8. An apparatus according to Claim 1 further comprising portable computing means operable to process data relating to the desired height and orientation of the antenna, which computing means has stored data relating to the absolute position of fixed wireless base stations in the area, whereby an antenna mount can be oriented with respect to the structure to which the antenna will be positionned.
9. A method for the determination of radio signals from a radio communications base station, the method employing apparatus comprising: an antenna operable to receive characteristic signals of a radio communications base station; motorised support means operable to orient the antenna in elevation and azimuth; control and analysis means operable to provide data relating to the signal strength received from the antenna in elevation and azimuth; wherein the control and analysis means is connected to a subscriber transceiver electronics and employs said electronics for signal reception; whereby a survey of radio signals can be conducted to enable a correct orientation of a subscriber antenna to be determined with respect to a suitable base station with which communications can be conducted; the method steps comprising: determining the receive characteristic signals of all relevant radio communications base stations in the area upon rotation and elevation of the antenna about its mount; analysing the data whereby an optimum position and orientation for the subscriber antenna can be determined.
10. A method of installation of a subscriber antenna for a fixed wireless access terminal comprising the steps of: mounting an antenna on motorised support; coupling the antenna to a subscriber transceiver electronics;
operating the motorised antenna to receive characteristic signals of a radio communications base station; feeding the signals to control and analysis means operable to provide data relating to the received signal strength of said signals in elevation and azimuth; using said data to determine the correct orientation of the antenna with respect to a suitable base station with which communications can be conducted; and fixing the subscriber antenna in position.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9714999A GB2327566A (en) | 1997-07-17 | 1997-07-17 | Method of Orienting an Antenna |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9714999A GB2327566A (en) | 1997-07-17 | 1997-07-17 | Method of Orienting an Antenna |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9714999D0 GB9714999D0 (en) | 1997-09-24 |
| GB2327566A true GB2327566A (en) | 1999-01-27 |
Family
ID=10815958
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9714999A Withdrawn GB2327566A (en) | 1997-07-17 | 1997-07-17 | Method of Orienting an Antenna |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2327566A (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0895302A2 (en) * | 1997-07-23 | 1999-02-03 | Nortel Networks Corporation | An antenna assembly |
| WO2001045294A2 (en) * | 1999-12-16 | 2001-06-21 | Motorola, Inc. | Self-aligning wireless interface system and method |
| WO2002039543A1 (en) * | 2000-11-10 | 2002-05-16 | Am Group Corporation | Direction-agile antenna system for wireless communications |
| US7627300B2 (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2009-12-01 | Airgain, Inc. | Dynamically optimized smart antenna system |
| US20160240910A1 (en) * | 2015-02-18 | 2016-08-18 | Commscope Technologies Llc | Antenna azimuth alignment monitor |
| US10051487B2 (en) * | 2016-12-31 | 2018-08-14 | Hughes Network Systems, Llc | Method and system for orienting a phased array antenna |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0077731A2 (en) * | 1981-10-19 | 1983-04-27 | Etablissement Public Télédiffusion de France | Remote control positioning device for a receiving antenna |
| US5300935A (en) * | 1991-12-26 | 1994-04-05 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Antenna controlling apparatus and method thereof |
| US5463401A (en) * | 1991-12-12 | 1995-10-31 | Nec Corporation | Method and arrangement of pointing an antenna beam to a stationary satellite |
-
1997
- 1997-07-17 GB GB9714999A patent/GB2327566A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0077731A2 (en) * | 1981-10-19 | 1983-04-27 | Etablissement Public Télédiffusion de France | Remote control positioning device for a receiving antenna |
| US5463401A (en) * | 1991-12-12 | 1995-10-31 | Nec Corporation | Method and arrangement of pointing an antenna beam to a stationary satellite |
| US5300935A (en) * | 1991-12-26 | 1994-04-05 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Antenna controlling apparatus and method thereof |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0895302A2 (en) * | 1997-07-23 | 1999-02-03 | Nortel Networks Corporation | An antenna assembly |
| EP0895302A3 (en) * | 1997-07-23 | 2001-10-04 | Nortel Networks Limited | An antenna assembly |
| WO2001045294A2 (en) * | 1999-12-16 | 2001-06-21 | Motorola, Inc. | Self-aligning wireless interface system and method |
| WO2001045294A3 (en) * | 1999-12-16 | 2002-01-24 | Motorola Inc | Self-aligning wireless interface system and method |
| US6487426B1 (en) | 1999-12-16 | 2002-11-26 | Motorola | Self-aligning wireless interface system and method |
| WO2002039543A1 (en) * | 2000-11-10 | 2002-05-16 | Am Group Corporation | Direction-agile antenna system for wireless communications |
| CN1299390C (en) * | 2000-11-10 | 2007-02-07 | Am集团公司 | Direction-agile antenna system for wireless communications |
| AU2002232896B2 (en) * | 2000-11-10 | 2007-03-22 | Am Group Corporation | Direction-agile antenna system for wireless communications |
| US7627300B2 (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2009-12-01 | Airgain, Inc. | Dynamically optimized smart antenna system |
| US20160240910A1 (en) * | 2015-02-18 | 2016-08-18 | Commscope Technologies Llc | Antenna azimuth alignment monitor |
| US10051487B2 (en) * | 2016-12-31 | 2018-08-14 | Hughes Network Systems, Llc | Method and system for orienting a phased array antenna |
| US10555185B2 (en) | 2016-12-31 | 2020-02-04 | Hughes Network Systems, Llc | Method and system for orienting a phased array antenna |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB9714999D0 (en) | 1997-09-24 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |