GB2300190A - Elastase inhibitor extracted from the leech, Hirudo nipponia - Google Patents
Elastase inhibitor extracted from the leech, Hirudo nipponia Download PDFInfo
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- GB2300190A GB2300190A GB9518312A GB9518312A GB2300190A GB 2300190 A GB2300190 A GB 2300190A GB 9518312 A GB9518312 A GB 9518312A GB 9518312 A GB9518312 A GB 9518312A GB 2300190 A GB2300190 A GB 2300190A
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- elastase
- guamerin
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- inhibiting protein
- inhibiting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/81—Protease inhibitors
- C07K14/815—Protease inhibitors from leeches, e.g. hirudin, eglin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
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- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
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- Rheumatology (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
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- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
- Enzymes And Modification Thereof (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
Abstract
An elastase-inhibiting protein which has the following amino acid sequence: VDENAEDTHGLCGEKTCSPAQVCLNNECACTAIRCMIFCPNGFKVDENGCEYPCTCA is useful in the treatment of diseases associated with an excess level of elastase such as rheumatoid arthritis, emphysema and psoriasis. The protein may be extracted from an acetone extract of the leech, Hirudo ripponia , followed by, sequentially, gel filtration chromatography, anion-exchange chromatography and HPLC.
Description
A NOVEL ELASTASE INHIBITOR
AND PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a novel elastase inhibitor, more specifically, a novel protein isolated from a
Korean leech, Guameri(Hirudo nipponia) which specifically inhibits elastase activity, and a process for preparing the same.
Background of the Invention
Elastase is a serine protease capable of degrading mainly elastin and also connective tissue proteins such as collagen, cartilage, and fibronectin(see: Reilly, C. et al., Biochem.
Biophys. Acta., 621:147-167(1980); Mainardi, C.L. et al., J.
Biol. Chem., 255:5436-5441(1980)). Human leukocyte elastase is stored principally in neutrophils and the stored elastase is released, when neutrophils encounter foreign pathogens or antigens in blood, to degrade them so that body is protected from the harmful factors(see: Weisemann, G. et al., New Engl.
J. Med., 303:27-34(1980)).
However, uncontrolled secretion of elastase which frequently results from aging of the cells or genetic defects may cause non-specific proteolysis and trigger destructive processes associated with various chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, emphysema, and psoriasis(see: Glinski,
W. et al., J. Invest. Dermatol., 75:481-487(1980); Snider,
G.L., Med. Clin. North.Am., 65:647-666(1981)): Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease resulting from an excessive release of elastase which causes abnormal degradation of cartilage at joints of the knee and the finger in human; emphysema is also an inflammatory disease caused by the degradative action of elastase excessively released from neutrophils which have come into the injured site of the lung tissue to prevent intrusion of pathogens from air; and, psoriasis is one of the representative skin diseases caused by elastase, which is characterized by distinct, reddish, slightly raised plaques with adherent silvery scale.
In medical field, for the treatment of said diseases, strenuous efforts have been made in developing an agent which can effectively suppress the activity of elastase which is released abnormally in excess in the tissues of joint cartilage, lung, and skin. As a consequence, elastaseinhibiting proteins have been isolated from a variety of biological sources such as birds including turkeys or ducks, european leeches, and human skin(see: Schalwijk, J. et al., Br.
J. Dermatol., 1512:181-186(1986); Wlodow, O. et al., J. Biol.
Chem., 165:14791-14796(1990); Hochstrasser, K. et al., Hopps
Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem., 362:1369-1375(1981); Seemuller, U.
et al., Hopps-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem., 361:1841-1846(1980)), which were found effective for the treatment of said diseases, especially when a medicine containing the protein as an active ingredient was administered directly to the affected parts.
However, the elastase-inhibiting proteins of prior art, except the one isolated from human skin, have had trouble for the use as a medicine, since their specificity for elastase is so low that the activities of other enzymes are possibly inhibited. Moreover, since the said elastase-inhibiting proteins including the one from human skin have an extremely high molecular weight, a problem has been frequently encountered that the proteins can be easily denatured by heat, which decreases their activities rapidly.
Summarv of the Invention
In accordance with the present invention, the inventors discovered that: a serine protease isolated from a Korean leech strongly inhibits the activity of elastase in human neutrophils in a specific manner.
The primary object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide a novel elastase-inhibiting protein(hereinafter, referred to as "Guamerin") isolated from a Korean leech,
Guameri(Hirudo nipponia).
The other object of the invention is to provide a process for preparing the Guamerin from a Korean leech, Guameri.
Brief Description of Drawings
The above and the other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following descriptions given in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, 'in which:
Figure 1A represents a Sephadex G-75 chromatography
pattern of the acetone extract of Hirudo nippon ia; Figure 1B represents a DEAE-Sepharose chromatography
pattern of the eluent from the Sephadex G-75
chromatography;
Figure 1C represents a HPLC(high performance liquid
chromatography) pattern of the eluent from the
DEAE-Sepharose chromatography;
Figure 2 is a mass spectrum of Guamerin of the present
invention analyzed by a MALDI(matrix-assisted
laser desorption ionization) mass spectrometry;
Figure 3 is the amino acid sequence of Guamerin;
Figure 4 is a graph showing the specificity of Guamerin;;
Figure 5 is a graph for the determination of inhibition
constant of Guamerin;
Figure 6 is a graph showing the heat-stability of
Guamerin; and,
Figure 7 is a graph showing the pH-stability of Guamerin.
Detailed Descrintion of the Invention
Adult Korean leeches were collected and treated with ethyl alcohol to remove stomach impurities and blood clot. Acetone was added and homogenized, to obtain acetone extract of the leeches. The acetone extract thus obtained was concentrated, applied on a gel-filtration column, and washed, and fractions showing elastase-inhibiting activity were pooled. The active fractions, in turn, were applied on an anion-exchange column, washed, and eluted, and then fractions showing elastaseinhibiting activity were pooled again. Then, the active fractions were concentrated and applied on HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography) to isolate elastaseinhibiting protein only. A hydrophobic resin which holds hydrophobic proteins until the resin is under a hydrophillic state, was employed as a HPLC column.The elastase-inhibiting protein thus purified was named 'Guamerin' in the present invention.
Determination of the molecular weight and amino acid sequence of Guamerin revealed that the protein has a molecular weight of 6,110Da and is composed of 57 amino acids including 10 cysteine residues which, by forming disulphide bonds, are presumed to play a crucial role in stabilizing the protein structure against heat.
On the other hand, it has been known that: all of inhibiting proteins for proteolytic enzymes (target enzymes) act as a substrate-like material(pseudo-substrate) for the target enzymes, thus decreasing the enzymatic activities; and, therefore, long-term reaction causes the hydrolysis of peptide bond of the inhibiting protein by the target enzyme, where the hydrolysed region of the protein is referred to as 'active site' of the inhibiting protein. Since the active site of the inhibiting protein confers a specificity for the target enzyme, it is very important to elucidate the structure of active site.
From the point of view, the inventors determined the active site of Guamerin as 36-methionine and 37-isoleucine, which is of significance in light of the fact that: even though Guamerin has an amino acid sequence similar to those of factor Xa- or trypsin-inhibiting proteins, it only can inhibit elastase activity in a specific manner, thanks to the difference in their active sites(see: Nutt, E. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 263:10162-10167(1988); Soellner, C. et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 219:937-943(1994)).
Determination of whether Guamerin inhibits other types of proteolytic enzymes beside elastase or not, was subsequently carried out, and it was revealed that Guamerin has high specificity for the elastase. Accordingly, it is concluded that Guamerin does not affect on other types of proteolytic enzymes, thus resulting in a decrease of side effects when it is applied as a medicine.
On the other hand, it is well known that enzyme inhibitors of a lower inhibition constant(Ki) are easily dissociated from the target enzymes in a speed faster than its binding to the enzymes, indicating a more effective inhibition in a reaction involving the enzyme inhibitor with a low inhibition constant.
In this regard, the fact that Guamerin whose inhibition constant of 8.1 x 1014 is found to be considerably low compared with that of other elastase-inhibiting proteins in the art, is meant to be an elastase-inhibiting protein with a - higher activity than any other inhibitors. Moreover, it is found that the mechanism by which Guamerin inhibits elastase is a competitive inhibition.
Evaluation of the stability of Guamerin against heat and pH, presumed from the amino acid sequence and composition, indicated that the inhibiting protein is quite stable against heat as well as strong acids and alkalies. Accordingly, these properties of Guamerin work in favour of industrialization with a negligible loss which may often result from denaturation in the processes of mass production, storage, and transport.
Guamerin of the present invention can be applied in the treatment of diseases associated with an excess level of elastase, such as rheumatoid arthritis, emphysema, and psoriasis. The genetic information deduced from the amino acid sequence of Guamerin can be also employed in a mass production employing genetic engineering techniques known in the art.
In describing the amino acid sequence of protein in the present invention, one-letter symbols abbreviated by the IUPAC
IUB standard are employed as followings:
Amino acid Svmbol
Alanine A
Arginine R
Asparagine N
Aspartic acid D
Cysteine C
Glutamine Q
Glutamic acid E
Glycine G
Histidine H
Isoleucine I
Leucine L
Lysine K
Methionine M
Phenylalanine F
Proline P
Serine S
Threonine T
Tryptophan W
Tyrosine Y
Valine V
The present invention is further illustrated in the following examples, which should not be taken to limit the scope of the invention.
Example 1: Purification of Guamerin
Fully matured leeches collected at Chonju, a southern city of Korea, were employed in the purification process regardless of their size, if they were clearly identified as Korean leech, i.e., Guameri(Hirudo nipponia), in light of their back patterns and colours. About 100 leeches weighing 40 g in total were treated with 100 ml of 95 % ethyl alcohol(4 C) to anaesthetize and remove stomach impurities and blood clot. Leeches were washed thoroughly with deionized water and put in 200 ml of 80 % acetone(-20 c) before homogenized in an automated mixer.
Then, NaCl and TCA(trichloroacetic acid) were added to the final concentrations of 0.3 M and 0.2 M, respectively, to extract proteins. To concentrate the acetone extract thus prepared, four volumes of 100 % acetone(-20 C) were added and left at -20 C for 1 hour to form light grey precipitate, which was subjected to a centrifugation and an evaporation of residual acetone subsequently, to obtain pure light grey powder.
The said acetone extract powder was dissolved in Tris-HCl buffer solution(pH 8.0) containing 200 mM NaCl(hereinafter referred to as "Buffer A") and then applied on a Sephadex G-75 column(ll0 x 2 cm; Sigma, USA) preequilibrated with Buffer A at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, and fractions showing the elastaseinhibiting activity were pooled(see: Fig. 1A).
The active fractions were dialysed against another Tris
HC1 buffer solution(pH 8.0, hereinafter referred to as '2Buffer B") to remove NaCl completely and then applied on a DEAE
Sepharose column(6 x 1.3 cm; Sigma, USA) preequilibrated with
Buffer B at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Elution was made with a linear NaCl gradient from 0 mM to 400 mM, and elution of
Guamerin having elastase-inhibiting activity was identified at a peak at the NaCl gradient from 120 mM to 150 mM(see: Fig.
lB).
The active fractions obtained from said DEAE-Sepharose chromatography were pooled, dialysed against Buffer B to remove
NaCl completely, concentrated and applied on HPLC column(30 x 0.39 cm, Delta-pak C18, Millipore, USA) preequilibrated with 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Elution of pure Guamerin(arrow head) was made with a linear acetonitrile gradient from 25 %(v/v) to 60 %(v/v) and a peak at 35 min of retention time was identified as Guamerin(see:
Fig. lC).
The activity of the purified Guamerin was assayed as follows: 50 p1 of elastase-containing solution(0.37 mg/ml) and 500 p1 of 1 mM p-nitroaniline were mixed together, and 50 p1 of each of fractions obtained in the course of purification was added to the mixture, and left to react at 37 C for 50 min.
The absorbance(O.D.) at 440 nm calculated in terms of the hydrolysed p-nitroaniline, was measured. O.D. values of the control and the active fractions were compared, and the activity of Guamerin was determined, based on the decrease in p-nitroaniline degradating activity of elastase.
Purification of Guamerin are summarized in Table 1 below.
Protein was quantitatively assayed by Bradford method(see:
Bradford, M.M., Anal. Biochem., 72:248-254(1976)). In this regard, one unit(lU) was defined as the amount of inhibitor that decreases the degradation of 1 pM p-nitroaniline by elastase per minute.
Table 1. Purification of Guamerin
Purification Total protein Specific activity Yield
step (mg) (units/mg) (%)
Acetone extract 2000 0.94 100
Sephadex G-75 16.1 95 82
DEAE-Sepharose 2.7 273 39
HPLC 0.7 361 19
As shown in Table 1, the specific activity of purified
Guamerin was determined as 361 units/mg and the yield was 19 t.
Examnle 2: Determination of molecular weight of Guamerin
By the aid of MALDI(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization, Kompact, MALDI II, Kratos, UK) mass spectrometry,
Guamerin was determined as a protein having a molecular weight of 6,110 Da(see: Fig. 2).
Example 3: Determination of amino acid sequence and active site
of Guamerin
The amino acid sequence of Guamerin prepared in Example 1 was determined by employing an amino acid sequence analyzer(Applied Biosystems 476A protein sequencer, USA) (see:
Fig. 3). As shown in Fig. 3, it was found that Guamerin is comprised of total 57 amino acid residues, which contains 10 cysteine residues. In addition, comparison of amino acid sequences between Guamerin and elastase-inhibiting proteins of prior art confirmed that Guamerin of the present invention is a novel protein.
On the other hand, to elucidate the active site of
Guamerin, it was reacted with elastase for 48 hours, and the amino acid sequence of its N-terminus was determined using an amino acid sequence analyzer. As a result, it was determined that: the peptide bond between 36-methionine and 37-isoleucine was hydrolysed; and, therefore, the active site of Guamerin includes 36-methionine and 37-isoleucine.
ExamPle 4: Specificity of inhibiting activity of Guamerin
The specific activities of Guamerin on the other types of proteases beside elastase, were studied; and, it was determined that: while it has no effect on papain, pepsin, thrombin, and factor Xa, Guamerin had about 15 % of inhibiting-activity against trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin. The said activity of Guamerin is, however, extremely low, compared to about 90 % of activity on elastase, suggesting that Guamerin is highly specific for elastase(see: Fig. 4). In Fig. 4, HLelastase and PP-elastase represent the ones isolated from human leukocyte and porcine pancreas, respectively.
On the other hand, the inhibition constant of Guamerin which was obtained by employing elastase as a substrate was determined as 8.1 x 1014M, which was considerably low compared with those of other elastase-inhibiting proteins in the prior art, such as eglin C(10-1 - 1011 M) isolated from human skin or elafin(6 x 10-10 M) isolated from european leeches. As a result, it is found that Guamerin is of a higher inhibition activity than any other elastase-inhibiting proteins known in the art. Moreover, as shown in Fig. 5, it was clearly confirmed that: Guamerin inhibits the elastase activity in a competitive manner, since Guamerin competes with the substrate for elastase in the binding to the target enzyme, i.e., elastase.
Example 5: Evaluation of stability of Guamerin
To investigate the effect of heat on the activity of
Guamerin, it was subjected to heating condition at an interval of 10 C ranging from 40 C to 100 C for 15 min(see: Fig. 6).
As a result, there was no change in the activity of Guamerin, suggesting that the protein is very stable to heat shock.
Further, to examine if strong acids or alkalies influence the activity of Guamerin, it was treated with solutions ranging from pH 1 to pH 11 at an interval of pH 2 for 15 min(see: Fig.
7). As a result, there was also no change in the activity of
Guamerin, suggesting that the protein is also very stable to strong acids and alkalies.
As clearly demonstrated and explained above, the present invention provides an elastase-inhibiting protein isolated("Guamerin") from a Korean leech, Guameri(Hirudo nipponia) and a process for preparing the same. Guamerin of the present invention can be applied in the treatment of diseases associated with an excess level of elastase, such as rheumatoid arthritis, emphysema, and psoriasis.
Claims (13)
1. An elastase-inhibiting protein which has the following amino acid sequence: vDENAEDTHGLCGEKTCSPAQVCLNNECACTAIRCMl FCPNGFKVDENGCEYPCTCA.
2. The elastase-inhibiting protein of claim 1 for use in the treatment of a disease associated with an elevated level of elastase.
3. The elastase-inhibiting protein of claim 1 for use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, emphysema or psoriasis.
4. A nucleotide sequence which encodes the elastase-inhibiting protein of claim 1.
5. A process of preparing the elastase-inhibiting protein of claim 1, which process comprises:
(i) preparing an acetone extract of Guameri (Hirudo nipponia) by adding acetone and homogenizing;
(ii) gel-filtration chromatography of the said acetone extract;
(iii) anion-exchange chromatography of the active fractions from the said gel-filtration chromatography; and
(iv) HPLC chromatography of the active fractions from the anion-exchange chromatography.
6. An expression vector in which a nucleotide sequence as claimed in claim 4 is operably linked to a promoter.
7. A vector according to claim 6, which is a plasmid.
8. A host transformed or transfected with a vector as claimed in claim 6 or 7.
9. A host according to claim 8 which is a microbial host.
10. A host according to claim 8 which is a bacterium or yeast.
11. A process of preparing the elastase-inhibiting protein of claim 1, which process comprises maintaining a host as claimed in any one of claims 8 to 10 under such conditions that the said protein is expressed and isolating the said protein thus expressed.
12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and, as active ingredient, the elastase-inhibiting protein of claim 1.
13. A process of preparing the elastase-inhibiting protein of claim 1, said process being substantially as hereinbefore described in Example 1.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1019950010206A KR0137519B1 (en) | 1995-04-27 | 1995-04-27 | Elastase inhibitor from korean hirudo nipponia |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB9518312D0 GB9518312D0 (en) | 1995-11-08 |
GB2300190A true GB2300190A (en) | 1996-10-30 |
GB2300190B GB2300190B (en) | 1999-05-05 |
Family
ID=19413181
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB9518312A Expired - Fee Related GB2300190B (en) | 1995-04-27 | 1995-09-07 | A novel elastase inhibitor and process for preparing the same |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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JP (1) | JP2678152B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR0137519B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2300190B (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1998009993A1 (en) * | 1996-09-09 | 1998-03-12 | Korea Advanced Institute Of Science And Technology | Novel protease inhibitors derived from guamerin |
FR2843883A1 (en) * | 2002-08-30 | 2004-03-05 | Ricarimpex | Non-irritating leech extract, having antiinflammatory and/or antipsoriatic activity, obtained by suspending homogenized crude extract in saline, incubating and recovering supernatant |
WO2011045427A1 (en) * | 2009-10-15 | 2011-04-21 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Use of extract of leeches as anti-bacterial agent |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2808396A1 (en) * | 1978-02-27 | 1979-09-06 | Christensen Plantorgan Werk | Protease inhibitors eglin B and C - prepd. from leech extracts, useful in pharmaceutical compsns. |
WO1990012808A1 (en) * | 1989-04-14 | 1990-11-01 | Euro-Biopharm Technology B.V. | Protease inhibitor |
-
1995
- 1995-04-27 KR KR1019950010206A patent/KR0137519B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-09-07 GB GB9518312A patent/GB2300190B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-10-18 JP JP7270063A patent/JP2678152B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2808396A1 (en) * | 1978-02-27 | 1979-09-06 | Christensen Plantorgan Werk | Protease inhibitors eglin B and C - prepd. from leech extracts, useful in pharmaceutical compsns. |
WO1990012808A1 (en) * | 1989-04-14 | 1990-11-01 | Euro-Biopharm Technology B.V. | Protease inhibitor |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
CAS Registry File; RN 168116-05-0 * |
J.Biol.Chem. 1995,270(23),13879-13884 * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1998009993A1 (en) * | 1996-09-09 | 1998-03-12 | Korea Advanced Institute Of Science And Technology | Novel protease inhibitors derived from guamerin |
FR2843883A1 (en) * | 2002-08-30 | 2004-03-05 | Ricarimpex | Non-irritating leech extract, having antiinflammatory and/or antipsoriatic activity, obtained by suspending homogenized crude extract in saline, incubating and recovering supernatant |
WO2011045427A1 (en) * | 2009-10-15 | 2011-04-21 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Use of extract of leeches as anti-bacterial agent |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2300190B (en) | 1999-05-05 |
JPH08295698A (en) | 1996-11-12 |
KR0137519B1 (en) | 1998-04-30 |
GB9518312D0 (en) | 1995-11-08 |
JP2678152B2 (en) | 1997-11-17 |
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PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20020907 |