GB2294898A - Control of a fusion process by determination of specific heat variation - Google Patents
Control of a fusion process by determination of specific heat variation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2294898A GB2294898A GB9419334A GB9419334A GB2294898A GB 2294898 A GB2294898 A GB 2294898A GB 9419334 A GB9419334 A GB 9419334A GB 9419334 A GB9419334 A GB 9419334A GB 2294898 A GB2294898 A GB 2294898A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- specific heat
- resistor
- control
- electric power
- fusion process
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
- B29C65/342—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising at least a single wire, e.g. in the form of a winding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
- B29C65/342—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising at least a single wire, e.g. in the form of a winding
- B29C65/3428—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising at least a single wire, e.g. in the form of a winding said at least a single wire having a waveform, e.g. a sinusoidal form
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
- B29C65/3436—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising independent continuous fibre-reinforcements
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
- B29C65/344—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint being a woven or non-woven fabric or being a mesh
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3468—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the means for supplying heat to said heated elements which remain in the join, e.g. special electrical connectors of windings
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
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- B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
- B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
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- B29C66/12—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments; Tongue and groove joints; Tenon and mortise joints; Stepped joint cross-sections
- B29C66/122—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising only two joint-segments in the joint cross-section
- B29C66/1222—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising only two joint-segments in the joint cross-section comprising at least a lapped joint-segment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
- B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
- B29C66/12—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments; Tongue and groove joints; Tenon and mortise joints; Stepped joint cross-sections
- B29C66/122—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising only two joint-segments in the joint cross-section
- B29C66/1224—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising only two joint-segments in the joint cross-section comprising at least a butt joint-segment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
- B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
- B29C66/5221—Joining tubular articles for forming coaxial connections, i.e. the tubular articles to be joined forming a zero angle relative to each other
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
- B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
- B29C66/5224—Joining tubular articles for forming fork-shaped connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces
- B29C66/52241—Joining tubular articles for forming fork-shaped connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces with two right angles, e.g. for making T-shaped pieces
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
- B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
- B29C66/5229—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
- B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
- B29C66/5229—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket
- B29C66/52291—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket said socket comprising a stop
- B29C66/52292—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket said socket comprising a stop said stop being internal
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9121—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature
- B29C66/91211—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature with special temperature measurement means or methods
- B29C66/91214—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature with special temperature measurement means or methods by measuring the electrical resistance of a resistive element belonging to one of the parts to be welded, said element acting, e.g. as a thermistor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9131—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
- B29C66/91311—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
- B29C66/91313—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by measuring the voltage, i.e. the electric potential difference or electric tension
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9131—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
- B29C66/91311—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
- B29C66/91315—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by measuring the current intensity
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9131—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
- B29C66/91311—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
- B29C66/91317—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by measuring the electrical resistance
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C66/91443—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature the temperature being non-constant over time following a temperature-time profile
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C66/91641—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux the heat or the thermal flux being non-constant over time
- B29C66/91643—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux the heat or the thermal flux being non-constant over time following a heat-time profile
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
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- B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
- B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
- B29C66/91655—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by controlling or regulating the current intensity
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/96—Measuring or controlling the joining process characterised by the method for implementing the controlling of the joining process
- B29C66/961—Measuring or controlling the joining process characterised by the method for implementing the controlling of the joining process involving a feedback loop mechanism, e.g. comparison with a desired value
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3472—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint
- B29C65/3476—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being metallic
- B29C65/348—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being metallic with a polymer coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/94—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the time
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/95—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94
- B29C66/959—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 characterised by specific values or ranges of said specific variables
- B29C66/9592—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 characterised by specific values or ranges of said specific variables in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. X-Y diagrams
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/96—Measuring or controlling the joining process characterised by the method for implementing the controlling of the joining process
- B29C66/962—Measuring or controlling the joining process characterised by the method for implementing the controlling of the joining process using proportional controllers, e.g. PID controllers [proportional–integral–derivative controllers]
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
In a method of automatically controlling the fusion process of thermoplastic resin articles a current is fed to a resistor for fusing together the resin surfaces facing one another. Electrical characteristics of the resistor is calculated upon increase of the power to a given level, also calculating specific heat of the resin through ON-OFF control of the resistor. The power is then raised through stages based on the characteristics and the specific heat, to determine variation coefficients of the characteristics and specific heat, at each stage and through further ON-OFF control. The power is stopped as the variation coefficient becomes smaller than a given value, with the ON-OFF control continued until the specific heat becomes equal to or lower than a preset value to cease the power supply. The method may be applied to pipe joints (Figures 2 - 4) or fusible tapes (Figures 5 and 6). <IMAGE>
Description
2294898 A METHOD OF AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLING THE FUSION PROCESS BETWEEN
THERMOPLASTIC ARTICLES
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of au- tomatically controlling the fusion process between ther moplastic articles.
The so-called electro-fusion joints ( hereinafter referred to as 'EF joints') are and has been used to fixedly adjoin articles one to another. Examples of those articles made of thermoplastic resins include water pipes, drain pipes and gas pipes. Each of the EF joints comprises a body and an electric heating wire embedded therein, with the body being also a piece made of an appropriate thermoplastic. An electric current will be supplied to the electric heating wire to heat and fuse in part the thermoplastic joint and the pipes so that they become integral with each other.
PRIOR ART
Electro-fusion controllers ( hereinafter referred to as 'EF controllers') of the prior art types have some control patterns adapted to energize the electric heating wire. Those patterns corresponding to the types of EF joints are stored in memory devices in the EF controllers. The most proper pattern will be selected for the EF joint in use, in order to automatically control the electric power for the fusion process.
However, electrical characteristics of the EF joints from various manufactures differ from one another in the resistance of their heating wires ( viz. resistors) and temperature coefficients thereof. One EF controller matches only one type of the EF joints, so that piping workers must have a large assortment of the EF controllers, suffering from an economical loss.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is therefore to provide a method of automatically controlling the fusion process for all the types and for a variety in each type of the thermoplastic pipes and joints.
The method provided herein comprises the steps of: (1) supplying a resistor with an electric current in response to a start signal indicating the start of fusion process, the resistor serving as a heater to fuse together thermoplastic resin surface layers facing one another and in close contact with each other, calculating the electrical characteristics of the resistor upon increase of the electric power to a predetermined level, and also calculating specific heat of the resin by conducting ONOFF control of the resistor; (2) subsequently raising the electric power stepwise at successive stages and based on the values of electrical characteristics and specific heat which are already measured at the first step (1), so is as to detect a variation coefficient of electrical characteristics at each stage, and also detecting a variation coefficient of specific heat at each stage by further conducting ON-OFF control of the resistor; and (3) finally discontinuing to increase the electric power when the variation coefficient of specific heat measured at the second step (2) will have reached or become smaller than a prescribed value, with the ON- OFF control being continued until the specific heat itself becomes equal to or lower than a prescribed level so that the supply of electric power is ceased.
The third step (3) may be modified such that the supply of electric power is ceased when a length of time will have passed after the start of ONOFF control at said step (3), wherein the length of time is calculated using the value of specific heat measured at the second step (2).
According to the present invention, an optimal level will be determined for the electric power heating and partially melting the resin articles, based on the resis tor's electrical characteristics and the resin's physi cal properties which are being measured at the same time during the fusion process. Thus, articles made of any resin included in any type can be fused together successfully and accurately.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawings showing some embodiments of the - 3 invention:
Fig. 1 is a control diagram for automatically controlling the fusion process in which thermoplastic articles are fused together in an embodiment; Fig. 2 is a perspective front elevation of an EF joint and an EF controller used in the embodiment; Fig. 3 is a cross section of a socket portion of the EF joint; Fig. 4 is a cross section of another EF joint; Fig. 5 is a front elevation of a fusible tape; and Fig. 6 is a front elevation of another fusible tape.
THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An EF joint and an EF controller shown in Fig. 2 are used as examples in the method of automatically control ling the fusion process of thermoplastic articles, and the process is controlled according to a control diagram shown in Fig. 1. The T-shaped EF joint I has socket portions 3 in which ends of thermoplastic resin pipes 2 are to be fixedly adjoined. A pair of terminal pins 4 protrude outwardly from end surfaces of each socket portion. The EF controller generally denoted by the reference numeral 5 has an installed CPU ( viz. central processing unit) used for the automatic control of the fusion process. A control code 7 extending from the controller has, at its extremity, connectors 6 to mate the terminal pins 4. A cable 8 from the controller has at its f ree end a plug 8 to be inserted in a power supply socket. The controller 5 further comprises a start switch 10, a stop switch 11 and an indicator 12.
The pipes 2 can be fixed in the respective socket portions 3. Each of the socket portions 3 of the EF joint 1 has an inner periphery in which an independent electric heating wire 13 is embedded. Each heating wire 13 as the aforementioned resistor is composed of a core covered with a coating of the same thermoplastic material as the material of the EF joint 1, as shown in Fig. 3. The electric heating wire 13 folded down to form a U-shaped end and a pair of parallel legs extending therefrom. The bent-down wire 13 is coiled around and embedded in the inner periphery of the socket portion 3 such that the legs' free ends are secured to the terminal pins 4.
The two connectors 6 of the EF controller 5 mate with the respective terminal pins 4.
In operation, the plug 8 of the EF controller 5 will be plugged in the power supply socket, and the ends of the pipes 2 will be inserted in the socket portions 3 of the EF joint 1. After the connectors 6 are connected to the terminal pins 4 jutting from the socket portions 3, the start switch 10 will be turned on to initiate the automatic control of the fusion process for the EF joint 1.
As the start button 10 is turned on, a start signal will be given to the CPU to initiate the control process as shown in Fig. 1. In detail, a power of a certain - 5 initial intensity is thus supplied to the electric heating wire 13 to raise its temperature from an ambient temperature T1. The CPU continues to detect the voltage and current ( viz. ampere) and count the time.
A first step of the automatic control method is as follows. At a point when the electric power has reached a predetermined level, the variation coefficient of resistance will be calculated as the electrical characteristics. Then, ON-OFF control of the heating wire will be continued for a given time, at regular intervals, so that the specific heat of the relevant resin is determined by for example the so-called PID ( viz. proportional-integral-differential) calculation. The resistance coefficient depending on temperature of the heating wire as well as the specific heat of the resin will be estimated roughly at this stage. The ON-OFF of the heating wire is done three times in the illustrated example, whereby the temperature of said wire is repeatedly raised and lowered between T2 and T3 ( more exactly, between a temperature a little higher than T2 and another temperature a little lower than T3, due to a certain delay in the system). It will be seen in Fig. 1 that such an ON-OFF operation is started when the wire 13 has risen to the temperature T2 which is low enough to protect from the resin from melting. ( The reference symbols P1, AI1, and A T1 - &T5 denote a peak of electric power, a difference between the peak and a bottom, and period of time between each peak and the following bot- tom.) A second step of the automatic control method is as follows. Here, the electric power supplied to the heating electric wire will subsequently be raise6 step wise at successive stages, based on the specific heat and the variation coefficient of resistance which have been measured at the first step. During this step, the variation coefficient of resistance is further calculated at each stage A variation coefficient of specific heat will also be determined at each stage by further conducting ON-OFF operations of the heating wire. The roughly estimated values of the heating wire's resistance coefficient depending on temperature and the resin's spe cific heat obtained at the first step are thus judged as to whether they are accurate or not. If judged 'No', then those values can be corrected at this step. The most appropriate heating condition will be established for the resin, at this step. In the illustrated exam ple, the electric power is raised four times up to higher and higher levels, with one ON-OFF operation being done at each of such stages. In detail, the temperature of the heating wire 13 rises from T2 to T4, before subse quently lowering to T5. Then, the temperature is con trolled to rise again beyond T4 to T6, before temporarily descending to T7. The temperature further ascends therefrom to T8 before descending to T9, and subsequently ascends to T10 and then descends to T11, before finally converging to the target temperature T10. The last stage, i.e., fourth stage in this example, is important to confirm the most proper heating condition. There may be cases wherein only one and the first stage is enough to establish such a heating condition most appro- priate in the fusion process, or five or more stages are required for this purpose. It is highly preferable to limit the maximum number of repeated stages for example to 10 (ten). The power supply has to be stopped at the end of the final stage, i,e, the tenth stage to emit an alarm. Any way, the described intermittent increasing of the power supply to the heating wire 13 will be effective to protect the resin from being heated to such a temperature that will cause heat deterioration of the resin. The symbols P2 - P5, A12 -,&14, and AT6 - A T8 denote differences each between adjacent peaks of electric power, differences each between one peak and the next bottom, and periods of time each between the adjacent bottoms.) A third step of this method is as follows. The increasing of the supplied power will be stopped when the variation coefficient of specific heat ( more exactly a rec 1procal thereof throughout this specification) measured at the second step just has reached or become smaller than a prescribed value. The ON-OFF control will be continued until the specific heat itself becomes equal to or lower than a prescribed level so that the supply of electric power is ceased. In the illustrated example, the specific heat variation coefficient will become smaller than the prescribed value, when the increasing power supply has heated the wire 13 to the optimal tem perature T10. Thereafter, the increasing of power supply will be ceased and the ON-OFF thereof will be continued for a while to keep the temperature of the heating wire 13 at the optimal one T10 - During such a leveling-off operation, a differential electric power observed in one cycle of ON-OFF operation will gradually decrease, as temperature.
resin heated the resin temperature approaches the wire This means that the specific heat of the by the wire 13 gradually decreases towards almost 0 (zero), indicating the melting of resin. The necessary surface portion of the resin article will be molten in this manner, and the power supply will be shut off to finish the fusion process.
The third step may be modified such that the supply of electric power is ceased when a length of time has passed after the start of ON-OFF control, wherein the length of time is calculated using the value of specific heat measured at the second step.
Fig. 4 is a cross section of the EF joint la of another type to which the method is employable. This joint la. is socket-shaped in its entirety, having opposite ends receiving the ends of pipes 2a to be adjoined thereto. A heating electric wire 13a in this case is such that both the pipe ends are simultaneously molten to become integral with this joint. The electric wire 13a is a bare wire helically embedded in the joint la, courser in an intermediate region and denser in end regions thereof. Attached to ends of the wire 13a are terminal pins 4a. protruding sideways and outwards the joint la. The connectors 6 of the EF controller 5 likewise mate the terminal pins 4a, and electric power will be supplied in the same manner as in the case described above.
Fig. 5 shows a fusible tape 14 made of a thermoplastic resin. This tape is 'composed a f ront and back base layers 15a and 15b, and two heating electric wires 16 sandwiched therebetween. The wires 16 meander transversely of the tape and extend over the full length thereof. In use, an appropriate length will be severed from the endless tape, and two ends of the wires 16 protruding out of one extremity of the severed length will be electrically connected one to another. This severed length of tape will then be adhered or otherwise secured to a portion of a thermoplastic article or to portions thereof to be fused together. The other two ends of the wires 16 at the other extremity of the severed length then mate the connectors 6 of EF controller 5 which will subsequently be energized to carry out the fusion process. This tape 14 is useful in fusing any thermoplastic articles that have no heating wires embedded therein, and is applicable to any surface shape of said articles. In a particular use to provide a large-sized consolidated and impermeable sheet to cover an underground garbage pit, thermoplastic resin - 10 unit sheets of a given width may be fused together along their parallel sides by means of several lengths this tape 14. Such a large sheet will be effective to prevent various hazardous materials from migrating into the earth. Even if the fusible tape 14 remarkably varies in its length due to the variety in shape and dimension of said unit sheets, the automatic control method provided herein will operate successfully and accurately.
Fig. 6 shows another fusible tape 14a. This tape comprises a knit fabric of carbon fiber as the base layer 17. A pair of electric wires 18 serving as a cathode and an anode are adhered or otherwise fixed to the longitudinal sides of the base layer. on ends of the wires 18 will be connected to the connector 6 of the EF controller 5 to heat the base layer 17. This tape 14a may also be used in the same manner as the first described tape 14, with the base layer being molten.
In summary, the present invention provides an au tomatic control method for fusion process wherein an optimal operating condition will be established for the electric wire to heat and partially melt the resin arti cles, based on the wire's electrical characteristics and the resin's physical properties which are being measured at the same time during the fusion process. Thus, articles made of any resin included in any type can be fused together successfully and accurately.
Any additional resistors of varied values of resistance, which have been embedded in the EF joints so as to 11 - be previously detected to know the type thereof, are needed no longer in the method proposed herein. Thus, the EF joints can now be produced more inexpensively, and the EF controllers can be of a simplified structure as to their connectors.
Further, a drawback that a variable gap between the prior art EF joint and the pipe has been a disturbing factor causing a poorer fusion is now eliminated, because the specific heat of the resin is measured during the fusion process so that any gap or clearance will never adversely affect the process in an unpredicted manner.
12 -
Claims (3)
1. A method of automatically controlling the fusion process of thermoplastic articles, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) supplying a resistor with an electric current in response to a start signal indicating the start of fusion process, the resistor serving as a heater to fuse together thermoplastic resin surface layers facing one another and in close contact with each other, calculating the electrical characteristics of the resistor upon increase of the electric power to a predetermined level, and also calculating specific heat of the resin by conducting ONOFF control of the resistor; (2) subsequently raising the electric power stepwise at successive stages and based on the values of electri cal characteristics and specific heat which are already measured at the first step (1), so as to detect a variation coefficient of electrical characteristics at each stage, and also detecting a variation coefficient of specific heat at each stage by further conducting ON-OFF control of the resistor; and (3) finally discontinuing to increase the electric power when the variation coefficient of specific heat measured at the second step (2) will have reached or become smaller than a prescribed value, with the ON- OFF control being continued until the specific heat itself 13 - becomes equal to or lower than a prescribed level so that the supply of electric power is ceased.
2. A method of automatically controlling the fusion process of thermoplastic articles, the method comprising the steps of:
(1) supplying a resistor with an electric current in response to a start signal indicating the start of fusion process, the resistor serving as a heater to fuse together thermoplastic resin surface layers facing one another and in close contact with each other, calculating the electrical characteristics of the resistor upon increase of the electric power to a predetermined level, and also calculating specific heat of the resin by conducting ONOFF control of the resistor; (2) subsequently raising the electric power stepwise at successive stages and based on the values of electrical characteristics and specific heat which are already measured at the first step (1), so as to detect a variation coefficient of electrical characteristics at each stage, and also detecting a variation coefficient of specific heat at each stage by further conducting ON-OFF control of the resistor; and (3) finally discontinuing to increase the electric power when the variation coefficient of specific heat measured at the second step (2) will have reached or become smaller than a prescribed value, with the ON- OFF control being continued until a length of time will have passed after the start of ON-OFF control at this step (3) so that the supply of electric power is ceased, wherein the length of time is calculated using the value of specific heat measured at the second step (2).
3. A method of automatically controlling the fusion process of thermoplastic articles substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
is -
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9419334A GB2294898B (en) | 1994-09-26 | 1994-09-26 | A method of automatically controlling the fusion process between thermoplastic articles |
DE19944435393 DE4435393B4 (en) | 1994-09-26 | 1994-10-04 | Method for automatically controlling the welding of thermoplastic articles |
FR9412306A FR2725658B1 (en) | 1994-09-26 | 1994-10-14 | METHOD FOR AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLING THE MELTING PROCESS BETWEEN THERMOPLASTIC ARTICLES |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9419334A GB2294898B (en) | 1994-09-26 | 1994-09-26 | A method of automatically controlling the fusion process between thermoplastic articles |
DE19944435393 DE4435393B4 (en) | 1994-09-26 | 1994-10-04 | Method for automatically controlling the welding of thermoplastic articles |
FR9412306A FR2725658B1 (en) | 1994-09-26 | 1994-10-14 | METHOD FOR AUTOMATICALLY CONTROLLING THE MELTING PROCESS BETWEEN THERMOPLASTIC ARTICLES |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB9419334D0 GB9419334D0 (en) | 1994-11-09 |
GB2294898A true GB2294898A (en) | 1996-05-15 |
GB2294898B GB2294898B (en) | 1998-03-18 |
Family
ID=27206829
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB9419334A Expired - Fee Related GB2294898B (en) | 1994-09-26 | 1994-09-26 | A method of automatically controlling the fusion process between thermoplastic articles |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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DE (1) | DE4435393B4 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2725658B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2294898B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102013018434B4 (en) * | 2013-11-04 | 2017-11-02 | Bellapipe Oy | Method for welding plastic pipes |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2137026A (en) * | 1983-03-24 | 1984-09-26 | Fusion Plastics Ltd | Coupling electrofusion fitting to energy source and control equipment |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH665387A5 (en) * | 1985-01-23 | 1988-05-13 | Streng Plastic Ag | Welding together thermoplastic pipes - using resistance heater circuit with microprocessor controller which checks resistance of element and switches system |
CH668741A5 (en) * | 1985-07-15 | 1989-01-31 | West Electronic Ag | Precise welding process for plastics - by heating work using resistance element up supplying heat in pulses according to set curve |
GB8522633D0 (en) * | 1985-09-12 | 1985-10-16 | Vecstar Ltd | Fault detecting device |
US4684798A (en) * | 1985-10-03 | 1987-08-04 | Honeywell Inc. | Performance improvement for camera autofocus |
US4684789A (en) * | 1986-04-17 | 1987-08-04 | Central Plastics Company | Thermoplastic fitting electric welding method and apparatus |
CN87102675A (en) * | 1986-06-05 | 1987-12-16 | 电缆金属电气有限公司 | Regulate the method for welding process when connecting conduit pipe with thermal insulation with sleeve |
US4872941A (en) * | 1987-11-09 | 1989-10-10 | Lippman Glenn W | Automatic welding apparatus for welding thermoplastic materials in sheet form |
DE3802995A1 (en) * | 1988-02-02 | 1989-08-10 | Kabelmetal Electro Gmbh | Process for controlling the welding operation in the production of a spigot joint |
DE3810795C2 (en) * | 1988-03-30 | 1994-04-21 | Huerner Gmbh | Electric welding machine for automatic welding of heating coil fittings |
FR2656950B1 (en) * | 1990-01-11 | 1993-12-17 | Gaz De France | METHOD FOR SUPPLYING ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO A RESISTOR, PROVIDED ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT AND USES OF THE CIRCUIT. |
GB9006427D0 (en) * | 1990-03-22 | 1990-05-23 | Ceetak Holdings Ltd | Heating control means |
-
1994
- 1994-09-26 GB GB9419334A patent/GB2294898B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-10-04 DE DE19944435393 patent/DE4435393B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-10-14 FR FR9412306A patent/FR2725658B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2137026A (en) * | 1983-03-24 | 1984-09-26 | Fusion Plastics Ltd | Coupling electrofusion fitting to energy source and control equipment |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB9419334D0 (en) | 1994-11-09 |
FR2725658A1 (en) | 1996-04-19 |
FR2725658B1 (en) | 1998-05-29 |
GB2294898B (en) | 1998-03-18 |
DE4435393A1 (en) | 1996-04-11 |
DE4435393B4 (en) | 2004-12-23 |
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PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20040926 |