GB2293936A - Optical amplifiers - Google Patents
Optical amplifiers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2293936A GB2293936A GB9518140A GB9518140A GB2293936A GB 2293936 A GB2293936 A GB 2293936A GB 9518140 A GB9518140 A GB 9518140A GB 9518140 A GB9518140 A GB 9518140A GB 2293936 A GB2293936 A GB 2293936A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- optical
- optically
- amplifier
- combiner
- splitter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/29—Repeaters
- H04B10/291—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form
- H04B10/293—Signal power control
- H04B10/294—Signal power control in a multiwavelength system, e.g. gain equalisation
- H04B10/2941—Signal power control in a multiwavelength system, e.g. gain equalisation using an equalising unit, e.g. a filter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
- H01S3/10007—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating in optical amplifiers
- H01S3/10023—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating in optical amplifiers by functional association of additional optical elements, e.g. filters, gratings, reflectors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0221—Power control, e.g. to keep the total optical power constant
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29304—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating
- G02B6/29316—Light guides comprising a diffractive element, e.g. grating in or on the light guide such that diffracted light is confined in the light guide
- G02B6/29317—Light guides of the optical fibre type
- G02B6/29319—With a cascade of diffractive elements or of diffraction operations
- G02B6/2932—With a cascade of diffractive elements or of diffraction operations comprising a directional router, e.g. directional coupler, circulator
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29346—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by wave or beam interference
- G02B6/2935—Mach-Zehnder configuration, i.e. comprising separate splitting and combining means
- G02B6/29352—Mach-Zehnder configuration, i.e. comprising separate splitting and combining means in a light guide
- G02B6/29353—Mach-Zehnder configuration, i.e. comprising separate splitting and combining means in a light guide with a wavelength selective element in at least one light guide interferometer arm, e.g. grating, interference filter, resonator
Abstract
An optical amplifier for a wavelength multiplexed transmission system has a set of optically amplifying fibres (26a, 26b) each provided with an associated spectrally selective Bragg reflector (27a, 27b). The amplifying fibres are optically coupled with a coupler (23) such that an optical signal having different spectral components launched into an input (21a) of the coupler is emitted from an output (21b) of the coupler after the different components have propagated through different ones of the amplifying fibres each after reflection in its associated reflector. <IMAGE>
Description
OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS
This invention relates to optical amplifiers, in particular to optical amplifiers for handling wavelength multiplexed signals, and to optical transmission systems incorporating such optical amplifiers. Such a system may for instance comprise a wavelength division multiplexed signal transmitter 10 (Figure 1) optically coupled with an optical received 11 by way of a transmission path 12 that includes a cascade of amplifiers 13 optically in series.
In a transmission system that does not employ wavelength multiplexing, a single optical channel can be transmitted through a cascade of quite a number of optical amplifiers before its form has degenerated to the point at which full regeneration is required. The spectral gain characteristic of a typical optical amplifier, such as an erbium doped fibre amplifier, is wide enough to support amplification of several wavelength multiplexed signal channels. However the spectral gain characteristic is not entirely uniform over its full usable spectral range. Thus an erbium doped fibre amplifier may show a significant peak in its gain characteristic near the short wavelength end of that characteristic. The use of filters to flatten such characteristics is known, but is still liable to leave the characteristic with residual undulations.Therefore, if a wavelength multiplexed set of signal channels is transmitted through a concatenation of such amplifiers, those channels registering with any slight troughs in the gain characteristic will not be amplified as much as other channels registering with any slight peaks. Quite a small difference in gain per amplifier can become quite significant in a long concatenation of amplifiers because the difference is multiplied by the number of amplifiers. Thus for instance if there is 0.5 dB difference in gain per amplifier between a channel at wavelength A1 and a channel at wavelength B2 then, if both channels were launched with equal power, after passage through a concatenation of 20 such amplifiers, those channels would differ in power by 10 dB, thereby bringing the weaker channel much closer to, or even beneath, the noise floor.An additional problem is associated with the fact that the ratio of the gain of such an amplifier at two wavelengths k1 and A2 is functionally dependent upon the gain provided by that amplifier, and so if a particular amplifier is adjusted to provide equal gain for two wavelength multiplexed channels at a particular drive level, for instance by selective attenuation of the wavelength of one of the channels then that equality will not be maintained if the drive level has subsequently to be increased (or reduced).
One way of overcoming, or at least ameliorating, these problems is to arrange, in at least some of the amplifiers, for the channels to be demultiplexed, separately amplified, and then remultiplexed. Such an arrangement is described in GB 2 276 787, to which attention is directed. The present invention is directed to a similar approach but using a folded design of optical amplifier. This is advantageous in affording the possibility of reduced component count in certain instances by avoiding the requirement to use one set of components for demultiplexing and than another for re-multiplexing.Additionally it facilitates the shaping of the spectral channel pass-band separation, allowing these pass-bands to be defined for instance by optical waveguide Bragg grating reflectors whose spectral reflection characteristics can be shaped, for instance by saturation (overwriting) effects or by chirping, so as to provide relatively flat-topped pass-bands of desired spectral width. Relatively steep-sided cut-offs can be provided by shading (apodising) the depth of modulation at the ends of such gratings.
According to the present invention there is provided, in a wavelength division multiplexed transmission system having a transmission path including a concatenation of optical amplifiers, a method of reducing the disparity in signal power of the multiplexed channels by performing an amplification at at least one of the amplifiers in a manner such that the final portion of the amplification of each channel in that amplifier is performed separately from the final portion of the amplification of each of the other channels.
The invention also provides an optical amplifier including a plurality of optically amplifying waveguides w/gl to w/gn, each provided with an associated spectrally selective reflector r1 to rn respectively reflective at spectrally separated wavebands A1 to An, which plurality of optically amplifying waveguides is optically coupled with a waveguide splitter/combiner such that an optical signal having different spectral components in different ones of the wavebands A1 to An that is launched into an input terminal of the waveguide splitter/combiner is emitted from an output terminal thereof after the different components have propagated through different ones of the optically amplifying waveguides w/gl to w/gn, each, after reflection in its associated spectrally selective reflector.
There follows a description of optical amplifiers embodying the present invention in preferred forms. The description refers to the accompanying drawings in which:
Figure 1 (to which reference has already been made) is a
schematic diagram of a transmission system in which one
or more such amplifiers may usefully be employed, and
Figures 2 to 8 are schematic diagrams of optical amplifiers embodying
the invention in different preferred forms and suitable for
use in the transmission system of Figure 1
Referring to Fig 2, an amplifier embodying the present invention in one preferred form is designed for a two-channel wavelength multiplexed system with channels, for instance at A1 = 1.557 lim and A2 = 1.533 Rm. This comprises input and output ports 21a and 21b, 2 isolators 22a and 22b, two 3dB fibre couplers 23 and 24, two wavelength multiplexing fibre couplers 25a and 25b, two lengths of optically amplifying erbium doped fibre 26a and 26b, two Bragg reflectors 27a and 27b, and an optical pump laser 28. A wavelength multiplexed input signal having components at k1 and k2, and applied to input port 21a is divided into two equal amplitude portions by 3dB coupler 23. Similarly light from the pump laser 28 is divided into two equal amplitude portions by 3dB coupler 24. Pump/signal wavelength multiplexing couplers 25a and 25b respectively multiplex the two signal portions with the two pump portions to provide two pump/signal multiplexed inputs for respectively launching into optical amplifier fibres 26a and 26b. The signal portions of both of these inputs contain both wavelength components.Bragg grating 27a is however selectively reflective at A1 while Bragg grating 27b is selectively reflective at A2. Therefore, in the arm of the amplifier containing coupler 25a amplifying fibre 26a and Bragg reflector 27a, the A2 component in amplifier fibre 26a is not reflected back to 3dB coupler 24, nor, in the arm of the amplifier containing coupler 25b amplifying fibre 26b and
Bragg reflector 27b, is the hl component in amplifier fibre 26b. The hl component thus experiences a first amplification stage in its forward passage through amplifier fibre 26a towards Bragg reflector 27a in which it is being amplified in association with the A2 component.In this first stage of amplification it will therefore still be affected by competition between the two signal components. This first stage is however followed by a second stage of amplification, the stage at which the light has been reflected by the Bragg reflector 27a, and is propagating back through amplifier fibre 26a towards the 3dB coupler 24. In this second stage of amplification there is no A2 component to compete with the amplification of the A1 component. Similarly, the A2 component experiences two stages of amplification respectively in its forward and return passages through amplifier fibre 26b, and similarly there is competition with the hl component in the first stage of amplification, but not in the second. After the second stage of amplification, the amplified signals propagate back through their respective signaVpump wavelength multiplexers 25a and 25b and back to 3dB coupler 24 where half the amplified signal power is directed through isolator 22b and on to output port 21b.
In implementing the design of Figure 2, care normally needs to be taken to ensure that any A2 component of signal power propagating back through coupler 25a into 3dB coupler 24 from amplifying fibre 26a must be well down in power compared with that of the A2 component propagating back through the other arm through coupler 25b from amplifying fibre 26b. Similarly any A1 component propagating back through coupler 8 should normally be at a much smaller power level than that propagating back through coupler 25a. If this is not the case, then the operation of the amplifier is complicated by Michelson interferometer type interference effects.
A Bragg reflector with a relatively flat-topped narrow spectral pass-band can be provided by creating a 'saturated' (over-written) grating or by chirping. Its spectral characteristics can be modified by 'shading' the depth of modulation at the ends of the grating, but it is still liable to exhibit side-bands which in some circumstances can be troublesome.
In Figure 3 there is depicted an amplifier that employs a way of improving the selectivity between the two arms. This amplifier is distinguished from that of Figure 2 by the inclusion of two blazed Bragg gratings 31a and 31b respectively located between coupler 25a and amplifying fibre 26a, and between coupler 25b and amplifying fibre 26b.
Blazed grating 31 a is constructed to be radiating at A2, while blazed grating 31b is radiating at hl .
Another way of improving the selectivity between the two arms is employed in the amplifier of Figure 4. This amplifier is distinguished from that of Figure 2 by replacing the single 3dB coupler 23 of Figure 2 with the series combination of two fibre couplers 43a and 43b. Coupler 43a is similarly a 3dB coupler, whereas coupler 43b is a A1 n2 wavelength multiplexing coupler. Since only three of the four ports of coupler 43a are being employed, its place, together with that of the two isolators 22a and 22b may be taken by an optical circulator 44.
Each of the amplifiers of Figures 2, 3 and 4 has been depicted in a form that employs co-pumping for the first stage of amplification and counter pumping for the second. Additionally or alternatively both amplifier fibres may be pumped from their other ends through their respective
Bragg reflective gratings 27a and 27b. Similar considerations apply in respect of the amplifier of Figure 5 but in this instance, the pump or pumps and the multiplexers employed to multiplex pump power with signal power have, for simplicity of illustration, not been depicted. This amplifier uses a four-port optical circulator 50. Tne input port to this amplifier is provided by a port 51 connected to the first port of the circulator 50. Connected to the second port of the circulator is a length 52 of optically amplifying fibre having a pair of Bragg reflective gratings 53 and 54.The inboard grating 53 is reflective at k1, and the outboard grating is reflective at B2. Connected to the third port of the circulator is a similar length 55 of optically amplifying fibre, which is also provided with a pair of Bragg reflective gratings 56 and 57. In this instance the inboard grating 56 is reflective at A2, and the outboard grating 57 is reflective at hl. Connected to the fourth port of the circulator is a port 58 that constitutes the output port of the amplifier.
The amplifiers of Figures 2, 3 4, and 5 have been designed for a wavelength multiplexed transmission system having only two wavelength multiplexed channels, but it should be clearly understood that the invention is applicable also to instances where more than two channels are wavelength multiplexed.
Figure 6 depicts an amplifier designed for a three channel wavelength multiplexed system. This uses a 3 x 3 wavelength insensitive equal amplitude fibre coupler 60. It has input and output ports 61 and 62, isolators 63 and 64, an optical pump 65, and three lengths 66a 66b 66c of optically amplifying fibre, each respectively provided with a Bragg reflector 67a 67b 67c respectively reflective at A1, k2 and A3.
In the above-described amplifiers, when pumping is arranged to occur from only one end of each length of amplifying fibre, an increase in pump power utilisation efficiency may be obtainable by including additional Bragg reflectors (not shown). These are reflectors that are arranged to be selectively reflecting at the pump wavelength, and one such reflector is located at the end of each length of amplifying fibre that is optically remote from its pump. Pumping is not necessarily effected from only one end of each of the lengths of amplifying fibre and the amplifier of Figure 7 differs from that of Figure 2 only in the provision for pumping from both ends.The additional components required for this purpose comprise a further 3dB fibre coupler 70 with two ports respectively coupled to reflectors 27a and 27b, a third port coupled to a further optical pump laser 71, and its fourth port optionally coupled with yet another optical pump laser 72.
Particularly in the case of the amplifiers of Figures 2, 3, 4 and 7 in which the use of the 3dB coupler (23a, 23b and 43a respectively) means that only half the input signal power is usefully employed1 it may be desirable to employ a pre-amplifier between this 3dB coupler and the input 21 a so as to improve noise performance of the amplifier. Such a pre-amplifier is employed in the optical amplifier of Figure 8 which depicts the optical amplifier of Figure 7 modified to include a pre-amplifier 80 and a further
Bragg reflector 81. Signal power applied to the input 21a passes through isolator 22a and then through the series combination of the
Bragg reflector 81 and pre-amplifier 80 before reaching the 3dB coupler 23. The Bragg reflector 81 is selectively reflecting at the pump wavelength Bl.
The amplifier of Figure 7 is arranged to pump amplifying fibres 26a and 26b from both ends. In Figure 8, primarily for illustrative convenience, pumping of these fibres from only one end is actually illustrated.
Pumping from the end illustrated (i.e. using pumps 71 and /or 72) is necessary for pump light to reach the pre-amplifier amplifying fibre 80; whereas, if desired, additional pumping of the amplifying fibres 26a and 26b from their other ends may be omitted.
The tandem arrangement of the two 3dB couplers 23 and 70 in the amplifiers of Figures 7 and 8 constitute a Mach Zehnder interferometer configuration. In the case of the amplifier of Figure 7 there is no objection to the two interferometer arms being of equal length because it is not intended that signal power or pump power should propagate right through the tandem arrangement of both 3dB couplers. This is not the situation for the amplifier of Figure 8, where pump power is indeed required to propagate through both couplers in order to reach amplifying fibre 80, and therefore in this instance the two arms do need to be of unequal length, as indicated by the symbol 82. The division of pump power from pumps 71 and/or 72 between the arms of 3dB coupler 23 respectively coupled to the input and output terminals 21a and 21b depends upon the phase relationship between the two components interfered by the 3dB coupler 23, and this in its turn depends upon the wavelength of the pump. The Bragg reflector provides optical feedback tending to force pumps 71 and/or 72 each to lase at a wavelength for which the phase relationship is such as to couple its light substantially exclusively into the arm of 3dB coupler 23 that is optically coupled with input terminal 21a, and hence which maximises the pumping of the preamplifier.
Claims (10)
1. In a wavelength division multiplexed transmission system having a transmission path including a concatenation of optical amplifiers, a method of reducing the disparity in signal power of the multiplexed channels by performing an amplification at at least one of the amplifiers in a manner such that the final portion of the amplification of each channel in that amplifier is performed separately from the final portion of the amplification of each of the other channels.
2. An optical amplifier including a plurality of optically amplifying waveguides w/g 1 to w/gn, each provided with an associated spectrally selective reflector rt to rn respectively reflective at spectrally separated wavebands B1 to kn, which plurality of optically amplifying waveguides is optically coupled with a waveguide splitter/combiner such that an optical signal having different spectral components in different ones of the wavebands k1 to An that is launched into an input terminal of the waveguide splitter/combiner is emitted from an output terminal thereof after the different components have propagated through different ones of the optically amplifying waveguides w/gl to w/gn, each after reflection in its associated spectrally selective reflector.
3. An optical amplifier as claimed in claim 1, wherein each of the optically amplifying waveguides is optically coupled with the splitter/combiner via an attenuator that selectively attenuates each of the wavebands hl to B" other than the waveband reflected by the spectrally selective reflector with which that optically amplifying waveguide is associated.
4. An optical amplifier as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of optically amplifying waveguides is constituted by two optically amplifying waveguides, and wherein the splitter/combiner is constituted by a 3dB wavelength insensitive coupler optically in series with an optical waveguide 2x2 wavelength multiplexing coupler.
5. An optical amplifier as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of optically amplifying waveguides is constituted by two optically amplifying waveguides, and wherein the splitter/combiner is constituted by an optical isolator optically in series with an optical waveguide 2x2 wavelength multiplexing coupler.
6. An optical amplifier as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plurality of optically amplifying waveguides is constituted by three optically amplifying waveguides, and wherein the splitter/combiner is constituted by a 3x3 wavelength insensitive coupler having a coupling region optically on one side of which is a first set of three ports respectively coupled with the three optically amplifying waveguides, and optically on the other side of which is a second set of three ports respectively the input and output terminals of the splitter/combiner and a terminal for the input of optical pump power for pumping the optically amplifying waveguides.
7. An optical amplifier as claimed in claim 1, wherein the splitter/combiner is constituted by an (n+2)-port optical circulator provided with a set of n spectrally selective reflectors by which the optically amplifying waveguides are individually coupled with the circulator each member of the set being selectively reflecting at each of the wavebands hi to An other than the waveband reflected by the spectrally selective reflector associated the optically amplifying waveguide that is coupled with the circulator by that member.
8. An optical amplifier as claimed in claim 2, 3 or 4, wherein a preamplifier optically amplifying waveguide is connected to the input terminal of the splitter/combiner, which splitter/combiner consists of or includes a 3dB wavelength insensitive coupler, which amplifier includes at least one optical pump provided with optical feedback via the 3dB coupler from a spectrally selective reflector located on the side of the pre-amplifier waveguide optically remote from the splitter/combiner.
9. An optical amplifier substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to any Figure of Figures 2 to 8 of the accompany drawings.
10. An optical transmission system for the transmission of a set of wavelength multiplexed optical signal channels, said set consisting of a set of mutually exclusive subsets each of at least one channel, which transmission system includes a plurality of optical amplifiers optically in cascade at least one of which optical amplifiers is an optical amplifier as claimed in any preceding claim.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9518140A GB2293936B (en) | 1994-10-05 | 1995-09-06 | Optical amplifiers |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9420132A GB9420132D0 (en) | 1994-10-05 | 1994-10-05 | Optical amplifiers |
| GB9518140A GB2293936B (en) | 1994-10-05 | 1995-09-06 | Optical amplifiers |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9518140D0 GB9518140D0 (en) | 1995-11-08 |
| GB2293936A true GB2293936A (en) | 1996-04-10 |
| GB2293936B GB2293936B (en) | 1996-08-28 |
Family
ID=26305746
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9518140A Expired - Fee Related GB2293936B (en) | 1994-10-05 | 1995-09-06 | Optical amplifiers |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2293936B (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2331420A (en) * | 1997-11-14 | 1999-05-19 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Power equalising optical amplifier |
| WO2000024148A1 (en) * | 1998-10-02 | 2000-04-27 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Wdm-channel equalizer |
| GB2351861A (en) * | 1997-11-14 | 2001-01-10 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Power equalising optical amplifier |
| WO2001033264A1 (en) * | 1999-11-01 | 2001-05-10 | Schott Glas | Photonic devices for optical and optoelectronic information processing |
| EP1211528A2 (en) * | 2000-11-01 | 2002-06-05 | Schott Glas | Photonic devices for optical and optoelectronic information processing |
| US6699341B2 (en) | 2000-06-20 | 2004-03-02 | Schott Glas | Process for the fabrication of glass ceramic structures |
| US6882782B2 (en) | 2000-11-01 | 2005-04-19 | Schott Glas | Photonic devices for optical and optoelectronic information processing |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0305995A2 (en) * | 1987-09-01 | 1989-03-08 | Nec Corporation | An optical amplifying repeater |
| EP0617527A1 (en) * | 1993-03-23 | 1994-09-28 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Transmission systems incorporating optical amplifiers |
-
1995
- 1995-09-06 GB GB9518140A patent/GB2293936B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0305995A2 (en) * | 1987-09-01 | 1989-03-08 | Nec Corporation | An optical amplifying repeater |
| EP0617527A1 (en) * | 1993-03-23 | 1994-09-28 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Transmission systems incorporating optical amplifiers |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2331420B (en) * | 1997-11-14 | 2001-01-03 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Optical amplifier |
| GB2351861A (en) * | 1997-11-14 | 2001-01-10 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Power equalising optical amplifier |
| GB2351861B (en) * | 1997-11-14 | 2001-02-21 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Optical amplifier |
| US6222962B1 (en) | 1997-11-14 | 2001-04-24 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Optical amplifier |
| GB2331420A (en) * | 1997-11-14 | 1999-05-19 | Samsung Electronics Co Ltd | Power equalising optical amplifier |
| US6452718B1 (en) | 1998-10-02 | 2002-09-17 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | WDM-channel equalizer |
| WO2000024148A1 (en) * | 1998-10-02 | 2000-04-27 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Wdm-channel equalizer |
| WO2001033264A1 (en) * | 1999-11-01 | 2001-05-10 | Schott Glas | Photonic devices for optical and optoelectronic information processing |
| US6652972B1 (en) | 1999-11-01 | 2003-11-25 | Schott Glass Technologies Inc. | Low temperature joining of phosphate glass |
| US6699341B2 (en) | 2000-06-20 | 2004-03-02 | Schott Glas | Process for the fabrication of glass ceramic structures |
| EP1211528A2 (en) * | 2000-11-01 | 2002-06-05 | Schott Glas | Photonic devices for optical and optoelectronic information processing |
| EP1211528A3 (en) * | 2000-11-01 | 2002-11-27 | Schott Glas | Photonic devices for optical and optoelectronic information processing |
| US6882782B2 (en) | 2000-11-01 | 2005-04-19 | Schott Glas | Photonic devices for optical and optoelectronic information processing |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB9518140D0 (en) | 1995-11-08 |
| GB2293936B (en) | 1996-08-28 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20040906 |