GB2293375A - Method of recovering ethers and alcohols from wastewater - Google Patents
Method of recovering ethers and alcohols from wastewater Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2293375A GB2293375A GB9419004A GB9419004A GB2293375A GB 2293375 A GB2293375 A GB 2293375A GB 9419004 A GB9419004 A GB 9419004A GB 9419004 A GB9419004 A GB 9419004A GB 2293375 A GB2293375 A GB 2293375A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- gasoline
- butyl ether
- wastewater
- ether
- tertiary
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
- C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/26—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by extraction
Abstract
Dialkyl ethers having 5 to 7 carbon atoms; e.g. MTBE, and alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are extracted from wastewater with contaminant-free gasoline. Wastewater saturated with contaminants is reduced to 200 ppm contaminants in the absence of stripping. An octane enhanced gasoline is recovered. Additional ether may be added to the recovered gasoline to increase octane. The method is particularly effective in wastewater/gasoline system containing emulsifiers such as surfactants, gasoline detergents and colloidal particles.
Description
METHOD OF RECOVERING MTBE FROM WASTEWATER The invention relates to a method of removing and recovering ethers and alcohols from wastewater.
A number of methods have been developed to remove volatile hydrocarbon contaminants from chemical plant and refinery wastewater to render it satisfactory for discharge into the surface and ground water supply.
A common method used in the petroleum industry for removing volatile organic compounds from wastewater has been to air strip the wastewater in a packed tower. Countercurrent stripping is carried out in a vertically oriented tower at atmospheric pressure. Contaminated wastewater is pumped into the upper portion of the packed tower and cascades down through liquid-gas contacting media referred to in the art as packing.
In the alternative, a series of contacting trays may be substituted for the packing. Air is forced upwardly through the packing by means of a blower or fan to volatilize organic compounds. The contaminant free wastewater is collected at the bottom of the tower and is removed for disposal consistent with any remaining contamination. The contaminant laden air is released from the top of the tower to the atmosphere. The air may be collected and purified to reduce hydrocarbon content before release to the atmosphere.
Aerobic biological treatment is another method for removing volatile organic compounds from wastewater. The wastewater is warmed, aerated and injected with selected bacteria. Volatile organic compounds are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Such methods have utility at concentrations of 200 ppm or less volatile organic compounds.
U.S. 3,846,088 to R. W. Brown et al. discloses a process for drying ethers. In a process for producing high octane gasoline components, a crude dialkyl ether stream is water washed and then mixed with a paraffin. This mixture containing several thousand parts per million water is allowed to settle.
The resulting dehydrated mixture of paraffin and ether is blended with gasoline.
U.S. 5,106,507 to B. V. Klock et al. discloses a method for recovering hydrocarbon contaminants from wastewater. The wastewater is contacted countercurrently with stripping gas and as a result contaminants are removed from the wastewater.
U.S. 5,009,787 to P. C. Broussard discloses a method for degreasing water. The water is extracted with trichlorotrifluoroethane to produce a decontaminated water.
Oil is recovered from solvent by distillation.
A method has been found for removing contaminants from wastewater. These contaminants can generally be described as dialkyl ethers having 5 to 7 carbon atoms and alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The method is useful for removing and recovering these contaminants from wastewater containing about 10,000 to 700,000 mg/L alcohols and 1000 to 43,000 mg/L dialkyl ethers.
The contaminated wastewater is contacted with gasoline comprising 5000 ppm or less of the contaminants. The volumetric ratio of gasoline:contaminated wastewater is 1:1 to 600:1, at a temperature of OOC to 400C and a contacting residence time of 6 to 48 hours. Two phases form and quiescent contacting with 0.01 to 0.2 ft2/gallon gasoline of relative contacting surface area is provided.
The method yields a lower, treated wastewater phase containing less than 1000 mg/L dialkyl ether and less than 10,000 mg/L alcohols in the absence of any other treatment such as stripping the contaminated wastewater. The method has particular utility in treating wastewaters containing emulsifiers such as surfactants and colloidal particles.
Wastewater is a general term which describes industrial water which is contaminated with any chemical petroleum, coal, or shale oil derived material. The contaminants comprise low molecular weight hydrocarbons and other compounds which are quite soluble in water. Volatile hydrocarbon contaminants include alcohols, ethers, ketones, benzene, substituted benzenes, gasoline, diesel fuel, light oils, aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons. Inorganic contaminants include ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen cyanide.
Wastewater may also contain contaminants which form stable emulsions when agitated. Emulsifiers are generally described as surfactants, gasoline detergents and colloidal solids. Examples of surfactants include polyethylene polypropylene oxide bissuccinimid, polyoxyethylene sorbitol tallow esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitol hexa stearate, polyoxyethylene alkyl amine, alkyl benzene sulfonic acids, asphaltenes, and naphthenic acids. These surfactants may be found in wastewater in amounts of 10 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L.
Gasoline detergents include polyethylene propylene oxide bissuccinimid in amounts of 10 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L of gasoline.
Colloidal solids include solid particles of one micron or less such as silt, clay, silica, minerals and rust. Particles of this size which are insoluble in oil or water in amounts of 10 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L are known to form stable suspensions in water which for purposes of treating wastewater are the equivalent of emulsions.
Gasoline is well-known as a motor fuel. Gasoline is derived from the fractional distillation of crude petroleum and has a boiling range generally described as 900F (320C) or C5 to 4300F (2210C). A number of processes are known, such as fluid catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming, for converting less desirable petroleum distillates to gasoline.
The effectiveness of a gasoline for use as a motor fuel is referred to as octane number, measured by standard laboratory engine tests. Research Octane Method (ASTM D-908) measures the octane number of a gasoline under relatively mild, low-speed operating conditions. Motor Octane Method (ASTM D-357) measures the octane number of a gasoline under the load of high revolutions per minute and elevated temperature.
Additives have been found which enhance the octane number of a gasoline. These octane number improving additives can generally be described as dialkyl ethers having 5 to 7 carbon atoms. Of this group of ethers ethyl tertiary-butyl ether, methyl tertiary-amyl ether, diisopropyl ether and especially methyl tertiary-butyl ether are particularly preferred. Other octane enhancing ethers include isopropyl secondary-butyl ether, isopropyl tertiary-butyl ether, ethyl isopropyl ether, methyl secondary-butyl ether and methyl tertiary-hexyl ether.
Industrial processes for synthesizing these ethers are well-known in the petroleum and petrochemical industry. In such a process, an oleo in is reacted with an alcohol containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the presence of an etherification catalyst containing at least one -SO3H group as the functional group. In industrial practice the -SO3H is chemically bonded to a solid substrate. Typically the solid substrate is an insoluble resin or polymer such as the reaction product of phenol-formaldehyde resins with sulfuric acid or a sulfonated divinyl benzene cross-linked polystyrene matrix. The reaction is carried out at a temperature of 60"F (150C) to 3000F (1490C) and pressure sufficient to maintain reactants in the liquid phase, typically 3 atm to 22 atm.
The product ether is water washed to remove unreacted alcohol. Water washing is carried out with 0.2 to 2.0 volumes of water per volume of ether at a temperature of 1300F (540C) to 1500F (660C) and a pressure of 5 atm to 15 atm. The resulting water is a wastewater which contains up to saturation amounts of 700,000 mg/L unreacted alcohols and 43,000 mg/L product ethers.
Such a wastewater stream is described in U.S. 3,846,088 to R. W.
Brown, incorporated herein by reference. This wastewater stream may be combined with other refinery wastewater streams diluting the contaminants. The process is also useful for removing and recovering dialkyl ethers and alcohols from wastewater in dilutions as low 10,000 mg/L alcohols and 1,000 mg/L ethers. In lesser concentrations the process is not cost effective and biological treatment is recommended. The most common source of such wastewater is tank water bottoms which accumulates in product tanks containing oxygenates and blended gasoline.
According to the invention a wastewater containing dialkyl ethers, alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof are passed to a vessel providing 0.01 to 0.2 ft2/gallon gasoline of relative contacting surface area. The vessel configuration is not critical so long as it provides the required interphase contacting area. Typically the vessel will be a liquid storage tank. The liquid storage tank is typically an open or covered, atmospheric-pressure storage tank; or a low-pressure storage tank having a pressure rating of 1 atm.
Liquid storage tanks are typically vertically elongated cylinders constructed with a steel or concrete side wall and bottom.
The relative contacting area that a vertically cylindrical tank provides is calculated by the equation:
Contacting Area = or2 = nd2
4 wherein: r is the tank radius
d is the tank diameter.
The contacting area of other tank shapes, e.g. a horizontally cylindrical tank or rectangular tank, is easily calculated, e.g. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 4th ed.
pp. 6-67 and 6-68.
When selecting a vessel for carrying out the invention, it is important to check the configuration of the tank bottom.
Some tanks are equipped with water draw off sumps or diplegs.
Such tanks may not provide sufficient interphase contacting when only a minimal water phase is in the tank.
Both wastewater and gasoline are pumped into the contacting vessel at atmospheric conditions, i.e., atmospheric pressure and OOC to 400C. Generally, the volumetric ratio of gasoline:contaminated wastewater is 1:1 to 600:1, preferably 20:1 to 400:1. Alcohols are generally more difficult to extract than ethers. Volumetric ratio of gasoline: alcohol contaminated wastewater is 20:1 to 600:1. Ethers are extracted with lesser amounts of gasoline in volumetric ratios of gasoline:ether contaminated wastewater of 1:1 to 400:1. Two phases spontaneously form; a lower phase comprising wastewater and an upper phase comprising gasoline. The two phases are contacted in a quiescent zone for a period of time to allow for the transfer of dialkyl ethers and alcohols from the wastewater to the gasoline.It has been found experimentally that equilibrium can be reached in about 1 day. However, equilibrium may not be a cost effective use of the vessel. A residence time of 6 to 48 hours, typically 12 to 36 hours is sufficient to provide cost effective mass transfer. After this period of time, contaminant rich, octane enhanced gasoline and reduced contaminant wastewater are withdrawn from the vessel. The residence time may be optimized for the most cost effective extraction of contaminants from wastewater.
The lower phase is drawn off as a treated wastewater containing 200 mg/L to 10,000 mg/L contaminant. This concentration is achieved in the absence of stripping or any other method of treatment. The process may be combined with a biological treating method if additional reduction in contaminant concentration is required. Such biological treatment typically comprises aeration in a vessel injected with acclimated bacteria such as pseudomonas, at a temperature of 600F (150C) to 900F (320C) and a residence time of 1 to 3 days.
In a second embodiment, the process is carried out by combining the wastewater and gasoline and mixing for 3 to 10 minutes at a temperature of OOC to 400C and atmospheric pressure. The admixture is then settled for 10 to 60 minutes to form two phases. As previously described, the upper phase comprising octane enhanced gasoline is drawn off. The lower phase comprising treated wastewater may be biologically treated.
This second embodiment is of use when neither the wastewater nor the gasoline comprises emulsifiers such as surfactants, gasoline detergents and colloidal particles which form emulsions or suspensions when mixed in water.
Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) is the most commercially important contaminant recovered by this invention.
In this regard, removing MTBE from wastewater by gasoline extraction with MTBE-free gasoline is contemplated. In a Best
Mode contemplated by Inventors, additional MTBE is added after the extraction to yield an octane enhanced gasoline comprising 0.5 vol% to 20 vol% MTBE.
This invention is shown by way of Example.
EXAMPLE
Equilibrium data were measured for the
MTBE-water-gasoline system at 700F.
Gasoline Phase Water Phase
Water Gasoline MTBE Water Gasoline MTBE mg/L volume fraction weight fraction
1. 13,000 0 1.0 0.961 0 0.039
2. 550 0.85 0.15 0.993 < 0.0001 0.0069
3. 130 1.0 0 1.0 < 0.0001 0
A linear partition coefficient of 0.039 was found relating the concentration of MTBE in the water phase to the concentration in the gasoline phase. This partition coefficient is described as:
Y = 0.039X wherein: Y = weight fraction MTBE in water
X = volume fraction MTBE in gasoline
Partition coefficients are more fully described in R.
M. Stephenson, Mutual Solubilities: Water-Ketones. Water-Ethers and Water-Gasoline-Alcohols, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 37, p. 80-95, (1992) incorporated herein by reference.
EXAMPLE 1
In a laboratory scale demonstration, MTBE and water were mixed in a separatory funnel in a volumetric ratio of 1:1.
The admixture was allowed to settle for 60 minutes and two phases formed. The water phase containing 39,000 mg/L MTBE was drawn off, mixed for 3 minutes with gasoline containing approximately 5000 mg/L MTBE, and then settled for 60 minutes. The MTBE content in the water was measured for three gasoline:water ratios.
FINAL
MTBE In Flrul Initial Initial Gasoline: Water Vol. % MTBE Run Gasoline War Water Measured Calculated MTBE In Gasoilna (mi) (mi) Vol. (mg/L) (mg/L) Recovered (mg/L)
1 48 30 1.6:1 1300 1400 97 36,000
2 160 10 16:1 238 320 99.5 8,200
3 1600 10 160:1 235 210 99.5 5,300
MTBE concentrations were also calculated from a mass balance using the partition coefficient. The gasoline to water volumetric ratio which resulted in lowest MTBE concentration in wastewater and the highest MTBE concentration in the gasoline was between 1.6:1 and 16:1.
EXAMPLE 2
Quiescent contacting was demonstrated. Water containing 39,000 mg/L MTBE and gasoline containing approximately 5000 mg/L of MTBE were contacted in a separatory funnel for 1 day and 3 days. The MTBE concentration in the water phase was then measured.
Pinal Initial Initial Gasoline: MTBE
Contact Gasoline Water Water in Water
Run Time (ml) (ml) Vol. (mg/L)
4 1 day 1600 10 160:1 166
5 3 day 1600 10 160:1 173
The data show that quiescent contacting for 1 day is sufficient to recover MTBE from the wastewater. The contact area between the gasoline and the water phase in the 2000 ml separatory funnel was 0.0054 ft2 at a gasoline:water volumetric ratio of 160:1. The resulting relative surface area was 0.013 ft2/gallon gasoline for the gasoline:water volumetric ratio of 160:1.
EXAMPLE 3
The following data were measured by contacting MTBE with water at a 20:1 MTBE:water volumetric ratio in a quiescent separatory funnel. The water uptake by the MTBE and the MTBE concentration in water were measured as a function of time for each of the five samples. The results were as follows:
Water MTBE Concentration
Concentration In Water Phase
In MTBE Phase (mg/L.)
(mg/L.)
Day 0 1,400 0
Day 1 3,300 39,000
Day 3 5,600 39,000
Day 17 7,000 39,000
Day 34 9,700 39,000
Equilibrium 13,000 39,000
The data show that quiescent contacting in excess of 1 day resulted in increased water in the organic phase. Gasoline containing 15% MTBE had a water saturation concentration of 500 mg/L. Gasoline free of MTBE had a water saturation concentration of 100 mg/L. Minimizing water uptake is advised because small amounts of water in gasoline near saturation concentrations causes haziness.
Calculations were made for other ethers and alcohols to determine optimum gasoline to water ratios using partition coefficients found in R. M. Stephenson, Mutual Solubilities:
Water-Ketones, Water-Ethers, and Water-Casoline Alcohols,
J. Chem. Engr. Data, 37, p. 80-95, (1992).
While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it will be understood, of course, that the invention is not limited thereto since many modifications may be made, and it is, therefore, contemplated to cover by the appended claims any such modification as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (21)
1. A method for treating a contaminated wastewater comprising a contaminant selected from the group consisting of dialkyl ethers having 5 to 7 carbon atoms in an amount of 1000 to 43,000 mg/L, alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in an amount of 10,000 to 700,000 mg/L and mixtures thereof, the method comprising:
contacting the contaminated wastewater with gasoline in a quiescent state at a temperature of OOC to 400C, said gasoline characterized in comprising 5000 ppm or less contaminant; thereby forming 2 phases; an upper phase and a lower phase; while
providing (i) 0.01 to 0.2 ft2/gallon gasoline of relative contacting surface area between the two phases, and (ii) a contacting residence time of 6 hours to 48 hours;
thereby yielding a lower phase comprising treated wastewater containing less than 1000 mg/L dialkyl ethers and less than 10,000 mg/L alcohols in the absence of stripping the contaminated wastewater.
2. The method of Claim 1 wherein the volumetric ratio of gasoline:contaminated wastewater is 1:1 to 600:1.
3. The method of Claim 1 wherein the volumetric ratio of gasoline:contaminated wastewater is 20:1 to 400:1.
4. The method of Claim 1 wherein the contacting residence time is 12 to 36 hours.
5. The method of Claim 1 additionally comprising:
withdrawing the upper phase comprising octane enhanced gasoline.
6. The method of Claim 1 additionally comprising:
withdrawing the upper phase and adding methyl tertiary butyl ether in an amount to yield an octane enhanced gasoline comprising 0.5 vol% to 20 vol% methyl tertiary-butyl ether.
7. The method of Claim 1 additionally comprising:
withdrawing the lower phase and removing residual hydrocarbons by biological treatment.
8. The method of Claim 1 wherein the contaminant is selected from the group consisting of methyl tertiary-butyl ether, isopropyl tertiary-butyl ether, diisopropyl ether, ethyl tertiary-butyl ether, isopropyl secondary-butyl ether, methyl tertiary amyl ether, ethyl isopropyl ether, methyl secondary-butyl ether, methyl tertiary-hexyl ether, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, tertiary butyl alcohol and mixtures thereof.
9. The method of Claim 1 wherein the contaminant is methyl tertiary butyl ether.
10. The method of Claim 1 wherein the contaminated wastewater additionally comprises an emulsifier.
11. The method of Claim 1 wherein the contaminated wastewater additionally comprises an emulsifier selected from the group consisting of surfactants in an amount of 10 to 10,000 mg/L, colloidal solids in an amount of 10 to 10,000 mg/L and mixtures thereof.
12. A method for treating a contaminated wastewater comprising a contaminant selected from the group consisting of dialkyl ethers having 5 to 7 carbon atoms in an amount of 1000 to 43,000 mg/L, alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in an amount of 10,000 to 700,000 mg/L and mixtures thereof, the method comprising:
admixing the contaminated wastewater with gasoline for 3 to 10 minutes at a temperature of OOC to 400C, said gasoline characterized in comprising 5000 ppm or less contaminant; and settling for 10 to 60 minutes thereby forming 2 phases; an upper phase and a lower phase;
thereby yielding a lower phase comprising treated wastewater containing less than 1000 mg/L dialkyl ethers and less than 10,000 mg/L alcohols in the absence of stripping the contaminated wastewater.
13. The method of Claim 12 wherein the volumetric ratio of gasoline:contaminated wastewater is 1:1 to 600:1.
14. The method of Claim 12 wherein the volumetric ratio of gasoline:contaminated wastewater is 20:1 to 400:1.
15. The method of Claim 12 additionally comprising:
withdrawing the upper phase comprising octane enhanced gasoline.
16. The method of Claim 12 additionally comprising:
withdrawing the upper phase and adding methyl tertiary butyl ether in an amount to yield an octane enhanced gasoline comprising 0.5 vol% to 20 vol% methyl tertiary-butyl ether.
17. The method of Claim 12 additionally comprising:
withdrawing the lower phase and removing residual hydrocarbons by biological treatment.
18. The method of Claim 12 wherein the contaminant is selected from the group consisting of methyl tertiary-butyl ether, isopropyl tertiary-butyl ether, diisopropyl ether, ethyl tertiary-butyl ether, isopropyl secondary-butyl ether, methyl tertiary amyl ether, ethyl isopropyl ether, methyl secondary-butyl ether, methyl tertiary-hexyl ether, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, tertiary butyl alcohol and mixtures thereof.
19. The method of Claim 1 wherein the contaminant is methyl tertiary butyl ether.
20. A method as claimed in Claim 1 and substantially as hereinbefore described.
21. A method substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the Examples.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9419004A GB2293375B (en) | 1994-09-21 | 1994-09-21 | Removing and recovering ethers and alcohols from wastewater |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9419004A GB2293375B (en) | 1994-09-21 | 1994-09-21 | Removing and recovering ethers and alcohols from wastewater |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB9419004D0 GB9419004D0 (en) | 1994-11-09 |
GB2293375A true GB2293375A (en) | 1996-03-27 |
GB2293375B GB2293375B (en) | 1998-05-13 |
Family
ID=10761668
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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GB9419004A Expired - Fee Related GB2293375B (en) | 1994-09-21 | 1994-09-21 | Removing and recovering ethers and alcohols from wastewater |
Country Status (1)
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GB (1) | GB2293375B (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2322087A (en) * | 1997-01-30 | 1998-08-19 | David William Arnold | Removal of pollutant |
FR2918071A1 (en) * | 2007-06-27 | 2009-01-02 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | PROCESS FOR INCORPORATING ALCOHOL INTO FUELS |
-
1994
- 1994-09-21 GB GB9419004A patent/GB2293375B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2322087A (en) * | 1997-01-30 | 1998-08-19 | David William Arnold | Removal of pollutant |
GB2322087B (en) * | 1997-01-30 | 2001-02-21 | David William Arnold | Removal of pollutants |
FR2918071A1 (en) * | 2007-06-27 | 2009-01-02 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | PROCESS FOR INCORPORATING ALCOHOL INTO FUELS |
WO2009016290A2 (en) * | 2007-06-27 | 2009-02-05 | Ifp | Method of incorporating alcohol into fuels having a high content of aromatic compounds |
WO2009016290A3 (en) * | 2007-06-27 | 2009-04-09 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Method of incorporating alcohol into fuels having a high content of aromatic compounds |
US9309474B2 (en) | 2007-06-27 | 2016-04-12 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Method of incorporating alcohol into fuels having a high aromatic compound content |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB9419004D0 (en) | 1994-11-09 |
GB2293375B (en) | 1998-05-13 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20030921 |