GB2284153B - Substances for use in treatment of HIV-infection in HIV-infected patients - Google Patents

Substances for use in treatment of HIV-infection in HIV-infected patients

Info

Publication number
GB2284153B
GB2284153B GB9410420A GB9410420A GB2284153B GB 2284153 B GB2284153 B GB 2284153B GB 9410420 A GB9410420 A GB 9410420A GB 9410420 A GB9410420 A GB 9410420A GB 2284153 B GB2284153 B GB 2284153B
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
hiv
infection
substances
treatment
infected patients
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
GB9410420A
Other versions
GB2284153A (en
GB9410420D0 (en
Inventor
Washington Odur Ayuko
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
RADOPATH Ltd
Original Assignee
RADOPATH Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB939310520A external-priority patent/GB9310520D0/en
Application filed by RADOPATH Ltd filed Critical RADOPATH Ltd
Priority to GB9410420A priority Critical patent/GB2284153B/en
Priority to GB9715492A priority patent/GB2312375B/en
Publication of GB9410420D0 publication Critical patent/GB9410420D0/en
Publication of GB2284153A publication Critical patent/GB2284153A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2284153B publication Critical patent/GB2284153B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/02—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link
    • C07K5/0215—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing at least one abnormal peptide link containing natural amino acids, forming a peptide bond via their side chain functional group, e.g. epsilon-Lys, gamma-Glu
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/04—Nitro compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/05—Phenols
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/05—Phenols
    • A61K31/06—Phenols the aromatic ring being substituted by nitro groups
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/075—Ethers or acetals
    • A61K31/085—Ethers or acetals having an ether linkage to aromatic ring nuclear carbon
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/06—Tripeptides
    • A61K38/063—Glutathione
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/06—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton having nitro groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/07—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by halogen atoms
    • C07C205/11—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by halogen atoms having nitro groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C07C205/12—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by halogen atoms having nitro groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings the six-membered aromatic ring or a condensed ring system containing that ring being substituted by halogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/13—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by hydroxy groups
    • C07C205/20—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by hydroxy groups having nitro groups and hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C07C205/21—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by hydroxy groups having nitro groups and hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings having nitro groups and hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C205/24—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by hydroxy groups having nitro groups and hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings having nitro groups and hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring having three, and only three, nitro groups bound to the ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/27—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by etherified hydroxy groups
    • C07C205/35—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by etherified hydroxy groups having nitro groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/36—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by etherified hydroxy groups having nitro groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring or to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings being part of the same condensed ring system
    • C07C205/37—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by etherified hydroxy groups having nitro groups and etherified hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton to carbon atoms of the same non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring or to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings being part of the same condensed ring system the oxygen atom of at least one of the etherified hydroxy groups being further bound to an acyclic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/49—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by carboxyl groups
    • C07C205/57—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by carboxyl groups having nitro groups and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C205/00—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/49—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by carboxyl groups
    • C07C205/57—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by carboxyl groups having nitro groups and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C205/58—Compounds containing nitro groups bound to a carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by carboxyl groups having nitro groups and carboxyl groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being further substituted by halogen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C211/00—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C211/43—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C211/44—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to only one six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C211/52—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to only one six-membered aromatic ring the carbon skeleton being further substituted by halogen atoms or by nitro or nitroso groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C237/00—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups
    • C07C237/28—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C237/30—Carboxylic acid amides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by amino groups having the carbon atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring of the carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C309/00—Sulfonic acids; Halides, esters, or anhydrides thereof
    • C07C309/01—Sulfonic acids
    • C07C309/28—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
    • C07C309/39—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing halogen atoms bound to the carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C309/00—Sulfonic acids; Halides, esters, or anhydrides thereof
    • C07C309/01—Sulfonic acids
    • C07C309/28—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
    • C07C309/40—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to the carbon skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C309/00—Sulfonic acids; Halides, esters, or anhydrides thereof
    • C07C309/01—Sulfonic acids
    • C07C309/28—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
    • C07C309/45—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the carbon skeleton
    • C07C309/46—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the carbon skeleton having the sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of non-condensed six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C63/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to a carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C07C63/68—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to a carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings containing halogen
    • C07C63/70—Monocarboxylic acids

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
GB9410420A 1993-05-21 1994-05-23 Substances for use in treatment of HIV-infection in HIV-infected patients Expired - Fee Related GB2284153B (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9410420A GB2284153B (en) 1993-05-21 1994-05-23 Substances for use in treatment of HIV-infection in HIV-infected patients
GB9715492A GB2312375B (en) 1993-05-21 1994-05-23 Agents for treatment of cancer

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB939310520A GB9310520D0 (en) 1993-05-21 1993-05-21 Arylating agents
GB9405292A GB9405292D0 (en) 1993-05-21 1994-03-17 Arylating agents
GB9410420A GB2284153B (en) 1993-05-21 1994-05-23 Substances for use in treatment of HIV-infection in HIV-infected patients

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB9410420D0 GB9410420D0 (en) 1994-07-13
GB2284153A GB2284153A (en) 1995-05-31
GB2284153B true GB2284153B (en) 1998-02-25

Family

ID=27266694

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB9410420A Expired - Fee Related GB2284153B (en) 1993-05-21 1994-05-23 Substances for use in treatment of HIV-infection in HIV-infected patients
GB9715492A Expired - Fee Related GB2312375B (en) 1993-05-21 1994-05-23 Agents for treatment of cancer

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB9715492A Expired - Fee Related GB2312375B (en) 1993-05-21 1994-05-23 Agents for treatment of cancer

Country Status (1)

Country Link
GB (2) GB2284153B (en)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9615619D0 (en) * 1996-03-18 1996-09-04 Radopath Ltd Costimulation of TcR/CD3-induced T-Lymphocytes
US7012100B1 (en) 2002-06-04 2006-03-14 Avolix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Cell migration inhibiting compositions and methods and compositions for treating cancer
ATE468114T1 (en) * 2002-11-08 2010-06-15 High Point Pharmaceuticals Llc SAFE CHEMICAL UNCOUPLERS FOR TREATING OBESITY

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB738623A (en) * 1953-08-21 1955-10-19 Actino Biolog Laurencon M Cie Improvements in and relating to a therapeutic antibacterial composition
GB866516A (en) * 1956-05-21 1961-04-26 Salsbury S Lab Substituted dinitrobenzamides and veterinary compositions containing them
GB1083001A (en) * 1963-10-29 1967-09-13 Merck & Co Inc Preparation and use of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrobenzamide
GB1283331A (en) * 1970-01-03 1972-07-26 Smith Kline French Lab Pharmaceutical compositions
EP0040420A1 (en) * 1980-05-21 1981-11-25 The Dow Chemical Company 4-Bis((phenylmethyl)amino)benzenesulfonic acids and virus inhibiting compositions containing them
WO1991015200A2 (en) * 1990-04-03 1991-10-17 Radopath Limited Use of trinitrobenzenes or carminic acid in the treatment of cancer or viral diseases

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4762705A (en) * 1981-11-10 1988-08-09 Adolf W. Schwimmer Cancer therapy with interferon
JPS60224619A (en) * 1984-04-24 1985-11-09 Adeka Argus Chem Co Ltd Radiation sensitizer
JPS61115020A (en) * 1984-11-09 1986-06-02 Adeka Argus Chem Co Ltd Composite for local sensitization to radiation
DE69124223T2 (en) * 1990-02-05 1997-04-30 Lifescience Corp FOOD ADDITIVES CONTAINING VITAMINS AND MINERALS

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB738623A (en) * 1953-08-21 1955-10-19 Actino Biolog Laurencon M Cie Improvements in and relating to a therapeutic antibacterial composition
GB866516A (en) * 1956-05-21 1961-04-26 Salsbury S Lab Substituted dinitrobenzamides and veterinary compositions containing them
GB1083001A (en) * 1963-10-29 1967-09-13 Merck & Co Inc Preparation and use of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrobenzamide
GB1283331A (en) * 1970-01-03 1972-07-26 Smith Kline French Lab Pharmaceutical compositions
EP0040420A1 (en) * 1980-05-21 1981-11-25 The Dow Chemical Company 4-Bis((phenylmethyl)amino)benzenesulfonic acids and virus inhibiting compositions containing them
WO1991015200A2 (en) * 1990-04-03 1991-10-17 Radopath Limited Use of trinitrobenzenes or carminic acid in the treatment of cancer or viral diseases

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CA 115:173928 & Immunol.Letters (1991),29 (3),pages 191-6 *
CA 119:173676 & Immunol.Letters (1993),36 (1),pages 1-6 *
Merck Index,11th Edition at Nos.188,3365 and 8901 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2284153A (en) 1995-05-31
GB2312375A (en) 1997-10-29
GB2312375B (en) 1998-02-25
GB9715492D0 (en) 1997-10-01
GB9410420D0 (en) 1994-07-13

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
PL318760A1 (en) Spiroazabicyclo compounds useful in medical treatment
NL300432I1 (en) Pharmaceutical composition comprising pioglitazoneand glimepiride for use in treatment of diabetes
GB8900678D0 (en) Compositions for the prevention and medical treatment of parodonthopathy
EP0330496A3 (en) Skin treatment composition
IL119894A (en) Use of thiazolidine in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of osteoporosis
GB9323044D0 (en) In or relating to the treatment of effluents
GB9523335D0 (en) Improvements in or relating to skin treatment materials
GB2281863B (en) Improvements in relation to medical diathermy
GB2262237B (en) Skin treatment instrument
AU7793791A (en) Pharmaceutical composition for use in treating pain
GB9222260D0 (en) Skin treatment
GB2284153B (en) Substances for use in treatment of HIV-infection in HIV-infected patients
GB9111089D0 (en) Improvements in or relating to the treatment of waste
GB9217124D0 (en) Medical treatment
GR890100642A (en) Ultra mild skin cleansing composition
GB2275191B (en) Use of antifungal compounds in the treatment of skin disorders
GB9216360D0 (en) Treatment of blood
GB9218773D0 (en) Skin treatment
GB9010190D0 (en) Composition for the treatment of protozoal disease and their use
IL111017A0 (en) Transdermal device containing (e)-2-(p-fluorophenethyl)-3-fluoroallylamine and its use for the treatment of alzheimer's disease
ZA951440B (en) Novel opiold peptides for the treatment of pain and use thereof
GB9413939D0 (en) Pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of chronic skin ulcers
GB9324977D0 (en) Providing mecroorgansims for use in waste treatment
GB9204062D0 (en) Medical treatment
GB9222195D0 (en) Medical treatment

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PCNP Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee

Effective date: 19980525