GB2275554A - Card apparatus with detectable remote transmission - Google Patents
Card apparatus with detectable remote transmission Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2275554A GB2275554A GB9403534A GB9403534A GB2275554A GB 2275554 A GB2275554 A GB 2275554A GB 9403534 A GB9403534 A GB 9403534A GB 9403534 A GB9403534 A GB 9403534A GB 2275554 A GB2275554 A GB 2275554A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- card
- data
- control means
- user
- reading
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
- G07F—COIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
- G07F7/00—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus
- G07F7/08—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means
- G07F7/10—Mechanisms actuated by objects other than coins to free or to actuate vending, hiring, coin or paper currency dispensing or refunding apparatus by coded identity card or credit card or other personal identification means together with a coded signal, e.g. in the form of personal identification information, like personal identification number [PIN] or biometric data
- G07F7/1008—Active credit-cards provided with means to personalise their use, e.g. with PIN-introduction/comparison system
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/0716—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips at least one of the integrated circuit chips comprising a sensor or an interface to a sensor
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/073—Special arrangements for circuits, e.g. for protecting identification code in memory
- G06K19/07309—Means for preventing undesired reading or writing from or onto record carriers
- G06K19/07345—Means for preventing undesired reading or writing from or onto record carriers by activating or deactivating at least a part of the circuit on the record carrier, e.g. ON/OFF switches
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
- G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
- G06K19/067—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components
- G06K19/07—Record carriers with conductive marks, printed circuits or semiconductor circuit elements, e.g. credit or identity cards also with resonating or responding marks without active components with integrated circuit chips
- G06K19/077—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier
- G06K19/07749—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card
- G06K19/07766—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card comprising at least a second communication arrangement in addition to a first non-contact communication arrangement
- G06K19/07769—Constructional details, e.g. mounting of circuits in the carrier the record carrier being capable of non-contact communication, e.g. constructional details of the antenna of a non-contact smart card comprising at least a second communication arrangement in addition to a first non-contact communication arrangement the further communication means being a galvanic interface, e.g. hybrid or mixed smart cards having a contact and a non-contact interface
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
- G06K7/0008—General problems related to the reading of electronic memory record carriers, independent of its reading method, e.g. power transfer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
- G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
- G06Q20/341—Active cards, i.e. cards including their own processing means, e.g. including an IC or chip
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
- G06Q20/34—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using cards, e.g. integrated circuit [IC] cards or magnetic cards
- G06Q20/346—Cards serving only as information carrier of service
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
- G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
- G06Q20/40—Authorisation, e.g. identification of payer or payee, verification of customer or shop credentials; Review and approval of payers, e.g. check credit lines or negative lists
- G06Q20/401—Transaction verification
- G06Q20/4014—Identity check for transactions
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Accounting & Taxation (AREA)
- Strategic Management (AREA)
- General Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
- Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Finance (AREA)
- Control Of Vending Devices And Auxiliary Devices For Vending Devices (AREA)
- Storage Device Security (AREA)
Abstract
The long distance transfer of data from an encoded card 2 is activated by switch 3 and an output component 4 gives a signal to the user when data is being read. <IMAGE>
Description
Card Apparatus with detectable remote transmission
The present invention relates to apparatus for receiving an encoded or encodable card or a "chip card (hereinafter referred to as an encoded card").
Plastic cards containing a chip (encoded cards) are being increasingly used commercially. Memories are provided on these encoded cards which contain data for telephone calls, parking, canteen meals, cash dispensers, clocking-in, flexible time working and many more applications. In combination with microprocessors, these multi-functional cards also make the storage of personal data possible. In many cases, such cards are inserted into writing/reading units for identification of the card carrier and the data of the card is read out or new data such as money units, parking or telephone units are recorded on the card. The particular data on a card also enables the gleaning of information about users of the card and their behaviour.If the card has to be pushed by the user through a card slot or the user has to carry out a particular operation which allows the transfer of data, this enables the user of the card to decide when and where the data on the card is read out or in. However, it is different if the card is also able to transfer data over distances. In this case, there would be obstacles to unauthorised interrogation if the card interrogation were to be carried out without the knowledge of the user. Since energy is required for a long-distance transfer which is difficult to contain in a sufficient amount on the card because of its limited size, cards are inserted in special apparatuses which carry out the long-distance transfer by a transfer of electromagnetic waves (eg. radiowaves, optical waves) and obtain the energy for this purpose from a unit storing electric energy (eg. an accumulator or a battery).Frequently, without the card user being involved, these apparatuses are interrogated externally and person-specific data is read out. The cards are, for example, inserted into apparatuses behind car windscreens and interrogated over distances in order to release barriers (eg. works access, toll payment, or identification). By the use of suitable interrogation apparatus, a card identification can be carried out over a distance without the card user noticing it.
German patent applications P 42 05 827.9-53 and P 42 05 556.3-53, from which this application has been developed, disclose a switch on encoded cards which give users of the encoded card the option of whether the remote transfer of data of the card over longer distances (e.g. more than 5 mm) should be carried out or not, thereby overcoming the above mentioned problem of the unnoticed interrogation of a card. However, the unnoticed interrogation is not ruled out provided the card is inserted in an apparatus which effects remote transfer. Furthermore, for identification purposes and also legally it is of importance whether the identification was initiated by the user of the card himself or by an external apparatus. In the case of an identification by an external apparatus, incorrect enquiries are possible which could be to the detriment of the user of the card.If a card were identified mistakenly, a user of another card might be charged fees etc., without having been identified by his card. The possibility of an incorrect identification may be due either to malicious human action or technical faults.
Without suitable measures it is possible to charge fees over distances without the user being able to prove whether the charges were caused by him or not.
The detection of unnoticed interrogations cannot be carried out by the card user by documenting any technically implemented interrogations in the encoded card or in the apparatus, since in this case, in the event of an unauthorised interrogation, by inspection of his memory, the card user could be burdened with attempts at data retrieval which were not intended by him and were possibly even made illegally from outside in order to keep him under surveillance while infringing his personal rights.
Viewed from one aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for receiving an encoded card, wherein the reading of electronically encoded data specific to the card is controlled by manual operation of a control means associated with the apparatus, and wherein the reading of the encoded data is indicated to a user.
Viewed from another aspect, the present invention provides apparatus for receiving an encoded card, characterised in that the reading of an identification means of the card in the form of a code contained in electronic elements of the card e.g. electronic memories, is effected by manual operation of a control means associated with the apparatus, and, moreover, in that the control means simultaneously activates a component on the apparatus which indicates the reading of the identification means to the operator of the control means, whilst the control means is being operated, by means of a signal noticeable by the user.
In a preferred arrangement data constituting information of the operation of the control means in the apparatus, is recorded in the card and/or in the apparatus through interconnection with time and/or other data which are present in the apparatus and/or the card, and in that the operation of the control means is stored through the interconnection with said data, embedded in a larger set of data and in that the respective particular individual operation of the control means may be identified because of the orderly manner in which the data is recorded.
In another arrangement the apparatus has a random generator which activates an electronic input system, to which a user-related identifying signal must be supplied by a user, in the form of a number (PINCODE) or another person-related identifying signal in the form of biological characteristics of the user, such as voice or fingerprints.
Preferably an interrogation of data from the apparatus or the card is notified by a signal perceivable to the user, or a set of data is produced in the card and/or apparatus for the purpose of detection.
An embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of examply only, with reference to the accompanying drawing, which shows a schematic representation of an exemplary embodiment.
Figure 1 indicates symbolically four different components. A card apparatus 1 accommodates an encoded 2, for the purpose of a long distance transfer of data.
The transfer of data is triggered off by a control means or switch 3. The transfer is indicated through an output apparatus or component 4 for generating acoustic or optical signals accessible to people.
The card apparatus or unit 1 is a writing/reading apparatus into which an encoded card 2 may be inserted for the purpose of writing and reading and which has a technical device ensuring the bidirectional or monodirectional long distance transfer of data of the encoded card 2 to an external apparatus. The encoded card 2 contains identification markings in the form of codes which permit a clear association of encoded card 2 with the identification markings and therefore also the identification of a person, in particular if the encoded card 2 contains data, such as name, address, number of bank account of the card user. If the reading-out of the data of the encoded card 2 by electronic elements such as a memory can only be activated by an operation of a switch 3, long distance interrogation is not possible without actuating the switch.Simultaneously the long distance transfer may be notified to the user of the card by a signal, via component 4, which may be perceived by the user.
If the switch 3 is combined with data present in the card apparatus 1, a "switching chronology", i.e.
detectable events of switching the switch 3, may be demonstrated. Data which are combined with the switching events of the switch 3 may include the time and optionally also data such as noise, input data etc.
The additional data represents information which can make the switching event of the switch 3 into an unmistakable unique event. In order to ensure that events are not confused, the data are recorded in an ordered manner. A suitable manner for ordering the data utilises an on-line clock and the data output thereof.
If special data of the encoded card 2 to be transferred are stored in the apparatus 1 in order to prevent the encoded card 2 from being continuously activated upon each interrogation, thereby requiring unnecessary energy, it is suitable for the renewal of data in the apparatus 1 to be generated by a random generator, which requires specific characteristics from the user which would not be available from an unauthorised user. Such characteristics may be numbers in the form of pin codes as required nowadays in credit cards and cheque cards. It may also be biologically unique features, such as the voice of a person or his fingerprints which can be detected by suitable electronic recording appliances.
If the interrogation of card apparatus 1 or encoded card 2 can be activated externally over a distance without the knowledge of the user, it may be useful to notify this event by a signal, or record this event in a suitable form as proof of an unauthorised interrogation on the encoded card 2 or the card apparatus 1.
If a record of each event is stored in the card or card apparatus, the user can reveal any unnoticed interrogations by inspection of his memory.
It should be appreciated that there are two types of erroneous identification. The first case relates to a premeditated, unauthorised identification. The second case is a technical error. In at least preferred embodiments of the present invention, the user of encoded cards interrogated over distances is able to protect himself against both possibilities.
There are mainly two types of cards commercially available, i.e. contact cards and contactless cards, as disclosed e.g. in DE 34 47 560 C2 "Device for the contactless data and energy transfer". The contactless cards have the advantage that their electronic elements are completely embedded in plastics. Contactless cards, therefore, are more easily protected against manipulation than cards with contact.
In contact chipcards, the contacts for the energy supply of the chip are present so as to be openly usable, not offering any protection against mechanical, chemical and electrical manipulation. The present invention can be applied to both types of cards.
Claims (15)
1. Apparatus for receiving an encoded card, characterised in that the reading of an identification means of the card in the form of a code contained in electronic elements of the card e.g. electronic memories, is effected by manual operation of a control means associated with the apparatus, and, moreover, in that the control means simultaneously activates a component on the apparatus which indicates the reading of the identification means to the operator of the control means, whilst the control means is being operated, by means of a signal noticeable by the user.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterised in that data constituting information of the operation of the control means in the apparatus, is recorded in the card and/or in the apparatus through interconnection with time and/or other data which are present in the apparatus and/or the card, and in that the operation of the control means is stored through the interconnection with said data embedded in a larger set of data, and in that the respective particular individual operation of the control means may be identified because of the orderly manner in which the data is recorded.
3. Apparatus according to claims 1 or 2, characterised in that the apparatus has a random generator which activates an electronic input system, to which a userrelated identifying signal must be supplied by a user, in the form of a number (PINCODE) or another personrelated identifying signal in the form of biological characteristics of the user, such as voice or fingerprints, if the input system was activated by a random generator.
4. Apparatus according to claims 1, 2 or 3, characterised in that an interrogation of data from the apparatus or the card is notified by a signal perceivable to the user, or a set of data is produced in the card and/or apparatus for the purpose of detection.
5. Apparatus for receiving an encoded card, wherein the reading of electronically encoded data specific to the card is controlled by manual operation of a control means associated with the apparatus, and wherein the reading of the encoded data is indicated to a user.
6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5, wherein said electronically encoded data comprises at least in part an identification means of the card.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein the reading of the encoded data is indicated to the operator of the control means simultaneously with the operation of the control means, by means of a signal noticeable to the user.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 7, wherein the reading of an identification means of the card effected by operation of said control means is indicated to the operator of the control means by a said signal throughout the duration of the operation of the control means.
9. Apparatus as claimed in any of claims 5 to 8, wherein the reading of said encoded data produces a record of the interrogation in the apparatus or in the encoded card for the purpose of detection.
10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein said record of the interrogation is stored in an ordered manner together with time data generated by the apparatus.
11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9 or 10, wherein said record of the interrogation also includes data generated during the interrogation event such as input data or noise, by which the event can be uniquely identified.
12. Apparatus as claimed in any of claims 5 to 11, wherein means are provided in the apparatus for detecting a user related identifying signal such as a personal identification number, user specific biological characteristic or the like, and for controlling access to said data according to whether the identifying signal is recognised.
13. Apparatus as claimed in claim 12, which includes a random generator.
14. Apparatus as claimed in any of claims 5 to 13, wherein data specific to the card is stored after an initial reading in an electronic storage means in the apparatus.
15. Card apparatus substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanyin drawing.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19934305571 DE4305571A1 (en) | 1992-02-24 | 1993-02-24 | Card device with provable remote transmission |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9403534D0 GB9403534D0 (en) | 1994-04-13 |
| GB2275554A true GB2275554A (en) | 1994-08-31 |
| GB2275554B GB2275554B (en) | 1996-08-14 |
Family
ID=6481156
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9403534A Expired - Fee Related GB2275554B (en) | 1993-02-24 | 1994-02-24 | Card apparatus with detectable remote transmission |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| FR (1) | FR2702065B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2275554B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2001099039A1 (en) * | 2000-06-23 | 2001-12-27 | Elva Sa | Method for selecting an operating mode for a chip card and card therefor |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB960391A (en) * | 1959-09-21 | 1964-06-10 | Gen Time Corp | Data transmission apparatus |
| WO1983003018A1 (en) * | 1982-02-25 | 1983-09-01 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | A portable device for storing and transferring data |
| WO1987002160A1 (en) * | 1985-09-26 | 1987-04-09 | Inserphon Gmbh | Distributed data system for medical records |
| EP0486363A1 (en) * | 1990-11-16 | 1992-05-20 | Thomson-Csf | IC card reader and recorder |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4639583A (en) * | 1985-03-14 | 1987-01-27 | Zerowin Jeffrey H | Data terminal system |
| WO1988003296A1 (en) * | 1986-10-23 | 1988-05-05 | Skidata Computerhandelsgesellschaft M.B.H. | System for automated communication for data transmission |
| US5130519A (en) * | 1990-01-16 | 1992-07-14 | George Bush | Portable pin card |
| DE4118312C2 (en) * | 1991-06-04 | 1995-03-09 | Amphenol Tuchel Elect | Contact set for a card with contact zones |
-
1994
- 1994-02-24 GB GB9403534A patent/GB2275554B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-02-24 FR FR9402107A patent/FR2702065B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB960391A (en) * | 1959-09-21 | 1964-06-10 | Gen Time Corp | Data transmission apparatus |
| WO1983003018A1 (en) * | 1982-02-25 | 1983-09-01 | Ericsson Telefon Ab L M | A portable device for storing and transferring data |
| WO1987002160A1 (en) * | 1985-09-26 | 1987-04-09 | Inserphon Gmbh | Distributed data system for medical records |
| EP0486363A1 (en) * | 1990-11-16 | 1992-05-20 | Thomson-Csf | IC card reader and recorder |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2001099039A1 (en) * | 2000-06-23 | 2001-12-27 | Elva Sa | Method for selecting an operating mode for a chip card and card therefor |
| FR2810766A1 (en) * | 2000-06-23 | 2001-12-28 | Elva Sa | Method for selecting an operating mode of a smart card, uses coding of standard electrical signals passed between card and card reader to determine the card operating mode |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2702065A1 (en) | 1994-09-02 |
| GB9403534D0 (en) | 1994-04-13 |
| FR2702065B1 (en) | 1996-10-25 |
| GB2275554B (en) | 1996-08-14 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20020224 |