GB2271931A - Magnetic stimulator for medical use - Google Patents
Magnetic stimulator for medical use Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2271931A GB2271931A GB9222703A GB9222703A GB2271931A GB 2271931 A GB2271931 A GB 2271931A GB 9222703 A GB9222703 A GB 9222703A GB 9222703 A GB9222703 A GB 9222703A GB 2271931 A GB2271931 A GB 2271931A
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- Prior art keywords
- magnetic
- coils
- stimulator
- magnetic stimulator
- stimulation
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/05—Detecting, measuring or recording for diagnosis by means of electric currents or magnetic fields; Measuring using microwaves or radio waves
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N2/00—Magnetotherapy
- A61N2/004—Magnetotherapy specially adapted for a specific therapy
- A61N2/006—Magnetotherapy specially adapted for a specific therapy for magnetic stimulation of nerve tissue
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N2/00—Magnetotherapy
- A61N2/02—Magnetotherapy using magnetic fields produced by coils, including single turn loops or electromagnets
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Magnetic Treatment Devices (AREA)
Abstract
A diagnostic device is in the form of a magnetic stimulator for e.g. non-invasive techniques for intracranial magnetic stimulation, in which the magnetic pulse is generated by a plurality of coils 20, 21, 22 in a co-axial array supplied with electrical energy in such a form as to allow the coils to bring a transient magnetic pulse to focus (f) at a distance (d) "outboard" of the plane of the coils P1 P2 and able to be varied by a neuro-surgeon. The coils may be axially movable, and may be co-planar. A cup 23 containing the coils may be mounted on a stand or held in the hand. A ferromagnetic insert may be used. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE
The present invention relates to diagnostic devices and in particular to magnetic stimulators that are useful to make localized non-invasive studies for inter alia transcranial magnetic stimulations of the human motor cortex and peripheral nerves focally in 'remote' internal locations in both medical and veterinary studies.
Descnntion of the Prior Art
Non-invasive techniques according to Cohen, L.G. et al (1990) for transcranial electrical stimulation of human motor cortex have been developed in recent years; see Merton, P.A. et al (1980), Marsden, C.D. et al (1981), Rossini, P.M. et al (1985).
However, transcranial electrical stimulation may be painful. Barker, A.T. et al (1985) have described a less painful method of transcranial stimulation of the brain involving the use of a brief magnetic pulse. This technique is useful for studying central motor conduction velocities, see Barker, A.T. et al (1986) and Hess, C.W.
et al (1986).
Biblioaranhv Barker, A.T., Jalinous, R. and Freeston, l.L. Noninvasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet, 1985, ii: 1106-1107.
Barker, A.T., Freeston, I.L., Jalinous, R. and Jarratt, J.A. Clinical evaluation of conduction time measurements in central motor pathways using magnetic stimulation of the human brain. Lancet, 1986, i: 1325-1326.
Cohen, L.G., Roth, B.J., Nilsson, J., Nguyet Dang, Panizza, M., Bandinelli, S.,
Friauf, W. and Hallett, M. Effects of coil design on delivery of focal magnetic stimulation. Technical considerations. Electroencephalog raphy and clinical
Neurophysiology, 1990, 75: 350-357, Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland, Ltd.
Hess, C.W., Mills, K.R. and Murray, N.M.F. Measurement of central motor conduction in multiple sclerosis by magnetic brain stimulation, Lancet, 1986, ii: 355-358.
Marsden, C.D., Merton, P.A. and Morton, H.B. Maximal twitches from stimulation of motor cortex in man. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 1981, 312: 5P.
Merton, P.A. and Morton, H.B. Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject. Nature, 1980, 285: 227.
Rossini, P.M., Marciani, M.G., Caramia, M., Roma, V. and Zarola, F. Nervous propagation along 'central' motor pathways in intact man: characteristics of motor responses to 'bifocal' and 'unifocal' spine and scalp non-invasive stimulation.
Electroenceph. clin. Neurophysiol., 1985, 61: 272-286.
A typical array of prior art coils for magnetic stimulation is shown in the paper by
Cohen, L.G. et al (1990) on page 351; it is their figure 2. All of these six stimulator coils have the disadvantage, according to Cohen L.G. et al, that their operation is less than ideal in this, that the stimulation cannot be accurately targeted on a small region of the cerebral cortex or other parts of the central nervous system for the magnetic field drowned progressively when measurements were made more distant from the plane of the coil, and the magnetic field was not focused, but tended to diverge.
It is a primary feature of the present invention to advance the prior art and to reverse this serious disadvantage by increasing the ability of the neuro-surgeon to focus the magnetic field from a magnetic stimulator at a variable distance from the place of the coils.
A diagnostic magnetic stimulator embracing principles of the present invention and useful for making examinations of a non-invasive character for inter alia transcranial magnetic stimulation may comprise a plurality of electrical coils coaxially arranged and suitably provided with electrical energy thereby to produce a focused transient magnetic field at a variable distance from the plane of the said coils.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from an examination of the following specification when read in conjunction with the appended drawings in which:
Figure 1 is an illustration of typical prior art scope where the geometry, of
the various coils of known magnetic stimulators, is clearly shown.
Figure 2 is a schematic drawing showing the inability of a single coil of figure
1 satisfactorily to focus its magnetic field.
Figure 3 is a schematic drawing of one coil array for a magnetic stimulator of
the present invention.
Figure 4 is a schematic drawing showing a plurality of coils in a co-axial array
to form a cup shaped magnetic stimulator of the present invention
ideal for trans-cranial applications.
Figure 5A is a perspective sketch illustrating the cup shaped magnetic stimulator
of Figure 4 in diagnostic use on a human skull - but held on a stand to
keep the coils in a fixed postion.
Figure 5B is a perspective sketch showing the cup shaped magnetic stimulator
of Figure 4 in the hand held exploratory mode to see the neurological
effects on a patient for diagnosis mutatis mutandis.
Referring now to the figures of the drawings, the reference numeral 11 designates a prior art coil for a magnetic stimulator, the coil being of nine centimetres in diameter (3.543307 inches). Numerals 12 and 13 respectively designate angulated coils of five centimetres (1.9685 inches) and nine centimetres.
Numerals 14 and 15 respectively designate flat spiral coiils of fourteen centimetres (5.511811 inches) and 6.7 centimetres (2.637795276 inches) diameter. Numeral 16 designates twin oval coils arranged in a butterfly configuration; each coil is approximately four centimetres (1.5748 inches) in diameter and wound to give a current in each that has contraflow. A Cadwell MES-10 magnetic stimulator was used to generate the magrvRetitimuli delivered by coils 11, 12, 13 and 16. A
Novametrix Magstim 200 was used to generate the stimuli delivered by coils 14 and 15. The said magnetic stimulators per se not being shown.
The coils 11 to 16 inclusive, tend to produce the magnetic field configuration of the magnetic coil 17 of Figure 2, whether or not it contains a magnetic core of iron. The magnetic field spreads out rapidly from the axis al a2 as it leaves the coil centre a3.
In contra-distinction, a reference to Figure 3 discloses an improved construction in which two concentric coils 18 and 19 having a common axis al a2 provide, when suitably energized with a changing current a focused magnetic field at A and B "outboard" of the plane of the coils, that is to say the surface plane P1 P2 directly under the focused magnetic field at B on the axis al a2. In one embodiment short bursts of alternating current were fed to the coils, such that the phase of the current in the inner coil 19 lagged on that of the phase of the current in the outer coil 18.
This produced a radially inward travelling magnetic field momentarily having a more intense flux density at B than that at A.
Without doubt it is advantageous to construct a magnetic stimulator in the shape of a cup as shown in Figure 4. The cup 23 contains three coils arranged co-axially (concentric if viewed along the axis al a2) on axis al a2. The coils 20, 21 and 22.
may be made to slide toward or away from each other within the cup 23, to give a focus to the magnetic field at 'f', on axis al a2. The coils 20, 21 and 22 are fed with a sophisticated electrical supply individually 'tailored' for each coil. The wave form typically having sinusoidal or overdamped recovery characteristics so that the magnetic field focuses at 'f', builds and collapses and lasts for but a fraction of a second. Clearly by movement of the coils combined, if necessary, with the electrical supply characteristics to the individual coils the focal distance 'd' of 'f' from the plane of the coils P1 P2 can be accurately varied and controlled in intensity. Again a ferromagnetic insert, not shown, may be incorporated in the coils of the device of Figure 4.
A cup is particularly advantageous for use on the human skull:- as an historical point en Dassant Benjamin Franklin in 1757 recorded in his Works, (1887) Vol. ll, p522, that "they cupped me on the back of the head" - not I hasten, to add, for magnetic stimulation.
In Figures 5A and 5B there is shown the cup magnetic stimulator 23 of Figure 4 in use medically. In figure 5A the magnetic stimulator 23 is held in a known support stand 24 giving rotations R1 R2 if needed in two planes at right angles from a support 25.
In Figure 5B the magnetic stimulator 23 is hand held by the neuro-surgeon, the hand being shown at 26.
Finally I should speak medically very briefly concerning the magnetic stimulator. A strong magnetic pulse from a plurality of coils near the skin induces a proportional current in tissue, this stimulates the nerves. One advantage of magnetic stimulation is its ability to penetrate bone without serious attenuation so it is ideal for noninvasive studies of the cranium and the inner cortex and other parts of the brain.
Potential uses of the magnetic stimulator of the invention would be: inter alia:
Brain and Spinal Cord (a) Study of the integrity of motor pathways in a more selective way than
is possible with existing magnetic stimulators, by virtue of the more
circumscribed region of stimulation.
(b) Sensory and other neural pathways might be studied.
(c) Stimulation of specific intra-cerebral nuclei. Variability of precise positions
of nuclei among individuals would need to be taken into consideration, but
stimulation of neuro-transmitter-producing nuclei might be relevant to the
diagnosis andlor treatment of conditions such as Parkinsonism and
Alzheimer's disease, in which neurotransmitters (amines and acetylcholine
respectively) are depleted.
Peripheral Nerves
Nerve conduction studies have many applications in the diagnosis of nerve lesions and peripheral neuropathies. At present electrical stimulation is used, but more effectively localized magnetic stimulation would be more acceptable to patients and would also allow targeted stimulation of deeply situated limb nerves which are now effectively inaccessible.
Defibrillation of the heart, now performed electrically, might also be achieved more safely by magnetic stimulation.
The magnetic stimulator could also aid in the early diagnosis of Parkinson's and
Alzheimer's diseases.
It will be abundantly clear to a layman that the sine qua non of the success of the magnetic stimulator is the ability to focus accurately the distance (d) of the magnetic pulse (f) from the edge of the cup or the plane of the coils. To that end a probe (i.e.
a detector of magnetic focal point 'f') may be used, the magnetic stimulator being held at a point on a linear centimetre scale and the probe also; the probe being capable of being moved toward and away from the magnetic stimulator so that the focus distance can be read from the scale. The magnetic stimulator may then be used in combination with a stereotaxic apparatus such as that known as the
Horsley-Clarke frame, said to be probably the most complex of all the mathematical instruments of physiology.
Claims (9)
1. A magnetic stimulator useful to make non-invasive magnetic stimulations inter alia of the human brain and peripheral nerves, wherein the stimulator
comprises a plurality of coils co-axially arranged and suitably supplied with
electrical energy to bring to a focus a transient magnetic field at a distance
"outboard" of the plane of the coils as hereinbefore defined and substantially
on said axis of co-axiallity, said distance being variable and in the control of
the user.
2. A magnetic stimulator as claimed in claim 1 wherein the plurality of coils is
in the same plane and is concentric.
3. A magnetic stimulator as claimed in claim 1 wherein the plurality of coils is
co-axial and is three or more wthin a cup.
4. A magnetic stimulator as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the coils are
augmented by the inclusion of an iron or similar ferromagnetic element.
5. A magnetic stimulator as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the coils
are supplied from independent electrical currents of different or similar
wave form.
6. A magnetic stimulator as claimed in claim 5 wherein the voltage applied
to or the current following in any coil is alternating and able to produce a
transient magnetic pulse for a well defined stimulation time at a known
focal point.
7. A magnetic stimulator as claimed in any preceding claim wherein one or
more of the coils islare able to be moved along the axis of co-axiallity to
assist in the definition of a focal pulse of transient magnetic energy.
8. A magnetic stimulator as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the
stimulator is used in conjunction with a stereotaxic frame.
9. A magnetic stimulator substantially as hereinbefore described with
particular reference to the several figures (3 to 5B) of the accompanying
drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9222703A GB2271931A (en) | 1992-10-29 | 1992-10-29 | Magnetic stimulator for medical use |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9222703A GB2271931A (en) | 1992-10-29 | 1992-10-29 | Magnetic stimulator for medical use |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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GB9222703D0 GB9222703D0 (en) | 1992-12-09 |
GB2271931A true GB2271931A (en) | 1994-05-04 |
Family
ID=10724237
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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GB9222703A Withdrawn GB2271931A (en) | 1992-10-29 | 1992-10-29 | Magnetic stimulator for medical use |
Country Status (1)
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GB (1) | GB2271931A (en) |
Cited By (23)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0930849A1 (en) * | 1996-08-15 | 1999-07-28 | Neotonus, Inc. | Transcranial brain stimulation |
EP0940157A3 (en) * | 1998-01-29 | 2000-06-14 | Hans Werner Prof. Lorenzen | Body tissue stimulating device |
GB2360213A (en) * | 1999-11-11 | 2001-09-19 | Magstim Co Ltd | Neuro-muscular magnetic stimulation coil and apparatus |
WO2002009811A1 (en) * | 2000-07-31 | 2002-02-07 | Neuropace, Inc. | Migraine headache treatment apparatus |
AU747678B2 (en) * | 1996-08-15 | 2002-05-16 | Neotonus, Inc. | Transcranial brain stimulation |
GB2371203A (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2002-07-24 | Univ Bristol | Method and apparatus for rendering an animal insensible |
ES2206025A1 (en) * | 2002-05-21 | 2004-05-01 | Antonio Madroñero De La Cal | Device for generating multiple magnetic fields used in magnetotherapy, and magneto acupuncture |
EP1269913B1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2004-08-04 | BrainLAB AG | Device for transcranial magnetic stimulation and cortical cartography |
US6827681B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2004-12-07 | Brainlab Ag | Method and device for transcranial magnetic stimulation |
GB2413284A (en) * | 2004-04-22 | 2005-10-26 | Christopher John Leaver | Device to alleviate depression |
WO2009033144A2 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2009-03-12 | Neostim, Inc. | Focusing magnetic fields with attractor magnets and concentrator devices |
US8052591B2 (en) | 2006-05-05 | 2011-11-08 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Trajectory-based deep-brain stereotactic transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US8265910B2 (en) | 2007-10-09 | 2012-09-11 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Display of modeled magnetic fields |
US8267850B2 (en) | 2007-11-27 | 2012-09-18 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Transcranial magnet stimulation of deep brain targets |
US8723628B2 (en) | 2009-01-07 | 2014-05-13 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Shaped coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US8795148B2 (en) | 2009-10-26 | 2014-08-05 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Sub-motor-threshold stimulation of deep brain targets using transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US8845508B2 (en) | 2004-04-09 | 2014-09-30 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Robotic apparatus for targeting and producing deep, focused transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US8956273B2 (en) | 2007-08-20 | 2015-02-17 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Firing patterns for deep brain transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US8956274B2 (en) | 2007-08-05 | 2015-02-17 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Transcranial magnetic stimulation field shaping |
US9352167B2 (en) | 2006-05-05 | 2016-05-31 | Rio Grande Neurosciences, Inc. | Enhanced spatial summation for deep-brain transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US9492679B2 (en) | 2010-07-16 | 2016-11-15 | Rio Grande Neurosciences, Inc. | Transcranial magnetic stimulation for altering susceptibility of tissue to pharmaceuticals and radiation |
US11083908B2 (en) | 2016-01-19 | 2021-08-10 | Epitech Mag Ltd. | Enhancing epithelial integrity by a sequence of magnetic pulses |
US11247065B2 (en) | 2017-07-26 | 2022-02-15 | Epitech Mag Ltd. | Magnetic device for treating living tissues |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2196853A (en) * | 1986-04-25 | 1988-05-11 | Gen Electric Plc | Tissue stimulator |
-
1992
- 1992-10-29 GB GB9222703A patent/GB2271931A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2196853A (en) * | 1986-04-25 | 1988-05-11 | Gen Electric Plc | Tissue stimulator |
Cited By (35)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0930849A1 (en) * | 1996-08-15 | 1999-07-28 | Neotonus, Inc. | Transcranial brain stimulation |
EP0930849A4 (en) * | 1996-08-15 | 2000-05-17 | Neotonus Inc | Transcranial brain stimulation |
AU747678B2 (en) * | 1996-08-15 | 2002-05-16 | Neotonus, Inc. | Transcranial brain stimulation |
EP0940157A3 (en) * | 1998-01-29 | 2000-06-14 | Hans Werner Prof. Lorenzen | Body tissue stimulating device |
GB2360213A (en) * | 1999-11-11 | 2001-09-19 | Magstim Co Ltd | Neuro-muscular magnetic stimulation coil and apparatus |
GB2360213B (en) * | 1999-11-11 | 2002-07-24 | Magstim Co Ltd | Stimulators and stimulating coils for magnetically stimulating neuro-muscular tissue |
FR2821753A1 (en) * | 1999-11-11 | 2002-09-13 | Magstim Co Ltd | Stimulating coil for magnetic stimulation of neuro muscular tissue, has ferromagnetic back arranged adjacent to one broadside of coil |
US6663556B2 (en) | 1999-11-11 | 2003-12-16 | The Magstim Company Limited | Stimulators and stimulating coils for magnetically stimulating neuro-muscular tissue |
WO2002009811A1 (en) * | 2000-07-31 | 2002-02-07 | Neuropace, Inc. | Migraine headache treatment apparatus |
GB2371203A (en) * | 2001-01-23 | 2002-07-24 | Univ Bristol | Method and apparatus for rendering an animal insensible |
US7239910B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2007-07-03 | Brainlab Ag | Methods and devices for transcranial magnetic stimulation and cortical cartography |
US6827681B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2004-12-07 | Brainlab Ag | Method and device for transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US6830544B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2004-12-14 | Brainlab Ag | Methods and devices for transcranial magnetic stimulation and cortical cartography |
US7008370B2 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2006-03-07 | Brainlab Ag | Method and device for transcranial magnetic stimulation |
EP1269913B1 (en) * | 2001-06-28 | 2004-08-04 | BrainLAB AG | Device for transcranial magnetic stimulation and cortical cartography |
ES2206025A1 (en) * | 2002-05-21 | 2004-05-01 | Antonio Madroñero De La Cal | Device for generating multiple magnetic fields used in magnetotherapy, and magneto acupuncture |
US8845508B2 (en) | 2004-04-09 | 2014-09-30 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Robotic apparatus for targeting and producing deep, focused transcranial magnetic stimulation |
GB2413284A (en) * | 2004-04-22 | 2005-10-26 | Christopher John Leaver | Device to alleviate depression |
US9486639B2 (en) | 2006-05-05 | 2016-11-08 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Trajectory-based deep-brain stereotactic transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US8052591B2 (en) | 2006-05-05 | 2011-11-08 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Trajectory-based deep-brain stereotactic transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US9352167B2 (en) | 2006-05-05 | 2016-05-31 | Rio Grande Neurosciences, Inc. | Enhanced spatial summation for deep-brain transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US8956274B2 (en) | 2007-08-05 | 2015-02-17 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Transcranial magnetic stimulation field shaping |
US8956273B2 (en) | 2007-08-20 | 2015-02-17 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Firing patterns for deep brain transcranial magnetic stimulation |
WO2009033144A2 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2009-03-12 | Neostim, Inc. | Focusing magnetic fields with attractor magnets and concentrator devices |
WO2009033144A3 (en) * | 2007-09-07 | 2009-07-09 | Neostim Inc | Focusing magnetic fields with attractor magnets and concentrator devices |
US8265910B2 (en) | 2007-10-09 | 2012-09-11 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Display of modeled magnetic fields |
US8523753B2 (en) | 2007-11-27 | 2013-09-03 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Transcranial magnet stimulation of deep brain targets |
US8267850B2 (en) | 2007-11-27 | 2012-09-18 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Transcranial magnet stimulation of deep brain targets |
US8723628B2 (en) | 2009-01-07 | 2014-05-13 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Shaped coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US9132277B2 (en) | 2009-01-07 | 2015-09-15 | Cerval Neurotech, Inc. | Shaped coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US9381374B2 (en) | 2009-01-07 | 2016-07-05 | Rio Grande Neurosciences, Inc. | Shaped coils for transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US8795148B2 (en) | 2009-10-26 | 2014-08-05 | Cervel Neurotech, Inc. | Sub-motor-threshold stimulation of deep brain targets using transcranial magnetic stimulation |
US9492679B2 (en) | 2010-07-16 | 2016-11-15 | Rio Grande Neurosciences, Inc. | Transcranial magnetic stimulation for altering susceptibility of tissue to pharmaceuticals and radiation |
US11083908B2 (en) | 2016-01-19 | 2021-08-10 | Epitech Mag Ltd. | Enhancing epithelial integrity by a sequence of magnetic pulses |
US11247065B2 (en) | 2017-07-26 | 2022-02-15 | Epitech Mag Ltd. | Magnetic device for treating living tissues |
Also Published As
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