GB2269830A - Synthetic fibre material for seat filling - Google Patents

Synthetic fibre material for seat filling Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2269830A
GB2269830A GB9313960A GB9313960A GB2269830A GB 2269830 A GB2269830 A GB 2269830A GB 9313960 A GB9313960 A GB 9313960A GB 9313960 A GB9313960 A GB 9313960A GB 2269830 A GB2269830 A GB 2269830A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
pad
fibres
filling
substrate
flexible backing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB9313960A
Other versions
GB9313960D0 (en
Inventor
David John Sykes
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
POLYTEX GROUP Ltd
Original Assignee
POLYTEX GROUP Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by POLYTEX GROUP Ltd filed Critical POLYTEX GROUP Ltd
Publication of GB9313960D0 publication Critical patent/GB9313960D0/en
Publication of GB2269830A publication Critical patent/GB2269830A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/245—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it being a foam layer
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47C—CHAIRS; SOFAS; BEDS
    • A47C27/00—Spring, stuffed or fluid mattresses or cushions specially adapted for chairs, beds or sofas
    • A47C27/12—Spring, stuffed or fluid mattresses or cushions specially adapted for chairs, beds or sofas with fibrous inlays, e.g. made of wool, of cotton
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/43—Joining a relatively small portion of the surface of said articles
    • B29C66/436—Joining sheets for making articles comprising cushioning or padding materials, the weld being performed through the cushioning material, e.g. car seats
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/727—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being porous, e.g. foam
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
    • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
    • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
    • B32B3/28—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer comprising a deformed thin sheet, i.e. the layer having its entire thickness deformed out of the plane, e.g. corrugated, crumpled
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H13/00—Other non-woven fabrics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2479/00—Furniture

Abstract

A pad of resilient synthetic fibre (1), eg polyester, is converted into a fluted panel for use as a filling for a seat by using a heat sealing process which causes the fibres to be sealed onto themselves in order to define spaced parallel slots or channels (3) in the face of the pad. Localised heating may be used to compact and melt the fibres, sealing them together locally and onto any flexible backing or substrate secured (2, 4) to the pad. A backing foam (4) and a film covering (6) may be included. The slots may be formed by presser bars associated with electrical heating strips. <IMAGE>

Description

IMPROVEMENTS IN ARTICLES OF UPHOLSTERY This invention relates to improvements in articles of upholstery in general, and to fillings for articles of upholstery in particular.
It is known to convert flexible and resilient foam material into fillings for seats and to machine spaced, parallel, longitudinal slots of generally segmental outline in the upper faces of such foam fillings. Such fillings are generally known as "fluted" panels and, when utilised as a filling for a seat, such as a vehicle seat, the flutes provide slots through which an external covering, suitably of leather or other similar fabric material or cloth, is stitched to the panel including any backing material.
To increase the comfort of a seat portion and a back support portion of a seat it is desirable to utilise, in addition to, or in place of, a foam panel, a pad of resilient fibre, suitably synthetic polyester fibre. In view of the nature of the fibre difficulty is experienced in providing flutes in such material by the use of conventional machining techniques at present in use in the upholstery industry.
According to our invention a pad of resilient synthetic fibre is converted into a fluted panel for use as a filling for a seat by heat sealing process by which the fibres are sealed onto themselves to define spaced parallel slots or channels in one face of the pad.
Preferably the fibres are compacted and melted by localised heating.
When the pad has a foam or other flexible backing or substrate, the fibres are sealed onto themselves and onto the foam or other flexible backing or substrate.
When the outer face of the pad has an outer film covering, the localised heating is applied to the fibres through the covering, and the covering itself, is locally heat sealed to the fibres, and is displaced to the contour of the slots or channels.
Two embodiments of our invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a section through a filling for a vehicle seat; and Figure 2 is a section through another filling for a vehicle seat.
The filling for a vehicle seat illustrated in Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings comprises a pad 1 of polyester fibre which is secured on one side to a flexible substrate backing 2 by means of a suitable adhesive. Spaced parallel longitudinally extending channels or slots 3 are formed in the face of the pad 1 remote from the backing 2 by a heat sealing process in order to seal the fibres together locally and onto the backing 2.
In the filling of Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings, the backing 2 is omitted and the pad 1 of polyester fibre is secured by means of a suitable adhesive to one face of a sheet 4 of resilient foam material of which the other side is secured, again by a suitable adhesive, to a flexible substrate backing 5.
An outer film covering 6 is also secured by a suitable adhesive to the outer face of the pad 1.
The channels or slots 3 are formed in the covering 6 and in the pad 1 by a heat sealing process which seals the covering 6 and the fibres together and onto the adjacent, inner, surface of the sheet 4 of foam material, with the covering 6 being locally deformed to the contours of the channels or slots 3.
During the heat sealing process, the fibres stick to themselves and to the backing 2 in the filling of Figure 1, and to themselves and to the foam 4 in the filling of Figure 2.
The heat sealing for the fillings described above with reference to Figure 1 and 2 may be carried out by any suitable means. In one construction, however, each filling is placed on a platen with the face of the fibre 1 remote from the backing substrate 2 or foam 4 in co-operation with spaced parallel electrical strip heating elements incorporated in the platen. Presser bars superimposed upon the heating elements are urged down and into engagement with the backing 2 or the foam 4 to apply pressure over regions superimposed over and in contact with the heating elements. The application of heat causes the fibres to melt and stick to themselves as described above in order to form the channels or slots 3.

Claims (11)

1. A method of converting a pad of resilient synthetic fibre into a fluted panel for use as a filling for a seat comprising a heat sealing process by which the fibres are sealed onto themselves to define spaced parallel slots or channels in one face of the pad.
2. A method according to Claim 1 in which the fibres are compacted and melted by localised heating.
3. A method according to Claim 1 in which the pad has a flexible backing or substrate, and the fibres are sealed onto themselves and onto the flexible backing or substrate.
4. A method according to Claim 2, in which an outer face of the pad has an outer fibre covering, and whichthe localised heating is applied to the fibres through the covering and which is locally sealed to the fibres and displaced to the contour of the slots or channels.
5. A fluted panel for use as a filling for a seat constructed by the method of any of Claims 1 to 4.
6. A fluted panel according to Claim 5, in which the flexible backing or substrate is a sheet of resilient foam material.
7. A heat sealing process for converting a pad of resilient synthetic fibre into a fluted panel for use as a filling for a seat comprising placing the filling on a platen with a face of the pad which is remote from a flexible backing or substrate secured to one side of the pad in co-operation with spaced parallel electrical strip heating elements incorporated in the platen on which heating elements pressure bars are superimposed which are urged down and into engagement with the flexible backing or substrate to apply pressure over regions superimposed over and in contact with the heating elements in order to apply heat which causes the fibres to melt and stick together locally and onto the flexible backing or substrate to define spaced parallel slots or channels in one face of the pad.
8. A fluted panel for use as a filling for a seat constructed by the method of Claim 7.
9. A fluted panel substantially as described herein with reference to and as illustrated in Figure 1 of the accompanying drawings.
10. A fluted panel substantially as described herein with reference to and as illustrated in Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings.
11. A method of converting a panel of resilient synthetic fibre into a fluted panel substantially as described herein with reference to and as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
GB9313960A 1992-07-02 1993-07-01 Synthetic fibre material for seat filling Withdrawn GB2269830A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB929214091A GB9214091D0 (en) 1992-07-02 1992-07-02 Improvements in articles of upholstery

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB9313960D0 GB9313960D0 (en) 1993-08-18
GB2269830A true GB2269830A (en) 1994-02-23

Family

ID=10718101

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB929214091A Pending GB9214091D0 (en) 1992-07-02 1992-07-02 Improvements in articles of upholstery
GB9313960A Withdrawn GB2269830A (en) 1992-07-02 1993-07-01 Synthetic fibre material for seat filling

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB929214091A Pending GB9214091D0 (en) 1992-07-02 1992-07-02 Improvements in articles of upholstery

Country Status (1)

Country Link
GB (2) GB9214091D0 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103815815A (en) * 2014-02-27 2014-05-28 金红叶纸业集团有限公司 Household paper and manufacturing method thereof
EP2798979A1 (en) * 2013-05-03 2014-11-05 Yves Moillo Method for manufacturing a sealed mattress and sealed mattress thus obtained
CN110733181A (en) * 2018-07-21 2020-01-31 广州中新汽车零部件有限公司 ultrasonic welding structure of sound-absorbing cotton and welding method thereof

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1474102A (en) * 1974-04-26 1977-05-18 Ici Ltd Non-woven fabrics
GB2127865A (en) * 1982-09-30 1984-04-18 Chicopee Patterned belt bonded material and method for making the same
US4659614A (en) * 1985-07-18 1987-04-21 Perfect Fit Industries Ultrasonically bonded non-woven fabric
WO1989010084A1 (en) * 1988-04-29 1989-11-02 Weyerhaeuser Company Thermoplastic material containing absorbent pad or other article
EP0466563A1 (en) * 1990-07-12 1992-01-15 LAINIERE DE PICARDIE: Société anonyme Thermobonded lining material in microfibers and process for making the same

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1474102A (en) * 1974-04-26 1977-05-18 Ici Ltd Non-woven fabrics
GB2127865A (en) * 1982-09-30 1984-04-18 Chicopee Patterned belt bonded material and method for making the same
US4659614A (en) * 1985-07-18 1987-04-21 Perfect Fit Industries Ultrasonically bonded non-woven fabric
WO1989010084A1 (en) * 1988-04-29 1989-11-02 Weyerhaeuser Company Thermoplastic material containing absorbent pad or other article
EP0466563A1 (en) * 1990-07-12 1992-01-15 LAINIERE DE PICARDIE: Société anonyme Thermobonded lining material in microfibers and process for making the same

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2798979A1 (en) * 2013-05-03 2014-11-05 Yves Moillo Method for manufacturing a sealed mattress and sealed mattress thus obtained
FR3005283A1 (en) * 2013-05-03 2014-11-07 Yves Moillo METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A SEALED MATTRESS AND SEALED MATTRESS THUS OBTAINED
CN103815815A (en) * 2014-02-27 2014-05-28 金红叶纸业集团有限公司 Household paper and manufacturing method thereof
CN103815815B (en) * 2014-02-27 2015-11-25 金红叶纸业集团有限公司 Paper for daily use and manufacture method thereof
CN110733181A (en) * 2018-07-21 2020-01-31 广州中新汽车零部件有限公司 ultrasonic welding structure of sound-absorbing cotton and welding method thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB9313960D0 (en) 1993-08-18
GB9214091D0 (en) 1992-08-12

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