GB2237949A - Optical networks - Google Patents
Optical networks Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2237949A GB2237949A GB8925539A GB8925539A GB2237949A GB 2237949 A GB2237949 A GB 2237949A GB 8925539 A GB8925539 A GB 8925539A GB 8925539 A GB8925539 A GB 8925539A GB 2237949 A GB2237949 A GB 2237949A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- fibre
- array
- network
- fibres
- ribbon
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/27—Arrangements for networking
- H04B10/272—Star-type networks or tree-type networks
- H04B10/2725—Star-type networks without a headend
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4219—Mechanical fixtures for holding or positioning the elements relative to each other in the couplings; Alignment methods for the elements, e.g. measuring or observing methods especially used therefor
- G02B6/4228—Passive alignment, i.e. without a detection of the degree of coupling or the position of the elements
- G02B6/423—Passive alignment, i.e. without a detection of the degree of coupling or the position of the elements using guiding surfaces for the alignment
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4249—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details comprising arrays of active devices and fibres
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L25/00—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof
- H01L25/16—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof the devices being of types provided for in two or more different main groups of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. forming hybrid circuits
- H01L25/167—Assemblies consisting of a plurality of individual semiconductor or other solid state devices ; Multistep manufacturing processes thereof the devices being of types provided for in two or more different main groups of groups H01L27/00 - H01L33/00, or in a single subclass of H10K, H10N, e.g. forming hybrid circuits comprising optoelectronic devices, e.g. LED, photodiodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/0001—Technical content checked by a classifier
- H01L2924/0002—Not covered by any one of groups H01L24/00, H01L24/00 and H01L2224/00
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Computing Systems (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Optical Communication System (AREA)
Abstract
A star coupled network uses ribbon fibre between the nodes and a passive star coupler in order to achieve a wideband bus. At each node is disposed a transmitter module and a receiver module which each include a respective silicon substrate and are each capable of transmitting/receiving, respectively, a plurality of optical signals and multiplexing from/ demultiplexing to a plurality of low data rates employed at the nodes. High data rates between the nodes and star coupler are achieved by simultaneous transmission over the ribbon fibres without the need for similarly high bandwidth lasers and receivers. <IMAGE>
Description
OPTICAL NETWORKS
This invention relates to optical networks and in particular to star-coupled optical networks and components therefor.
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a star coupled network comprising a plurality of nodes coupled together by optical fibres and a passive star coupling means and wherein the optical fibre is in the form of ribbon fibre.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided an opto-electronic hybrid optical transmitter module for use with ribbon fibre, including a silicon substrate, a plurality (n) of semiconductor lasers disposed in an array on the substrate, a corresponding array of laser drivers either hybridised onto or fabricated in the substrate, electrical interconnects disposed on the substrate between said lasers and laser drivers, and a plurality (m, where m > n) of electrical inputs.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided an opto-electronic hybrid optical receiver module for use with ribbon fibre, including a silicon substrate, a plurality (n) of photodetectors disposed in an array on the substrate, a corresponding array of electrical signal demultiplexers on the substrate, electrical interconnects between the photodetectors and the demultiplexers, and a plurality (m, where m > n) of electrical outputs from the demultiplexer array for parallel data output.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Fig 1 illustrates a star-coupled optical
network;
Fig 2 illustrates, schematically, a transmitter
module for the network;
Fig 3 illustrates two stacks of ribbons
arranged with the ribbons thereof orthogonal;
Fig 4 illustrates a single fibre transmitter
module.
There are a number of applications or potential applications where it would be desirable to achieve high bandwidth interconnections without implying extremely high bandwidth at the lasers and receivers, particularly over relatively short, say 0.5m - 2km, distance interconnections as in the case of high performance telecommunications systems and computer systems. This can be achieved using wavelength division multiplexing but, particularly over short distances, space multiplexing is an attractive alternative.
An example of a wideband network as proposed by the present invention is illustrated in Fig 1.
Electronic circuit boards 1 to be interconnected are coupled to a central passive star 2 by multi-element fibre ribbons 3. There may, for example be twelve fibres per ribbon. Each board 1 has a transmitter module 4 and a receiver module 5, which may comprise silicon opto-hybrid modules to be described in greater detail hereinafter. The transmitter module 4 comprises an array of, in this example, twelve individually addressable lasers, whereas the receiver module 5 comprises an array of twelve detectors. An outline of a transmitter module is shown in Fig 2. Ten of the outputs A are data outputs at say 3.2Gbit/s, whereas one of the other two outputs is used to transmit a common clock and the other is for control purposes, such as for transmitting parity information.The module 4 includes a twelve element laser (optical source) array 6, a twelve element laser driver array 7 and a twelve element
MUX array 8 whereby several lower speed inputs can be combined into one data stream. Fifteen parallel low-bit-rate data inputs are indicated at 9, but, in practice the number may be very much higher (eg 100 or more). Thus the number of distinct optical paths is reduced and the need to make high speed interconnections to the module is eliminated. Electrical interconnects are not illustrated in Fig 2 but will be, for example, at B, and are discussed in greater detail hereinafter.
The receiver modules are similar in concept and are also discussed hereinafter.
The transmit fibre ribbons 3 are taken to the central passive star 2. This contains an array of passive fibre transmissive star couplers, or an equivalent implementation using bulk optics, which are connected such that corresponding fibres from each of the boards 1 are connected in star configuration. In this way parallel data words transmitted from any one board are broadcast to all other boards.
Whilst this would appear to involve complicated redirection of fibres, a simple connector can provide the required fibre interleaving. For example, consider the case where there are the same number of boards as there are fibres in the ribbons, for example twelve boards and twelve fibres per ribbon, two ribbons per board, the fibres being numbered "one" to "twelve". If the transmit ribbons 3 which are input to the passive star are stacked one on top of another (Fig 3) with the fibres numbered "one" on top of each other, and the "twos" etc similarly stacked (stack 14), then the "ones" are all aligned and can be grouped together and connected to a respective fibre ribbon 10, and the "twos" are all aligned and can be connected to a respective fibre ribbon 10.The fibre ribbons 10 are in fact pigtail fibres from respective transmitter star coupler (not shown). The ribbons 10 are in a similar stack 15 to ribbons 3 but rotated through 900. An array of twelve 12 x 12 transmissive star port couplers will be required in this instance and together comprise part of the central passive star 2. In this way complex re-direction of the fibres inside the star coupler unit (2) is avoided. whereas the fibre ribbons are illustrated as input to/output from respective points around the circumference of the passive star, using the cross-over connector principle described they would be stacked together and input to/output from respective central points.Thus for the example where there are twelve boards and twelve fibres per ribbon the central passive star will comprise an array of twelve 12 x 12 transmissive star couplers together with a 12 x 12 cross-over connector at both the input and output side of the star coupler array. Similarly, four boards and twelve fibres per ribbon will involve a central passive star comprising twelve 4 x 4 couplers and two 4 x 12 cross-over connectors. In general, therefore, N boards and M fibres per ribbon will involve a central passive star comprising M N x N couplers and two N x M cross-over connectors. By this means a data signal transmitted to the passive central star from one board over fibre "one" of the transmission ribbon will be distributed to all fibres "one" of the receive ribbons and thus to all the boards of the network.
The fibre of the ribbons can be single mode or multimode, and the choice is determined by factors such as power budget, fibre/laser interface alignments tolerances, modal noise.
As mentioned above, there is a single common clock. Due to skew between the different receivers the use of a common clock can cause the decision point to move outside of the usable part of the data "eye". A multi-phase clock can overcome this and is relatively easy to implement in integrated circuit form, in contrast to the alternative method of circumvention involving encoding the data and providing separate clock extraction circuits for each stream.
In order to facilitate alignment of the fibres with the lasers and detectors it is proposed to dispose them in precision etched V-grooves in a silicon substrate 11 of the transmitter/receiver modules.
An attractive realisation of the transmitter and receiver modules is in silicon opto-hybrid form.
The transmitter module illustrated in Fig 5 is a silicon opto-hybrid module. It is drawn somewhat schematically and for simplicity and clarity only one laser (optical source) and one fibre and the associated driver and multiplex chips are shown. The electrical connections are omitted. The module involves a silicon substrate 20 in which a V-groove is provided. In the case of a silicon substrate extending in the (100) plane, etching will produce V-shaped wells within \ftll# plane side walls. With appropriate masking the groove can be made open at one end for reception of the fibre 19 and closed at the other end as indicated.Also etched in the substrate and aligned with groove 21 is a well 21' with an inclined end wall which provides a reflector, that can be metallised to improve reflectivity as can the well walls adjoining it, whose purpose will be apparent from the following. Mounted in alignment with the groove 21 and well 21' is a laser chip 23. The depth of the groove is such that the core of the fibre 19 is aligned with the output of the laser chip 23. The laser chip 23 has its electrical contacts on its face adjacent the substrate, as have the driver/multiplexer chips 24 and 25, which may be of silicon or gallium arsenide.
These chips are electrically and thermally contacted to the substrate 20 using bumps of solder on photolithographically defined pads. This is by the so-called self-aligned solder bump technology in which surface tension pulls the chips into alignment to an accuracy of the order of 0.5 ,pom. The photolithographically defined pads form part of the electrical connections referred to above which may involve one of the so-called HDI (high density electrical interconnect) technologies, for example interconnects using multiple level of polyimide and a metal. A monitor photodiode chip 26 is mounted to monitor the output from the back face of the laser chip 23. This chip 26 too has its electrical contacts on its face adjacent the substrate and also its active area which performs detection.The side walls and end inclined wall of the well 21' serve to reflect light output from the back face of the laser chip to the active area. The receiver module is similar to the transmitter module. In that case the laser chip is omitted and the V-groove extends part way under the photodetector chip, corresponding to the monitor photodiode. The chips 24 and 25 would in this case comprise demultiplexer and other functions required at the receiver module.
The laser drivers, multiplexers and demultiplexers etc can be hybridised onto or fabricated in the silicon substrate.
A particular, but not the only, use of the star coupled network of Fig 1 is for high bandwidth interconnections in computer installations, for example linking processors and a shared memory within a multiprocessor system. This requires a so-called wideband bus which can be provided by the star coupled network of Fig 1 that employs ribbon fibre. At each node (electronic circuit board) a plurality of low data rate signals are applied to the hybrid transmitter modules, small numbers of these signals are multiplexed up to a higher rate, exemplified as 3.2 Gbit/s , to produce 10 data signals at 3.2 Gbit/s and two other signals (clock/control). These 10 data signals are
transmitted simultaneously (in parallel) to the passive
star which thus receives data from that electronic circuit board at 32 Gbit/s over the wideband bus ribbon
fibre. At the passive star the data signals on fibre "one" of the ribbons from a plurality of boards are grouped together by the cross-over connector and then applied to a respective star coupler. Simultaneously the data signals on fibre "two" of the ribbons are also grouped together and applied to a respective star coupler. The couplers serve to couple data signals on, for example, any "one" fibres to all the other "one" fibres, and on any "two" fibre to all the other "two" fibres, and so on, simultaneously. This each board can be rapidly made aware of changes at the other boards.
Claims (26)
1. A star coupled network comprising a plurality of nodes coupled together by optical fibre and a passive star coupling means and wherein the optical fibre is in the form of ribbon fibre.
2. A network as claimed in claim 1 wherein coupling each node to the passive star coupling means is a respective transmission ribbon fibre and a respective receiver ribbon fibre and wherein at each node there is provided a transmitter including an array of optical sources, a respective source of the array being associated with each fibre of the transmission ribbon fibre.
3. A network as claimed in claim 2 wherein the transmitter includes means for multiplexing a plurality of parallel electrical data signals whereby to provide a smaller plurality of electrical data signals, and means for driving said sources in response to said multiplexed electrical data signals whereby to transmit corresponding optical data signals over said transmission ribbon fibre to said passive star coupling means.
4. A network as claimed in claim 3 wherein the optical data signals are transmitted over a corresponding plurality of the fibres of the transmission ribbon fibre and one or more other fibres of the transmission ribbon fibre convey clock and/or other control information.
5. A network as claimed in claim 3 or claim 4 wherein the optical sources are lasers, and laser driver weans and multiplexer means are hybridised onto or fabricated in a common silicon substrate.
6. A network as claimed in claim 5 wherein the optical fibres of the transmission ribbon fibre are disposed in grooves in the silicon substrate in alignment with the respective source of the array.
7. A network as claimed in claim 1 wherein coupling each node to the passive star coupling means is a respective transmission ribbon fibre and a respective receiver fibre and wherein at each node there is provided a receiver including an array of photodetectors, one associated with each fibre of the receiver ribbon fibre.
8. A network as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 6 wherein at each node there is provided a receiver including an array of photodetectors, one associated with each fibre of the receiver ribbon fibre, and means to demultiplex received data signals.
9. A network as claimed in claim 8 wherein the photodetectors and demultiplexer means are hybridised onto or fabricated in a respective common silicon substrate.
10. A network as claimed in claim 8 wherein the optical fibres of the receiver ribbon fibre are disposed in grooves in said respective common silicon substrate in alignment with the respective photodetector of the array.
11. A network as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 10 wherein the passive star coupling means includes an array of star couplers, a first cross-over whereby corresponding fibres of the respective transmission ribbon fibres are grouped together before application to a respective one of said array of star couplers, and a second cross-over whereby the outputs of the star couplers are grouped for connection to corresponding fibres of the respective receiver ribbons.
12. A network as claimed in claim 11, wherein the star couplers comprise transmissive optical fibre star couplers.
13. A network as claimed in claim 12, wherein the ends of the transmission ribbon fibres at the passive star coupling means are stacked one on top of the other and pigtail ribbon fibres from the inputs to the array of star couplers are similarly stacked one on top of the other, the fibres in the stacks being aligned and one 0 stack being rotated through 90 with respect to the other stack.
14. A network as claimed in claim 13 wherein the ends of the receiver ribbon fibres at the passive star coupling means are stacked one on top of the other, and pigtail ribbon fibres from the outputs of the array of star couplers are similarly stacked one on top of the other, the fibres in the stacks being aligned and one 0 stack being routed through 90 with respect to the other stack.
15. A network as claimed in claim 13 or claim 14 wherein there are N nodes, M fibres per ribbon fibre, and an array of M N x N couplers in the passive star coupling means, and wherein the first and second cross-over connectors each include a respective N x M array.
16. A network as claimed in claim 4 where the clock is multiphase.
17. A network as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the optical fibre is multimode.
18. A star coupled network substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
19. An opto-electronic hybrid optical transmitter module for use with ribbon fibre, including a silicon substrate, a plurality of semiconductor laser disposed in an array on the substrate, a corresponding array of laser drivers either hybridised onto or fabricated in the substrate, electrical interconnects disposed on the substrate between said lasers and laser drivers, and a plurality of electrical inputs.
20. A module as claimed in claim 19, wherein there are n lasers and further including a corresponding array of electrical signal multiplexers either hybridised onto or fabricated in the substrate, and electrical interconnects between the laser drivers and the multiplexers, there being m electrical inputs (m > n) coupled to said multiplexer array for parallel data input.
21. A module as claimed in claim 19 or claim 20 and including means for the alignment of each of a plurality (n) of optical fibres of the ribbon fibre with a respective laser of the array in use of the module, which means comprise respective grooves formed in the silicon substrate.
22. A module as claimed in claim 21 and including monitor photodiodes associated with the back faces of the lasers, and a respective well with reflective sidewalls formed in the substrate and extending partway under each monitor photodiode and serving in use to reflect light output from the back face of the respective laser to its monitor photodiode.
23. An opto-electronic hybrid optical transmitter module for use with ribbon fibre and substantially as herein described with reference to Figs 2 and 4 of the accompanying drawings.
24 An opto-electronic hybrid optical receiver module for use with ribbon fibre, including a silicon substrate, a plurality (n) of photodetectors disposed in an array on the substrate, a corresponding array of electrical signal demultiplexers on the substrate, electrical interconnects between the photodetectors and the demultiplexers, and a plurality (m, where m > n) of electrical outputs from the demultiplexer array for parallel data output.
25. A module as claimed in claim 24 wherein the photodetectors and/or demultiplexers are hybridised onto or fabricated in the substrate.
26. A module as claimed in claim 24 or claim 25, including means for the alignment of each of a plurality (n) of optical fibres of the ribbon fibre with a respective photodetector of the array in use of the module, which means comprise respective grooves formed in the substrate.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8925539A GB2237949B (en) | 1989-11-11 | 1989-11-11 | Optical networks |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8925539A GB2237949B (en) | 1989-11-11 | 1989-11-11 | Optical networks |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8925539D0 GB8925539D0 (en) | 1990-01-04 |
| GB2237949A true GB2237949A (en) | 1991-05-15 |
| GB2237949B GB2237949B (en) | 1994-04-06 |
Family
ID=10666159
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8925539A Expired - Fee Related GB2237949B (en) | 1989-11-11 | 1989-11-11 | Optical networks |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2237949B (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0670084A4 (en) * | 1992-11-17 | 1995-06-28 | Gte Laboratories Inc | A monolithically integrated semiconductor structure and method of fabricating such structure. |
| EP0720314A1 (en) * | 1994-12-30 | 1996-07-03 | AT&T Corp. | One-dimensional optical data arrays implemented within optical networks |
| EP0691761A3 (en) * | 1994-07-05 | 1998-04-15 | Nec Corporation | Fiber-optic access system for subscriber optical communication |
| US6090635A (en) * | 1992-11-17 | 2000-07-18 | Gte Laboratories Incorporated | Method for forming a semiconductor device structure having a laser portion |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4129468A (en) * | 1977-04-13 | 1978-12-12 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Method and apparatus for manufacturing optical communication cables |
| GB2002140A (en) * | 1977-08-05 | 1979-02-14 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | System for flat ribbon optical fibre data communications link |
| US4213670A (en) * | 1977-10-06 | 1980-07-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Planar fiber optic star and access coupler |
| US4289558A (en) * | 1978-06-30 | 1981-09-15 | Western Electric Company, Inc. | Methods of and apparatus for organizing fiber lightguides into a planar array |
| EP0158431A1 (en) * | 1984-03-08 | 1985-10-16 | International Standard Electric Corporation | Local area network |
-
1989
- 1989-11-11 GB GB8925539A patent/GB2237949B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4129468A (en) * | 1977-04-13 | 1978-12-12 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Method and apparatus for manufacturing optical communication cables |
| GB2002140A (en) * | 1977-08-05 | 1979-02-14 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | System for flat ribbon optical fibre data communications link |
| US4213670A (en) * | 1977-10-06 | 1980-07-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Planar fiber optic star and access coupler |
| US4289558A (en) * | 1978-06-30 | 1981-09-15 | Western Electric Company, Inc. | Methods of and apparatus for organizing fiber lightguides into a planar array |
| EP0158431A1 (en) * | 1984-03-08 | 1985-10-16 | International Standard Electric Corporation | Local area network |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0670084A4 (en) * | 1992-11-17 | 1995-06-28 | Gte Laboratories Inc | A monolithically integrated semiconductor structure and method of fabricating such structure. |
| EP0670084A1 (en) * | 1992-11-17 | 1995-09-06 | Gte Laboratories Incorporated | A monolithically integrated semiconductor structure and method of fabricating such structure |
| US6090635A (en) * | 1992-11-17 | 2000-07-18 | Gte Laboratories Incorporated | Method for forming a semiconductor device structure having a laser portion |
| EP0691761A3 (en) * | 1994-07-05 | 1998-04-15 | Nec Corporation | Fiber-optic access system for subscriber optical communication |
| EP0720314A1 (en) * | 1994-12-30 | 1996-07-03 | AT&T Corp. | One-dimensional optical data arrays implemented within optical networks |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2237949B (en) | 1994-04-06 |
| GB8925539D0 (en) | 1990-01-04 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 732E | Amendments to the register in respect of changes of name or changes affecting rights (sect. 32/1977) | ||
| 732E | Amendments to the register in respect of changes of name or changes affecting rights (sect. 32/1977) | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20041111 |