GB2215419A - Method of testing a set of wheel speed sensors in an anti-lock brake control system - Google Patents

Method of testing a set of wheel speed sensors in an anti-lock brake control system Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2215419A
GB2215419A GB8902004A GB8902004A GB2215419A GB 2215419 A GB2215419 A GB 2215419A GB 8902004 A GB8902004 A GB 8902004A GB 8902004 A GB8902004 A GB 8902004A GB 2215419 A GB2215419 A GB 2215419A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
wheel speed
control circuit
vehicle
state
sensor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB8902004A
Inventor
Seiichi Ishizeki
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Subaru Corp
Original Assignee
Fuji Jukogyo KK
Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fuji Jukogyo KK, Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd filed Critical Fuji Jukogyo KK
Publication of GB2215419A publication Critical patent/GB2215419A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01PMEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
    • G01P21/00Testing or calibrating of apparatus or devices covered by the preceding groups
    • G01P21/02Testing or calibrating of apparatus or devices covered by the preceding groups of speedometers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T17/00Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
    • B60T17/18Safety devices; Monitoring
    • B60T17/22Devices for monitoring or checking brake systems; Signal devices
    • B60T17/221Procedure or apparatus for checking or keeping in a correct functioning condition of brake systems
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
    • B60T8/88Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration with failure responsive means, i.e. means for detecting and indicating faulty operation of the speed responsive control means
    • B60T8/885Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration with failure responsive means, i.e. means for detecting and indicating faulty operation of the speed responsive control means using electrical circuitry
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T2270/00Further aspects of brake control systems not otherwise provided for
    • B60T2270/40Failsafe aspects of brake control systems
    • B60T2270/406Test-mode; Self-diagnosis
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60TVEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T2270/00Further aspects of brake control systems not otherwise provided for
    • B60T2270/40Failsafe aspects of brake control systems
    • B60T2270/416Wheel speed sensor failure

Description

1 2215419 METHOD OF TESTING A SET OF WHEEL SPEED SENSORS FORMING PARTS OF
AN ANTI-LOCK BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEM This invention relates to a method of testing a set of wheel speed sensors, included- in an anti-lock brake control system for motor vehicles to produce signals indicative of the speeds of the vehicle wheels, for proper functioning and proper electrical connections.
Hydraulic brake systems for motor vehicles are usually equipped with some form of anti-lock brake control system, or antiskid system, in order to prevent wheel lockup during braking. Should the brakes lock the vehicle wheels, they would begin to skid. Generally, in hydraulic brake systems, brake fluid is sent from. a master cylinder to wheel cylinders at respective vehicle wheels upon application of a brake pedal. The wheel cylinders act to slow or stop the revolving wheels, which in turn slow or stop the vehicle.
In corporated with the hydraulic brake system, the anti-lock brake 'control system functions to stop the supply of the brake fluid to the wheel cylinders, or to release the flui ' d pressure in the wheel cylinders, as required by the deceleration of the vehicle wheels or by the decrease of the wheel speed in relation to vehicle velocity. A set of wheel speed sensors are provided at each vehicle wheel for providing signals representative of the wheel speed. The wheel speed will pick up again and come close to the vehicle velocity as a result of reaction from the road after the fluid pressure in the wheel cylinders is released. Thereupon the control system will again permit delivery of the brake fluid to the wheel cylinders. The same cycle of brake pressure control is repeated thereafter as required for the most efficient braking.
Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open Publication No. 6220367 proposes a trouble detection system for the wheel 2 speed sensors of the anti-lock brake control system. This prior art system detects troubles associated with the wheel speed sensors when the wheel speed represented by the output from any wheel speed sensor drops and remains below a predetermined limit for a certain length of- time while the vehicle is not braked. The trouble thus detected is, however, limited to the breakage, due to vehicle vibration, of the electrical connections between the wheel speed sensors and the logic controller of the anti-lock brake control system, or to the destruction of the tone wheel assemblies associated with the wheel speed sensors.
The wheel speed sensors must also be checked to see if they are connected to the correct terminals of the logic control circuit. If not, the control circuit would make wrong interpretations of the incoming wheel speed signals and make wrong control of the wheel brakes. The usual conventional practice has been to use oscilloscopes or other testers external to the vehicle for detecting possible misconnections between the sensors and the control circuit.
There is another important test that must be conducted on wheel speed sensors. The anti-lock brake control system in general must function to prevent wheel lockup until immediately before the vehicle comes to a standstill after braking. The lowest vehicle speed at which the brake control system must function may, for example, be 2.75 kilometers per hour (km/h). Wheel speed sensors must be tested to make sure that they produce the proper signals at this lowest vehicle speed. This test has heretofore been made on wheel speed sensors before they are mounted in place on motor vehicles.
The present invention provides a simple, reliable, 35 and thoroughly practicable method of testing a set of wheel speed sensors as mounted on a motor vehicle, in order to determine if they are properly electrically 3 connected to the control circuit of the anti-lock brake control system and if they function properly at a given wheel or vehicle speed.
Briefly, according to the method of the invention, a sensor check terminal and a warning device such as a lamp arip connected to the control circuit of the anti-lock brake control system. The set of wheel speed sensors to be tested are already mounted in place on the vehicle and electrically connected to the control circuit to enable the same to control the amount of rotational anti-lock as required by the actual speed of each wheel sensed by the wheel speed sensors during braking. The testing of the wheel speed sensors in place on the vehicle starts with the application of a check signal to the sensor check terminal. The control circuit responds to the check signal by lighting up the warning lamp. Then the wheels of the vehicle are successively revolved in a predetermined sequence and at a predefined speed. The warning lamp goes out if all the wheel speed sensors deliver their outputs to the control circuit in the predetermined sequence as a result of the sequential revolution of the vehicle wheels. The warning lamp remains glowing if one or more sensor outputs are not input to the control circuit or if the sensor outputs are input in other than the predetermined sequence.
Preferably, each vehicle wheel may be revolved at a speed corresponding to the guaranteed lowest vehicle speed at which the anti-lock brake control system must remain active. Then the test method of the invention serves two purposes. One is to make sure that the control circuit inputs the required wheel speed signals from all the sensors at the guaranteed lowest vehicle speed of anti-lock brake control operation. The other is to check if all the wheel speed sensors are correctly connected to the required terminals of the control circuit. The conventional off-board checker is no longer needed.
4 The above and other features and advantages of this invention and the manner of realizing the procedure mentioned above will become understood f rom, a study of the following description and appended claims, with reference to the attached drawings showing a preferred mode of carrying out the invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a motor vehicle antilock brake control system equipped for testing a set of wheel speed sensors incorporated therein by the method of the invention; FIG. 2 is a flow chart explanatory of the sequential steps of the test method of the invention; and FIG. 3 shows a schematic block diagram of the anti- lock brake system.
The invention will now be described more specifically as embodied in the motor vehicle anti-lock brake control system illustrated diagrammatically in FIG.
1. Seen at 1 in this diagram is an electronic control circuit, known as the logic controller, for automatically controlling the degree of rotational anti-lock during braking. A brake pedal 2 is mechanically linked to a master cylinder 3. As is well known, the master cylinder 3 sends hydraulic brake fluid to individual fluidoperated brakes 5 on respective vehicle wheels 4 upon application of the brake pedal 2. FIG. 1 shows only one representative vehicle wheel 4 together with the associated brake 5 for simplicity. It is understood that the other unshown brakes on the other unshown wheels are controlled in the like manner.
The control circuit 1 is electrically connected to a modulator 7 interposed between the master cylinder 3 and each wheel brake 5. Also connected to the control circuit 1 are a wheel speed sensor 6 associated with each vehicle wheel 4, and a warning device such as a lamp 8.
Referring to FIG. 3 showing a schematic illustration of the anti-lock brake control system, the signal of the wheel speed defected by the wheel speed sensor 6 is sent to a wheel speed determination circuit 9 from which a wheel speed signal is sent to a deceleration setting circuit 10 in which the wheel speed signal is compared with a reference deceleration table 11 to thereby determine a constant to be multiplied with the value of the wheel speed signal. The value of the output control signal from the deceleration setting circuit 10 is thus determined and delivered to a control circuit 1, which is activated by signal from the vehicle acceleration sensor (G-sensor) 18.
Thus, pressure holding, increasing and/or reducing signals are delivered from the control circuit 1 to actuator 12 or 13 to actuate a pressure applying valve 14 or a pressure reducing valve 15 of the modulator 7. On the other hand,, I/G switch 16 and timer 17 are connected to the control circuit 1. 20 When the vehicle wheels are braked by the application of the brake pedal 2, the wheel speed sensor 6 puts out a signal indicative of the deceleration of the associated wheel 4 shown in Fig. 3. The control circuit 1 responds when the wheel deceleration reaches a predetermined limit after comparing the data in the table 11, by signaling the modulator 7 to hold the corresponding wheel brake 5 under constant fluid pressure by opening a pressure applying valve 15. If the wheel speed further drops thereafter, the control circuit 1 again signals the modulator 7 to decrease the pressure on the wheel brake 5 by opening a pressure reducing valve 15. Thenr as the wheel deceleration decreases to a predetermined minimum, the control circuit 1 resignals the modulator 7 to hold the wheel brake 5 under-constant fluid pressure by the valve 14. The wheel speed may then build up as a result of reaction f rom the road and come close to the traveling speed of the vehicle. Thereupon 6 the control circuit 1 resignals the modulator 7 to incrementally increase the f luid pressure on the wheel brake 5 by opening the pressure applying valve 14.
Thus, essentially, the hydraulic fluid pressure on each wheel brake is cyclically increased by. the valve 14 and decreased by the valve 15 for optimum vehicle braking. The brake control method as so far described is, however, conventional in the art, and therein lies no feature of this invention.
As is also familiar to the automotive specialists, the control circuit 1 is conventionally equipped for self-diagnosis, automatically detectingtroubles such as breakage and shorting that may take place in the various parts of the anti-lock brake control system. In the event of such trouble the modulator 7 becomes electrically disconnected from its unshown power supply. Automatic brake control against wheel lockup is now discontinued. Thereafter the brake fluid is fed directly f rom the master cylinder 3 to the wheel brakes 5. The warning lamp 8 glows during the progress of this direct braking mode to warn the vehicle operator of the f act that automatic anti-lock brake control is,off.
The conventional self-diagnostic functions of the control circuit 1 have had the limitations pointed out earlier in this specification. Let it be supposed that there are some wrong connections between the control circuit 1 and the wheel speed sensors 6. The control circuit has been unable to detect such wrong connections if all the wheel speed sensors are themselves in good working order, because then they provide the same output. The control circuit has also been incapable of checking whether or not the wheel speed sensors are producing the required signals at the predetermined lowest vehicle speed (e.g. 2.75 km/h) at which automatic anti-lock brake control is guaranteed to be in effect. The present invention provides a improved method of makig such tests 7 A.- of the wheel speed sensors mounted in place on a motor vehicle as parts of the anti-lock brake control system.
The method of the invention requires the connection of a check terminal la, in addition to the warning lamp 8, to the control circuit 1. Reference may be had to the flow chart of FIG. 2 for the following detailed discussion of the inventive method.
The inventive method dictates, first of all, the application of a check signal (e.g. 12 volts supply voltage) to the check terminal la within a predetermined time (e.g. 10 seconds) after the startup of the vehicle engine, not shown, as by the actuation of an ignition switch. This check signal is intended to initiate the control circuit 1 into a sensor check mode. The control circuit 1 responds to the check signal by lighting up the warning lamp 8. The glowing lamp indicates that the control circuit 1 has entered the sensor check mode. The control circuit 1 is in a state to accept and check in a prescribed sequence the wheel speed signals from the respective wheel speed sensors 6 within a second preassigned time (e.g. one minute) after the lighting of the warning lamp'8.
Let us assume that the wheel speed sensors 6 are to be checked in the order of the f ront right wheel, the front left wheel, the rear left wheel, and the rear right wheel. Then the front right wheel is first revolved at a speed corresponding to the lowest anti-lock brake control speed of the vehicle, as by being placed in contact with a revolving drum. The control circuit 1 checks to see if the correct wheel speed signal from the wheel speed sensor 6 at the front right wheel is input to the control circuit. If it is, the control circuit 1 becomes a state to check the next wheel speed signal from the wheel speed sensor at the f ront lef t wheel. The same procedure is repeated thereafter to successively check the signals f rom the sensors at the rear lef t wheel and the rear right wheel.
When all the wheel speed sensors 6 are f ound to be in normal operation, the control circuit 1 extinguishes the warning lamp 8 to indicate the fact. Then the sensor check mode comes to an end.
Possibly, the wheel speed signal from the front right wheel speed sensor may not be input to the control circuit 1 even though the f ront right wheel is revolved at the required speed within the second preassigned time.
In that case the control circuit 1 memorizes the trouble 1() with the f ront right wheel speed sensor and then waits for the wheel speed signal from the next front left wheel speed sensor. The possible trouble with any other wheel speed sensor is similarly memorized in the course of the successive testing of the sensors, as is apparent f rom is the flow chart of FIG. 2.
Also, if the signals from all the wheel speed sensors are absent within the second preassigned time, the control circuit 1 memorizes this fact. As an additional possibility, the wheel speed sensors may be erroneously connected to the control circuit 1. In that case the signal from one wheel spe.ed sensor will be input to the control circuit as if f rom some other wheel speed sensor. The control circuit 1 memorizes all such troubles and holds the warning lamp 8 glowing by way of the warning that one or more wheel speed signals are lacking, or that there has been an error in the sequence of the signals received.
The trouble data that may have been stored as above in the control circuit 1 is subject to retrieval. For example, upon withdrawal of the check signal that has been impressed to the sensor check terminal la, the trouble data may be visually exhibited on a display, not shown, connected to the control circuit 1. Then the 11 control circuit proceeds to extinguish the warning lamp 8 to terminate the sensor check mode.
It is understood that the foregoing description represents but one of many possible modes of carrying out
9 the method of the invention. Various modifications or alterations may be made in the details of this disclosure without departing from the scope of the invention. For instance, it is -not essential that all the wheel speed sensors be tested within a predetermined time af ter the warning lamp is lit up; instead, a different period may be determined to the testing of each wheel speed sensor.
V'

Claims (6)

CLAIMS:
1. A method of testing a set of wheel speed sensors mounted on a motor vehicle, the wheel speed sensors forming parts of an anti-lock brake control system which is incorporated with the vehicle and which includes a control circuit. relying on the wheel speed sensors for automatically controlling the degree of rotational anti-lock during braking, characterized in that the control circuit has a sensor check terminal and a warning device -connected thereto, with the warning device being normally held in a first state and being actuated to a second state, that a check signal is applied to the sensor check terminal in order to cause the control circuit to actuate the warning device from the first to the second prescribed state, the control circuit being initiated into a sensor check mode in response to the check signal, that the wheels of the vehicle are successively revolved in a predetermined sequence and at -a predetermined speed, and that the warning device is deactuated by the control circuit from the second state to the first state when wheel speed signals are i:ftput to the control circuit from all the wheel speed sensors in the predefined sequence as a result of the se[uential revolution of the vehicle wheels, the warning device remaining in the second state if one or more wheel speed signals are not input to the control circuit or if the wheel speed signals are input to the control circuit in other than the predefined sequence.
2. A sensor testing method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control circuit controls the degree of rotational anti-lock unitl the motor vehicle slows down to a predetermined lowest speed, characterized in that the predetermined speed at which the vehicle wheels are successively revolved corresponds to the lowest speed of the vehicle.
11 C C
3. A sensor testing method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the warning device is a lamp which is unlit when in the first state and lit up in the second state.
4. - A sensor testing method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the check signal is applied to the sensor check terminal within a predetermined time after the startup of the engine of the motor vehicle.
A sensor testing method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the vehicle wheels are successively revolved within a predetermined time after the application of the check signal to the sensor check terminal.
6. A method of testing a set of wheel speed sensors which method is substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
.7 Published 1959 at The Patent Offioe, State House, 68171 High Holborn, LondonWCIR 4T?. Further copies maybe obtainedfrom The Patent OffLoe. Sales Branch, St Mary Cray, Orpington, Kent BRB 3RD. Printed by Multiplex techniques ltd, St Mw7 Cray, Kent, Con. 1/87
GB8902004A 1988-02-03 1989-01-30 Method of testing a set of wheel speed sensors in an anti-lock brake control system Withdrawn GB2215419A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP63023527A JP2654657B2 (en) 1988-02-03 1988-02-03 Failure determination method for automotive anti-skid device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB2215419A true GB2215419A (en) 1989-09-20

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB8902004A Withdrawn GB2215419A (en) 1988-02-03 1989-01-30 Method of testing a set of wheel speed sensors in an anti-lock brake control system

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US (2) US4912969A (en)
JP (1) JP2654657B2 (en)
DE (1) DE3903071C2 (en)
GB (1) GB2215419A (en)

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DE4005299A1 (en) * 1990-02-20 1991-08-22 Bosch Gmbh Robert Testing ABS and/or ASR system in vehicle - using test unit connected to system via diagnostic interface enabling complete system testing
GB2441422A (en) * 2006-08-31 2008-03-05 Ford Global Tech Llc Active wheel speed sensor tester
GB2597093A (en) * 2020-07-15 2022-01-19 Airbus Operations Ltd Cross-connection test for aircraft landing gear

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US5343396A (en) * 1992-04-29 1994-08-30 Youngblood Richard J Sensor malfunction detection
US5327781A (en) * 1992-07-30 1994-07-12 Allied-Signal Inc. Method and apparatus for verifying proper wiring of brake pressure modulators
DE4314449A1 (en) * 1993-05-03 1994-11-10 Teves Gmbh Alfred Circuit arrangement for processing and evaluating wheel sensor signals
DE4430782A1 (en) * 1994-08-30 1996-03-07 Wabco Gmbh Method for checking an anti-lock braking system in a vehicle
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US5633797A (en) * 1995-02-14 1997-05-27 Kelsey-Hayes Company Method and system for testing a wheel speed sensor input circuit in an ABS and/or TC system
DE19717143C1 (en) 1997-04-23 1998-09-03 Knorr Bremse Systeme Diagnostic system for motor vehicle braking system has diagnostic unit
EP1133746A4 (en) 1998-10-02 2001-12-19 Int Truck & Engine Corp Vehicle anti-lock brake systems assembly verification system
DE10011635B4 (en) * 2000-03-10 2006-01-05 Pacifica Group Technologies Pty Ltd Method for determining the installation position of braking force generating units of an automotive electro-magnetic brake system
JP3953474B2 (en) * 2004-06-18 2007-08-08 Necエレクトロニクス株式会社 Control device, tire pressure monitoring control device, control method, and tire pressure monitoring control method
US7520573B2 (en) * 2005-12-22 2009-04-21 Kelsey-Hayes Company Shadow zone fault detection
US7762064B2 (en) * 2006-10-20 2010-07-27 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Exhaust system for an engine
DE102013014672A1 (en) 2013-09-04 2015-03-05 Wabco Gmbh Method for controlling an electronic brake system
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KR101901189B1 (en) * 2014-04-16 2018-11-02 주식회사 만도 Signal processing device for wheel speed sensor
DE102015219074B4 (en) 2014-10-10 2018-09-20 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Vehicle with a Schwertlenkerradaufhängung and control unit for detecting overuse of the Schwertlängslenkers the Schwertlenkerradaufhängung
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4005299A1 (en) * 1990-02-20 1991-08-22 Bosch Gmbh Robert Testing ABS and/or ASR system in vehicle - using test unit connected to system via diagnostic interface enabling complete system testing
DE4005299C2 (en) * 1990-02-20 1999-02-25 Bosch Gmbh Robert Procedure for checking an ABS and / or ASR system
GB2441422A (en) * 2006-08-31 2008-03-05 Ford Global Tech Llc Active wheel speed sensor tester
GB2441422B (en) * 2006-08-31 2010-05-05 Ford Global Tech Llc An active wheel speed sensor tester
GB2597093A (en) * 2020-07-15 2022-01-19 Airbus Operations Ltd Cross-connection test for aircraft landing gear

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3903071C2 (en) 1994-09-01
DE3903071A1 (en) 1989-08-17
JPH01197164A (en) 1989-08-08
US4926683A (en) 1990-05-22
JP2654657B2 (en) 1997-09-17
US4912969A (en) 1990-04-03

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