GB2202441A - Topical medicaments containing DMSO and citric acid - Google Patents
Topical medicaments containing DMSO and citric acid Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2202441A GB2202441A GB08707129A GB8707129A GB2202441A GB 2202441 A GB2202441 A GB 2202441A GB 08707129 A GB08707129 A GB 08707129A GB 8707129 A GB8707129 A GB 8707129A GB 2202441 A GB2202441 A GB 2202441A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- dimethyl sulfoxide
- citric acid
- ingredient
- composition
- weight percent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 96
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 title claims description 8
- 230000000699 topical effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 208000000260 Warts Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 201000010153 skin papilloma Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229960004106 citric acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 201000007100 Pharyngitis Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- YASYEJJMZJALEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Citric acid monohydrate Chemical compound O.OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O YASYEJJMZJALEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229960002303 citric acid monohydrate Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229960004393 lidocaine hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- YECIFGHRMFEPJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate Chemical compound O.[Cl-].CC[NH+](CC)CC(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C YECIFGHRMFEPJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- PXRKCOCTEMYUEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-aminoisoindole-1,3-dione Chemical compound NC1=CC=C2C(=O)NC(=O)C2=C1 PXRKCOCTEMYUEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 206010068319 Oropharyngeal pain Diseases 0.000 claims description 10
- 241000934136 Verruca Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 claims description 7
- 208000035143 Bacterial infection Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000036142 Viral infection Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000022362 bacterial infectious disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004682 monohydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003186 pharmaceutical solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 8
- 208000003154 papilloma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960001760 dimethyl sulfoxide Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101100459261 Cyprinus carpio mycb gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000002193 Pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000010839 body fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001715 carotid artery Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 206010033675 panniculitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000246 remedial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004304 subcutaneous tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/36—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
- A61K8/365—Hydroxycarboxylic acids; Ketocarboxylic acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/46—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing sulfur
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
- A61K2800/20—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of the composition as a whole
- A61K2800/28—Rubbing or scrubbing compositions; Peeling or abrasive compositions; Containing exfoliants
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
A solution of DMSO and citric acid or citric acid monohydrate is topically applied to the body, for the treatment of warts, and of sore throats caused by bacterial or viral attack. Lidocaine hydrochloride can be included in the composition.
Description
"IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO THE TREATMENT OF WARTS
AND SORE THROATS"
The present invention relates to improvements relating to the treatment of warts and sore throats.
More particularly, this invention relates generally to remedial treatment for sore throats caused by bacterial or viral infection, and to the removal of wart (papilloma) tissue. The invention concerns compositions, medicaments incorporating same and methods for such treatments.
There exists a long recognised need for techniques or processes which will alleviate sore throat, or will remove wart (verruca) tissue including the root structure thereof. Current remedies are less than satisfactory, however.
According to the present invention, there is provided a solution composition consisting essentially of dimethyl sulfoxide and an ingredient dissolved therein, which ingredient is at least one of citric acid and citric monohydrate, for use in a method for treating a human or animal patient afflicted with a virus caused wart or verruca, wherein the method includes topically applying said solution composition to the wart for a period of time and in an amount sufficient to penetrate the wart or verruca and to remove wart or verruca tissue.
Also according to the present invention, there is providedasolution composition consisting essentially of dimethyl sulfoxide and an ingredient dissolved therein, which ingredient is at least one of citric acid and citric acid monohydrate, for use in a method for treating a human or animal patient afflicted with sore throat caused by bacterial or viral infection, wherein the method includes topically applying the solution composition to the patient's neck proximate to the sore area of the throat for a period of time and in an amount sufficient to alleviate the sore throat.
A pharmaceutical solution composition according to this invention, for use in treating a human or animal patient afflicted with a wart, to penetrate and remove wart tissue, can consist essentially of between about 90 and 40 weight parts of dimethyl sulfoxide, and between about 10 and 60 weight parts of an ingredient dissolved in the dimethyl sulfoxide, the ingredient being at least one of citric acid, and citric acid monohydrate.
A pharmaceutical solution composition according to this invention, for use in treating a human or animal patient afflicted with sore throat caused by bacterial or viral infection, by topical application of said composition to a neck region of the patient, can comprise between about 90 and 40 weight parts of dimethyl sulfoxide, and between about 10 and 60 weight parts of an ingredient dissolved in the dimethyl sulfoxide, the said ingredient being at least one of citric acid and citric acid monohydrate.
The invention comprehends use of a solution composition comprising dimethyl sulfoxide and at least one of citric acid and citric acid monohydrate for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of warts and verrucae.
The invention also comprehends use of a solution composition comprising dimethyl sulfoxide and at least one of citric acid and citric acid monohydrate for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of sore throats.
Compositions according to this invention can optionally include a small amount of lidocaine hydrochloride which, for example, is present in an amount of 0.01 to 4% of the solution by weight.
By way of example, the lidocaine hydrochloride may be 0.1 or 0.4% by weight.
The relative amounts of (a) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and (b) citric acid moiety in the compositions according to this invention will be such as to (a) ensure effective tissue penetrating ability to enable the said moiety to reach the seat of the viral or bacterial attack and (b) ensure there is adequate virus or bacteria-destroying capacity.
By way of example, the DMSO content is usually about 40% by weight or more, while the acid moiety content is usually about 10% by weight or more.
It is a major object of the invention to provide method and composition that will meet the above need.
Basically, the method of treating a virus caused benign wart (for example exposed at the skin) on a human or animal patient includes the steps:
(a) forming a solution composition consisting essentially of dimethyl sulfoxide and an ingredient dissolved therein, said ingredient selected from the group consisting of citric acid and citric monohydrate;
(b) topically applying said solution composition to the wart for a period of time and in an amount sufficient to penetrate the wart and to remove wart tissue subsequently.
The solution composition is typically formed by combining between about 10 to 60 weight percent of said ingredient and between about 80 to 40 weight percent dimethyl sulfoxide; and more specifically the preferred solution consists essentially of about 70 weight percent dimethyl sulfoxide, and about 30 weight percent of said ingredient. A small amount of lidocaine hydrochloride (0.01 to 3.9 weight percent) may be added, or included.
A preferred amount of lidocaine hydrochloride is 0.1 weight percent.
The invention is now explained further by reference to the following non-limitative Examples.
EXAMPLE I
70 (or about 70) weight parts of liquid dimethyl sulfoxide were combined with 30 (or about 30) weight parts of citric acid and stirred (30 to 60 minutes) to form the product solution, the solution temperature being between 950F to 1150F (35 to 460C). A small amount (a drop) of the resultant solution was then applied locally and topically to the exposed surface of a papilloma. After several such treatments carried out over several days (5, for example) the wart (papilloma) was easily removable from its position in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, as by lifting. The treatment may be continued for as long as necessary to enable such removal.
Since the dimethyl sulfoxide component causes citric acid penetration deeply into the wart, its root structure, containing the viral agent causing the wart, is also removable, the citric acid chemically attacking the embedded viral agent, for example to destroy same.
EXAMPLE II
Example I was repeated, except the weight percentages were about as follows:
- 90 weight % dimethyl sulfoxide
- 10 weight % citric acid
EXAMPLE III
Example I was repeated, except the weight percentages were about as follows:
- 40 weight % dimethyl sulfoxide
- 60 weight % citric acid.
EXAMPLES IV, V and VI
Examples I to III were repeated, except that citric acid monohydrate was substituted for citric acid.
EXAMPLES VII to XII
Examples I to VI were repeated, except that between 0.01 to 4.0 weight percent (and preferably about 0.1 weight percent) lidocaine hydrochloride was added to the composition and dissolved therein during the mixing, the relative weight percentages of the dimethyl sulfoxide and citric acid, or citric acid monohydrate remaining the same in the solution.
The method of treating a human or animal patient afflicted with sore throat (inflamed or painful throat-tissue) caused by bacterial or viral infection, includes the steps of:
(a) forming a solution composition consisting essentially of dimethyl sulfoxide and an ingredient dissolved therein, which ingredient is selected from citric acid and citric acid monohydrate; and
(b) topically applying the solution composition to the patient's neck proximate to the sore area of the throat for a period of time and in an amount sufficient to alleviate the sore throat.
The solution composition is typically formed by combining between about 10 to 60 weight percent of the said citric acid ingredient and between about 80 to 40 weight percent dimethyl sulfoxide; and more specifically, the preferred solution consists essentially of about 70 weight percent dimethyl sulfoxide, and about 30 weight percent of the said acid ingredient. A small amount of lidocaine hydrochloride (0.01 to 3.9 weight percent) may be added to or included in the composition, for rapid sore throat pain suppression. A preferred amount of lidocaine hydrochloride is 0.1 weight percent.
EXAMPLE I'
70 (or about 70) weight parts of liquid dimethyl sulfoxide were combined with about 30 weight parts of citric acid, and the mixture was stirred (30 to 60 minutes) to dissolve the citric acid in the dimethyl sulfoxide, forming the product solution.
A small amount (film) of the resultant solution is applied to the patient's neck region, as to the skin proximate to the carotid artery, and over an area of about 1 square inch (6.45 cam2) (1/2 to 2 2 square inches - 3.23 to 12.9 cm - also being usable). After one or more such treatments, substantial relief of throat soreness was experienced, such relief continuing for at least several hours (3 to 10 for example).
After treatment as described, such relief has been experienced, by over fifteen human patients who were suffering severely from such sore throats.
It is believed that the citric acid is carried into the throat tissue by the dimethyl sulfoxide penetrant, to destroy virus and/or bacteria which cause throat inflammation or soreness, such bacteria and virus being normally otherwise protected against treatment via the mouth, by the mucous lining of the throat.
EXAMPLE II'
Example I' was repeated, except the weight percentages were about as follows:
- 90 weight % dimethyl sulfoxide
-10 weight % citric acid.
EXAMPLE III'
Example I' was repeated, except the weight percentages were about as follows:
- 40 weight % dimethyl sulfoxide
- 60 weight % citric acid.
EXAMPLES IV', V' AND VI'
Examples I', II' and III' were repeated, except that citric acid monohydrate was substituted for citric acid.
EXAMPLES VII' to XII'
Examples I' to VI' were repeated except that between 0.01 to 4.0 weight percent (and preferably about 0.1 weight percent) lidocaine hydrochloride was added to the composition and dissolved therein during mixing, the relative weight percentages of the dimethyl sulfoxide and citric acid, or citric acid monohydrate remaining the same in the solution, which is essentially anhydrous.
Reaction products are carried away to the kidneys in body fluid, such as blood.
In the above, if the weight percent of dimethyl sulfoxide is below about 40%, the tissue penetrating capability of the solution is usually too low for sufficiently effective results; and if the citric acid and/or monohydrate weight percent is below about 10%, the virus destroying capability of the solution is usually insufficient.
Claims (25)
1. A solution composition consisting essentially of dimethyl sulfoxide and an ingredient dissolved therein, which ingredient is at least one of citric acid and citric monohydrate, for use in a method for treating a human or animal patient afflicted with a virus caused wart or verruca, wherein the method includes topically applying said solution composition to the wart for a period of time and in an amount sufficient to penetrate the wart or verruca and to remove wart or verruca tissue.
2. A composition according to claim 1, which comprises between about 10 to 60 weight percent of the said ingredient and between about 90 to 40 weight percent of dimethyl sulfoxide.
3. A composition according to claim 1 or claim 2, comprising about 70 weight percent dimethyl sulfoxide, and about 30 weight percent of the said ingredient.
4. A composition according to any of claims 1 to 3, further including between 0.01 and 4.0 weight percent lidocaine hydrochloride.
5. A method of making the composition according to any of claims 1 to 4, that includes heat ing and thoroughly mixing the said ingredient and dimethyl sulfoxide during the formation of the solution composition.
6. A pharmaceutical solution composition for use in treating a human or animal patient afflicted with a wart, to penetrate and remove wart tissue, that consists essentially of between about 90 and 40 weight parts of dimethyl sulfoxide, and between about 10 and 60 weight parts of an ingredient dissolved in the dimethyl sulfoxide, the ingredient being at least one of citric acid, and citric acid monohydrate.
7. The composition according to claim 6, including between 0.01 and 4.0 weight parts of lidocaide hydrochloride in said solution.
8. The composition according to claim 6 or claim 7, which is anhydrous.
9. The composition according to claim 6, 7 or 8, which contains about 70 weight parts of dimethyl sulfoxide, about 29.9 weight parts of the said ingredient, and about 0.4 weight percent lidocaine hydrochloride.
10. A solution composition consisting essentially of dimethyl sulfoxide and an ingredient dissolved therein, which ingredient is at least one of citric acid and citric acid monohydrate, for use in a method for treating a human or animal patient afflicted with sore throat caused by bacterial or viral infection, wherein the method includes topically applying the solution composition to the patient's neck proximate to the sore area of the throat for a period of time and in an amount sufficient to alleviate the sore throat.
11. A composition according to claim 10, which comprises about 10 to 60 weight percent of the said ingredient and between about 90 to 40 weight percent of dimethyl sulfoxide.
12. A composition according to claim 10 or claim 11, comprising about 70 weight percent dimethyl sulfoxide, and about 30 weight percent of the said ingredient.
13. A composition according to any of claims 10 to 12, further including between 0.1 and 4.0 weight percent lidocaine hydrochloride in said solution.
14. A method of making the composition according to any of claims 10 to 13, that includes heating and thoroughly mixing the said ingredient and dimethyl sulfoxide during the formation of the solution composition.
15. A pharmaceutical solution composition for use in treating a human or animal patient afflicted with sore throat caused by bacterial or viral infection, by topical application of said composition to a neck region of the patient, the composition comprising between about 90 and 40 weight parts of dimethyl sulfoxide, and between about 10 and 60 weight parts of an ingredient dissolved in the dimethyl sulfoxide, the said ingredient being at least one of citric acid and citric acid monohydrate.
16. The composition according to claim 15 which includes between 0.1 and 4.0 weight parts of lidocaine hydrochloride in said composition.
17. The composition according to claim 15 or claim 16, which is anhydrous.
18. The composition according to claim 15, 16 or 17, which contains about 70 weight parts of dimethyl sulfoxide, about 29.9 weight parts of said ingredient, and about 0.1 weight percent lidocaine hydrochloride.
19. Use of a solution composition comprising dimethyl sulfoxide and at least one of citric acid and citric acid monohydrate for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of warts and verrucae.
20. Use of a solution composition comprising dimethyl sulfoxide and at least one of citric acid and citric acid monohydrate for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of sore throats.
21. The invention according to claim 19 or 20, wherein the composition further includes lidocaine hydrochloride.
22. Solution compositions substantially as herein described for use in the treatment of warts, verrucae and sore throats.
23. Solution compositions according to Examples I to XII for use as medicaments for the treatment of warts and verrucae.
24. Solution compositions according to Examples I' to XII' for use as medicaments for the treatment of sore throats.
25. Methods substantially as herein described by way of example for producing DMSO-citric acid based solution compositions.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8707129A GB2202441B (en) | 1987-03-25 | 1987-03-25 | Topical medicaments containing citric acid. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8707129A GB2202441B (en) | 1987-03-25 | 1987-03-25 | Topical medicaments containing citric acid. |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8707129D0 GB8707129D0 (en) | 1987-04-29 |
| GB2202441A true GB2202441A (en) | 1988-09-28 |
| GB2202441B GB2202441B (en) | 1990-07-18 |
Family
ID=10614615
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8707129A Expired - Fee Related GB2202441B (en) | 1987-03-25 | 1987-03-25 | Topical medicaments containing citric acid. |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2202441B (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5286720A (en) * | 1992-07-16 | 1994-02-15 | Solarcare Technologies Corporation | Compositions and methods for topical treatment of skin lesions |
| US5330039A (en) * | 1990-04-02 | 1994-07-19 | Ti Matrix Engineering Limited | Clutch with torque measuring device |
| RU2173988C1 (en) * | 2000-10-09 | 2001-09-27 | Рушан Фатихович Айзятулов | Medicinal composition for topical treatment of patients with benign tumors and precancer skin diseases |
| WO2010079513A3 (en) * | 2009-01-07 | 2010-08-26 | Sanjay Banerji | Medicament for painless treatment of warts, corns and callus |
-
1987
- 1987-03-25 GB GB8707129A patent/GB2202441B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5330039A (en) * | 1990-04-02 | 1994-07-19 | Ti Matrix Engineering Limited | Clutch with torque measuring device |
| US5286720A (en) * | 1992-07-16 | 1994-02-15 | Solarcare Technologies Corporation | Compositions and methods for topical treatment of skin lesions |
| RU2173988C1 (en) * | 2000-10-09 | 2001-09-27 | Рушан Фатихович Айзятулов | Medicinal composition for topical treatment of patients with benign tumors and precancer skin diseases |
| WO2010079513A3 (en) * | 2009-01-07 | 2010-08-26 | Sanjay Banerji | Medicament for painless treatment of warts, corns and callus |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2202441B (en) | 1990-07-18 |
| GB8707129D0 (en) | 1987-04-29 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19980325 |