GB2197335A - Abrasive tool - Google Patents
Abrasive tool Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2197335A GB2197335A GB08627221A GB8627221A GB2197335A GB 2197335 A GB2197335 A GB 2197335A GB 08627221 A GB08627221 A GB 08627221A GB 8627221 A GB8627221 A GB 8627221A GB 2197335 A GB2197335 A GB 2197335A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- grains
- tool
- grain
- binder
- deposited
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D3/00—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents
- B24D3/02—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent
- B24D3/04—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic
- B24D3/06—Physical features of abrasive bodies, or sheets, e.g. abrasive surfaces of special nature; Abrasive bodies or sheets characterised by their constituents the constituent being used as bonding agent and being essentially inorganic metallic or mixture of metals with ceramic materials, e.g. hard metals, "cermets", cements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
- B24D18/00—Manufacture of grinding tools or other grinding devices, e.g. wheels, not otherwise provided for
- B24D18/0018—Manufacture of grinding tools or other grinding devices, e.g. wheels, not otherwise provided for by electrolytic deposition
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
Abstract
A cutting tool is produced by adhering individual abrasive grains (12 to 16) to a pre-formed steel body (10) and then depositing a binder onto the steel body to bind the grains. The binder may be a layer of nickel (18), electrolytically deposited. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Tool and method of making a tool
Description of Invention
The present invention relates to tools of the kind incorporating one or more grains embedded in a body which is large, as compared with the grains. Examples of such tools include cutting tools having abrasive grains embedded in a metallic body of the tool.
It is known to provide on a steel body of a tool a surface layer incorporating abrasive grains by covering surfaces of the metal body, other than the surface which is to be provided with the layer containing abrasive grains, with electrically insulating material, cleaning the non-insulated surface, depositing nickel onto that surface by electrolytic plating, pouring a quantity of abrasive grains from a bulk supply onto the surface and then continuing deposition of nickel by electroplating until each grain is firmly bound to the body of the tool by electro deposited nickel, the nickel forming a surface layer on the body of the tool. The deposited layer is dense and strong and binds the abrasive grains securely, even though there are no substantial gaps between adjacent grains, the adjacent grains being generally contiguous.
According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of making a tool which comprises at least one grain bonded in the tool by a binder of a composition different from that of the grain, wherein the grain is placed in a selected position on a support and the binder is then deposited on the support to bind the grain.
The binder is preferably deposited as elementary particles, as distinct from a powder or droplets. Thus, in a case where the binder is a chemical element, the binder is preferably deposited atom by atom. This builds up a regular structure of the binder which is substantially homogeneous down to the atomic scale. In the case were the binder is an alloy, two or more kinds of atom are deposited concurrently.
In the preferred method, the or each grain is preferably held in the selected position prior to deposition of the binder and during at least an initial stage of deposition of the binder. By the reference to the or each grain being held in the selected position, I intend to distinguish from a method in which the or each grain merely rests on a supporting surface. The or each grain may be adhered to the support.
The support may be a pre-formed body of the tool, in which case the deposited binder forms a surface layer on the body and incor
porating the or each grain. Alternatively, the deposited binder may itself form a body of the tool, for example being built up on a for
mer which is eventually separated from the
body of the tool.
According to a second aspect of the inven
tion, there is provided a tool comprising a
body, a single grain which is small, relative to
the body, has a composition different from
that of the body and is embedded in the body
and wherein at least a part of the body which
is adjacent to the grain has been formed
around the grain by deposition of elementary
particles.
According to a third aspect of the invention,
there is provided a tool comprising a body, a
plurality of grains, each of which is small, rela
tive to the body, has a composition different
from that of the body and is embedded in the
body and wherein at least a part of the body
which is adjacent to the grains has been
formed around the grains by deposition of ele
mentary particles.
In a tool in accordance with the third aspect
of the invention, the average separation be
tween adjacent ones of the grains exceeds the
average distance across the individual grains.
The spacing between at least some adjacent
grains may be at least several times greater
than the distance across those grains.
The or each grain may be a non-metallic
grain and is preferably an abrasive grain.
In a tool in accordance with the third aspect
of the invention, the individual grains may be
arranged to define a pattern, preferably a re
peated pattern.
The term "tool" as used herein embraces a
complete tool and also embraces a compo
nent which could be regarded alternatively as
a tool or as a part of a tool, the component
being used in an assembly comprising further
components.
An example of a tool embodying the third
aspect of the invention and which is made by
a method according to the first aspect of the
invention will now be described, with refer
ence to the accompanying drawing,
wherein:
Figure 1 shows a part of an end view of a
drill; and
Figure 2 shows, on an enlarged scale, a
partial cross-section in the line ll-ll of Fig. 1;
There will also be described a tool embody
ing the second aspect of the invention and
also made by a method according to the first
aspect.
The tool illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 is in
tended for use in drilling holes in hard ma
terials, for example concrete and rock. The
tool comprises a body 10 having the form of
a cylinder closed at one end and open at the
other end. At its closed end, the body is pro
vided with attachment means for attaching the
drill to drive means for rotating the drill about
an axis defined by the body. The thickness of
the peripheral wall 11 of the body is prefera
bly small, as compared with the outside dia
meter of that wail. The outside diameter of
the body may be within the range 10 to 150 times the thickness of the peripheral wall and it is typically twenty times that thickness. The thickness of the wall is preferably within the range 0.75mm to 7.5mm.
At its open end, the body 10 carries a number of grains of abrasive material, for example diamond, which protrude from an annular surface 17 of the body. Some of these grains are identified by the reference numerals 12 to 16 in Fig. 1. The maximum dimension of each grain is considerably less than the thickness of the wall 11. The individual grains are arranged collectively to define a pattern. In the example illustrated, one unit of the pattern comprises five grains and this unit is repeated at intervals around the wall 11. Within each unit of the pattern, the individual grains are spaced apart.
In the example illustrated, the grain 12 lies at and protrudes slightly from the radially outer face of the wall 11, the grain 14 lies at and protrudes slightly from the radially inner face of the wall 11 and the grain 13 is spaced approximately equally from the grains 12 and 14. The gap between the grains 12 and 13 and the gap between the grains 13 and 14 have the same order of magnitude as the maximum dimensions of the grains. The grains 12, 13 and 14 are arranged in a row which is inclined somewhat to a radius of the body 10. The grains 15 and 16 are spaced circumferentially from the row of grains 12, 13 and 14 by a distance which is somewhat greater than the spacing of the grains within the row. The separation between each of the grains 15 and 16 and the row of grains 12, 13 and 14 is typically several times the maximum dimension of the grains or of the largest of the grains.The grains 15 and 16 are spaced from the axis of the body 10 by substantially the same distance as are the gap between the grains 13 and 14 and the gap between the grains 12 and 13 respectively.
Thus, the grains 15 and 16 are spaced apart by a distance having the same order of magnitude as the maximum dimension of the grains.
The next unit of the pattern may be spaced circumferentially of the body 10 from the unit comprising the grains 12 to 16 by a distance which is even greater than the separation of the grain 16 from the row of grains 12, 13 and 14.
It will be appreciated that, in the example illustrated, only a minor part of the annular surface 17 of the tool 10 is occupied by the grains. The proportion of the annular surface occupied by the grains may be as low as 5%.
All of the grains 12 to 16 of one pattern unit may have substantially the same size. Alternatively, grains of different sizes may be distributed in a predetermined manner in the pattern unit. For example, the grains 12 and 14 may be of substantially the same size but of a size different from that of the grains 13, 15 and 16.
The grains are embedded in a part of the body 10 which constitutes a surface layer 18 on the annular end face of a steel part of the body. This surface layer binds the grains into the body. The surface layer is composed of a strong material, is in intimate contact with each of the grains and completely encircles each grain, as viewed in Fig. 1. Accordingly, the surface layer 18 binds the grains very firmly. The surface layer is preferably formed of metal.
There is between each of the grains and the steel part of the tool 10 a layer 19 of a further material, which differs from that of the surface layer 18. The layer 19 is local to the grain and, as viewed in a direction along the axis of the tool, is preferably smaller than the grain. The volume of the layer 19 is at least several times smaller than that of the grain, preferably less than one tenth that of the grain.
The layer 19 preferably has an organic character and may be formed from a resin, preferably a thermo-setting resin.
The tool illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 is manufactured by first producing the steel part of the body 10, which is the major part of the body. The annular surface which this body part presents at the open end of the body may be flat, convex as viewed in diametral cross-section or may comprise one or more frusto-conical surface portions, possibly combined with a flat surface portion. The required number of grains are then placed in selected positions on this surface, the positions being selected according to the pattern required to be defined by the grains. The grains are held on the steel part of the body, preferably by means of an adhesive. At each of the sites where a grain is required to be positioned, there is applied to the annular surface of a steel body part of a spot of an adhesive, for example a known curable resin.The volume of this spot is small, as compared with that of the grain which is to be held by the adhesive and the adhesive is confined to an area which is smaller than the area enclosed by the profile of the grain.
Respective grains are then placed on the spots of adhesive and the adhesive is permitted or caused to cure. If the temperature of the adhesive is required to be elevated to cause or promote curing, the tool body is placed in an oven.
After curing of the adhesive, the annular face of the steel tool body bearing the abrasive grains is cleaned, for example by treatment with an acid, and the other surfaces of the steel tool body are covered with an electrically insulating material. At least an open end portion of the body is then immersed in a solution from which the material which forms the surface layer 18 can be deposited. Deposition of this material is preferably carried out by electrolysis. The preferred binder for forming the surface layer 18 is nickel. Thus, in the preferred method, nickel is electro-plated from a known plating bath onto the steel tool body to build up the surface layer 18 around the resin and around each of the grains.
An alternative binder which may be used to form the surface layer 18 is copper. Furthermore, there may be used an alloy, for example an alloy of nickel, one suitable representative of which is an alloy of nickel and cobalt. One alternative to electrolysis for the deposition of the binder is chemical reduction of metal ions to deposit a metallic element or an alloy around the grains. A further alternative is to deposit metal from the vapour state.
If required, known techniques may be used to incorporate in the surface layer 18 at the exposed side thereof grains of hard material which are small, as compared with the grains 12 to 16. The small grains are tightly packed so that they occupy substantially the entire end face of the tool body and thereby protect the metallic parts of the tool body from excessive wear during use.
The grains 12 to 16 project beyond the metallic tool body and beyond the layer of small grains, if provided, so that, during use of the tool, substantially the entire force exerted by the tool on the material being worked is transmitted at peaks of the grains which define the pattern. There are considerable spaces between these peaks and the pressure under which these peaks contact the material being worked is high. Accordingly, efficient cutting is achieved. If the grains which define the pattern were omitted entirely from the tool and the annular end face of the tool was provided with a surface layer of small grains occupying that face substantially, the number of peaks of the grains which would contact the material being worked would be very much greater and therefore the pressure exerted by each peak on the work would be correspondingly smaller.Thus, the grains would be less effective than are spaced grains 12 to 16 which define the pattern of grains on the tool illustrated in the drawing.
The tool may be shaped to form a saw or to form segments for incorporation in a saw.
Thus, the tool body may be flat and the surface at which the grains are incorporated in the body may be an arc or a circle. A saw blade manufactured in this way may be thin, for example having a thickness of only two or three millimetre.
Abrasive grains other than diamond may be incorporated in the tool. For example, the grains or some of the grains may be of boron nitride. Alternatively, where a cutting action is not required, the grains may be other than of abrasive.
In the example illustrated, the grains are
spaced in selected positions on a pre-formed
part of the tool body. Alternatively, the grains
may be placed in selected positions on
another support. For example, the grains may
be placed in selected positions on a former
and held in those positions, metal then being
deposited from solution onto the former and
around the grains to build up a metallic tool
body incorporating the grains, which tool body
is subsequently removed from the former. In
this case, the finished tool would not incor
porate grains of adhesive corresponding to the
layers 19 shown in Fig. 2. Any layer of adhe
sive present would be on exposed surfaces of
the grains and would be warn away during
initial use of the tool.The surface of the for
mer on which the grains are positioned and
on which the binder is deposited may be an
internal surface of a hollow former or an ex
ternal surface of a former.
In a further alternative, the finished tool may
incorporate only a single abrasive grain. Such
tools are used for dressing grinding wheels.
The tool would be manufactured by forming a
steel body part, placing the abrasive grain at a
selected position on the steel body part, hold 'ing the grain in that position and then deposit
ing metal from solution onto the steel body
part and around the grain to bind the grain.
Alternatively, the single grain may be placed
on an internal surface of a hollow former and
the binder then deposited on to the internal
surface, around the grain, to build up a tool
body inside the former, the tool body and
grain subsequently being separated from the
former.
The features disclosed in the foregoing de
scription, or the accompanying drawing, ex
pressed in their specific forms or in terms of
a means for performing the disclosed function,
or a method or process for attaining the dis
closed result, as appropriate, may, separately
or any combination of such features, be util
ised for realising the invention in diverse
forms thereof.
Claims (21)
1. A method of making a tool comprising
at least one grain bound in the tool by a
binder of composition different from that of
the grain wherein the particle is placed in a
selected position on a support and the binder
is then deposited on the support to bind the
grain.
2. A method according to Claim 1 wherein
the binder is deposited as elementary par
ticles.
3. A method according to Claim 1 or Claim
2 wherein the grain is held in said position
prior to and during deposition of the binder.
4. A method according to any preceding
Claim wherein the binder is metallic.
5. A method according to any preceding
Claim wherein the binder is deposited from a
solution.
6. A method according to any one of
Claims 1 to 3 wherein the binder is a metal
deposited from a solution containing ions of
the metal.
7. A method according to any one of
Claims 1 to 3 wherein the binder is a metal deposited electrolytically.
8. A method according to any preceding
Claim wherein the grain is adhered to the support prior to deposition of the binder.
9. A method according to any preceding
Claim wherein the support is a pre-formed body of the tool.
10. A method according to any one of
Claims 1 to 8 wherein the deposited binder forms a body of the tool.
11. A method according to Claim 10 wherein the grain and the tool body are separated from the support.
12. A method according to Claim 9 wherein, after placing the or each particle in said position and before depositing the binder, the support is subjected to cleaning and/or other surface treatment.
13. A tool comprising a body, a single grain which is small, relative to the body, has a composition different from that of the body and is embedded in the body and wherein at least a part of the body which is adjacent to the grain has been formed around the grain by deposition of elementary particles.
14. A tool comprising a body, a plurality of grains which are small, relative to the body, have a composition different from that of the body and are embedded in the body, wherein said grains are spaced apart and wherein at least a part of the body which is adjacent to the grains has been formed around the grains by deposition of elementary particles.
15. A tool according to Claim 14 wherein the average separation between adjacent ones of the grains exceeds the average distance across individual grains.
16. A tool acording to any one of Claims 13 to 15 wherein there is in contact with the or each of said grains a quantity of a third material which is different from that of said part of the body and from that of the grains and which is embedded in said part of the body.
17. A tool according to Claim 16 wherein the quantity of the third material associated with the or each said grain has a volume less than that of the grain.
18. A tool according to any one of Claims 13 to 17 wherein the body comprises a main portion in addition to said part, said part constitutes a surface layer on the main portion and wherein the or each grain penetrates through the surface layer substantially to the main portion.
19. A tool according to any one of Claims 13 to 18 wherein said particle is an abrasive particle.
20. A tool according to Claim 14 wherein said particles are arranged to define a pattern.
21. Any novel feature or novel combination of features disclosed herein or in the accompanying drawing.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08627221A GB2197335A (en) | 1986-11-14 | 1986-11-14 | Abrasive tool |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08627221A GB2197335A (en) | 1986-11-14 | 1986-11-14 | Abrasive tool |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8627221D0 GB8627221D0 (en) | 1986-12-17 |
| GB2197335A true GB2197335A (en) | 1988-05-18 |
Family
ID=10607333
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08627221A Withdrawn GB2197335A (en) | 1986-11-14 | 1986-11-14 | Abrasive tool |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2197335A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5260141A (en) * | 1991-11-29 | 1993-11-09 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Diamond coated products |
| WO1996040474A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | Norton Company | Cutting tool having textured cutting surface |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3868234A (en) * | 1971-07-01 | 1975-02-25 | Gen Electric | Metal-bonded cubic boron nitride crystal body |
| GB1534448A (en) * | 1977-06-22 | 1978-12-06 | Wiana R | Abrasive product |
| GB1544582A (en) * | 1976-08-10 | 1979-04-19 | De Beers Ind Diamond | Abrasive bodies |
| EP0004449A2 (en) * | 1978-03-20 | 1979-10-03 | J. Lawrence Fletcher | Bonding process for grinding tools |
| GB2136019A (en) * | 1983-03-02 | 1984-09-12 | Nissin Machine Works | Producing an abrasive layer on a grinding wheel by electrodeposition |
| GB2149417A (en) * | 1983-09-30 | 1985-06-12 | Komatsu Mfg Co Ltd | Method of making grinding stones |
-
1986
- 1986-11-14 GB GB08627221A patent/GB2197335A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3868234A (en) * | 1971-07-01 | 1975-02-25 | Gen Electric | Metal-bonded cubic boron nitride crystal body |
| GB1544582A (en) * | 1976-08-10 | 1979-04-19 | De Beers Ind Diamond | Abrasive bodies |
| GB1534448A (en) * | 1977-06-22 | 1978-12-06 | Wiana R | Abrasive product |
| EP0004449A2 (en) * | 1978-03-20 | 1979-10-03 | J. Lawrence Fletcher | Bonding process for grinding tools |
| GB2136019A (en) * | 1983-03-02 | 1984-09-12 | Nissin Machine Works | Producing an abrasive layer on a grinding wheel by electrodeposition |
| GB2149417A (en) * | 1983-09-30 | 1985-06-12 | Komatsu Mfg Co Ltd | Method of making grinding stones |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5260141A (en) * | 1991-11-29 | 1993-11-09 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Diamond coated products |
| US5344551A (en) * | 1991-11-29 | 1994-09-06 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Diamond coated products and method of preparation |
| WO1996040474A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1996-12-19 | Norton Company | Cutting tool having textured cutting surface |
| US5669943A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1997-09-23 | Norton Company | Cutting tools having textured cutting surface |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8627221D0 (en) | 1986-12-17 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |