GB2192265A - Cooling systems - Google Patents

Cooling systems Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2192265A
GB2192265A GB08712088A GB8712088A GB2192265A GB 2192265 A GB2192265 A GB 2192265A GB 08712088 A GB08712088 A GB 08712088A GB 8712088 A GB8712088 A GB 8712088A GB 2192265 A GB2192265 A GB 2192265A
Authority
GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
gas
filter means
cryostat
cooling system
line
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
GB08712088A
Other versions
GB8712088D0 (en
Inventor
David K Andrews
Michael W Smart
Andrew W Dixon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Dowty Fuel Systems Ltd
Original Assignee
Dowty Fuel Systems Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dowty Fuel Systems Ltd filed Critical Dowty Fuel Systems Ltd
Publication of GB8712088D0 publication Critical patent/GB8712088D0/en
Publication of GB2192265A publication Critical patent/GB2192265A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/08—Separating gaseous impurities from gases or gaseous mixtures or from liquefied gases or liquefied gaseous mixtures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0012—Primary atmospheric gases, e.g. air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0201—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using only internal refrigeration means, i.e. without external refrigeration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0228—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J1/0235—Heat exchange integration
    • F25J1/0242—Waste heat recovery, e.g. from heat of compression
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
    • F25J2205/60—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using adsorption on solid adsorbents, e.g. by temperature-swing adsorption [TSA] at the hot or cold end
    • F25J2205/66—Regenerating the adsorption vessel, e.g. kind of reactivation gas
    • F25J2205/70—Heating the adsorption vessel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2215/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the product stream
    • F25J2215/40—Air or oxygen enriched air, i.e. generally less than 30mol% of O2
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
    • F25J2220/40—Separating high boiling, i.e. less volatile components from air, e.g. CO2, hydrocarbons
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/04—Compressor cooling arrangement, e.g. inter- or after-stage cooling or condensate removal
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/30—Compression of the feed stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
    • F25J2240/40—Expansion without extracting work, i.e. isenthalpic throttling, e.g. JT valve, regulating valve or venturi, or isentropic nozzle, e.g. Laval
    • F25J2240/42—Expansion without extracting work, i.e. isenthalpic throttling, e.g. JT valve, regulating valve or venturi, or isentropic nozzle, e.g. Laval the fluid being air

Abstract

A cooling system comprises a cryostat (18) supplied by a gas line 20 with purified gas under pressure, at least two filter means (13, 14) arranged in parallel in the gas line at a point prior to the cryostat (18) means to enable purging of each filter means by gas at low pressure from the waste side of the cryostat when appropriate and a fluid interchanger to regulate flow through the system. The fluid flow interchanger (17) enables each of the filter means (13, 14) to be interchanged between a first condition in which gas at high pressure is received and then supplied to the cryostat (18) and a second condition in which gas at low pressure is received from the waste side of the cryostat (18) to purge the respective filter means (13, 14). The gas from the waste side of the cryostat (18) maybe used to purge the filter means of impurities prior to being vented to the atmosphere and may be pre-heated by a heat exchanger (42) prior to passing into the filter means. <IMAGE>

Description

SPECIFICATION Cooling systems This invention relates to cooling systems and in particular to cryogenic cooling systems which utilise the Joule-Thomson effect to liquify gases.
In known cryogenic cooling systems high pressure gas from a compressor is passed through the filter and onto a cryostat before being discharged to the atmosphere. The cryostat allows the gas to expand, and thereby utilises the Joule-Thomson (Joule-Kelvin) effect to bring about a reduction in temperature.
In some arrangements of cooling systems two sets of filters are employed. One set of the filters, the on-line set, is used to provide a supply of filtered gas to the cryostat whilst the second set of filters, the off-line set, is purged at low pressure to remove impurities therefrom. The gas used to purge the second set of filters is produced by tapping the high pressure gas from the clean side of the first set of filters, expanding the gas to reduce the pressure and then passing the low pressure gas through the second set of filters.
A valve arrangement may be provided so as to periodically interchange the function of the two sets of filters between supplying gas to the cryostat-and purging it of impurities.
The problems with this kind of cryogenic cooling system result from the fact that a significant proportion of the purified gas produced. by the on-line set of filters must be taken to purge the off-line set of filters, resulting in the fact that a compressor larger and more expensive than would otherwise be necessary is required.
According to the present invention a cooling system comprises - a cryostat which is supplied via a gas line with purified gas under pressure and - at least two filter means arranged in parallel in the gas line prior to the cryostat wherein means is provided to enable the filter means to be interchanged between a condition in which gas at high pressure is received by the filter means, and supplied to the cryostat and a second condition in which gas at low pressure is received from the waste side of the cryostat and is used purge the filter means prior to the waste gas being vented to the atmosphere.
The purified gas under pressure which is supplied to the system is, preferably, supplied by means of a high pressure gas generator.
The generator is normally placed in the gas line prior to the filter means.
The gas generator, preferably, includes a compressor.
Any type of conventional compressor may be used in the gas generator. However, the compressor should be sufficiently robust to ensure an adequate working life under what may sometimes be very testing conditions.
Conventional types of compressors which may be employed for this purpose include reciprocating compressors, centrifugal compressors and rotary compressors.
The actual compressor used will be dependent on the critical parameters of the system i.e. weight, criticality of operation, pressure required, smoothness of supply, volume of supply and space.
The compressor is preferably driven by a motor, which may also form part of the gas generator.
Several types or forms of filter means have already been proposed which fulfil the requirements of the present system and any one or more of these filter means may be used in conjunction with the present system.
However, if the high pressure gas is supplied from a gas generator which includes a compressor, there is a high probability that the purified gas will contain some contaminants which will effect the operation of the system, and in particular, the filter means. The primary problems are caused by water vapour, carbon dioxide and gaseous hydrocarbons which at the temperatures involved may be caused to freeze and thereby block the cryostat.
In general the filter means performs two distinct functions that is (1) to act as a coalescer which removes free liquids from the gas line (2) to act as an adsorbent which removes certain vapours from the gas line.
Preferably, the adsorbent function of the filter means is performed by a section of the filter means which is reactivatable.
The coalescer section of the filter means is used to remove free liquids and it is therefore highly unlikely that any contamination thereof will occur. As a result it is possible to combine the coalescer sections of one or more of the filter means i.e. have one common coalescer for all of the filter means.
The reactivation of the adsorbent section of the filter means can be achieved by any one or more of the conventional processes employed, for example pressure swing processes or temperature swing processes.
In a preferred type of system the purging of the filter means is used to achieve the maximum effective reactivation of the filter means.
Preferably, the gas supplied from the waste side of the cryostat to the filter means in order to reactivate the filter means is preheated. The pre-heating of this gas can be easily achieved by passing the gas through a simple heat exchanger.
The hot side of the heat exchanger i.e. the side which provides the energy to bring about the pre-heating of the gas, may comprise or be heated by one of the component parts of the cooling system, for example the motor or compressor.
The adsorbent section of the filter means may include a plurality of filter elements. Preferably, at least one of the filter elements is a molecular sieve. In a preferred arrangement ail of the filter elements of the filter means are molecular sieve type elements.
Alternatively, at least one of the filter elements may be formed from activated charcoal.
In a second arrangement of filter elements for a filter means a combination of activated charcoal and molecular sieve type elements are used.
The invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which Fig 1 is a schematic diagram of a first cooling system in accordance with the present invention; Fig 2 is a schematic diagram of a second cooling system in accordance with the present invention.
Referring to Fig 1 of the drawings, a cooling system comprises a high pressure gas generator 10 having a compressor 11 driven by a motor 12; two filter means 13, 14 having a common coalescer 15 with a liquid take off 16; a fluid flow interchange 17, and a cryostat 18 having a purge take off In operation the compressor 11 is fed by a line 19 with gas from the atmosphere, which is compressed and supplied at high pressure via a line 20 to the coalescer 15.
The coalescer 1 5 removes any free liquids, such as water produced by-compression of the atmospheric gas, which are present in the line 20. The liquid collected by the coalescer 15 is allowed to drain along the line 21 and may be drawn off periodically by opening a solenoid valve 22 in the line 21.
The gas is now allowed to pass from the coalescer 15 to the fluid flow interchanger 17 via a line 23 and to one of the filter means 13, 14 via a line 24 or a line 25.
In this example the filter means 13 is on-line and the filter means 14 is being purged.
Therefore the high pressure gas is passed along the line 24 to the filter means 13. The filter means 13, 14 each comprise an activated charcoal filter element 26 and a molecular sieve filter element 27.
Once the gas has passed through both elements 26, 27 of the filter means 13 it is passed along a line 28 and through a pressure operated valve 29. The valve 29 operates so as to allow the high pressure gas to flow therethrough when filter means 13 is on line.
However, under normal operating conditions the valve 29 prevents reverse flow of the high pressure gas therethrough when filter means 13 is being purged.
The line 28 forms a T-junction with an equivalent line 30 having a similar pressure operated valve 31, of the filter means 14, and a common line 32 which passes to the cryostat 18.
A solenoid valve 33 is positioned in the line 32 at a point between the in line filter means 13 (or 14) and the cryostat 18 to allow the cryostat 18 to be isolated if this should prove necessary.
The cryostat 18 utilises the Joule-Thomson effect to liquify the air fed thereto and the liquified gas is passed via line 34 for use.
The waste gas from the cryostat 18 is passed along a line 35 to a T-junction with lines 36, 37 which join the lines 28, 30 respectively at a point between the filter means 13 or 14 and the valves 29 or 31 and on to a filter means 14 (or 13). Each of the lines 36, 37 is provided with a pressure operated valve 38, 39 to ensure when the respective filter means is in line the waste gas side of the cryostat is not in communication with the high pressure side of the system and the cryostat has a pressure differential to enable it to work.
The pressure of the gas passing along line 35 is low relative to the pressure of the gas along line 34, and is used to purge and reactivate the off-line filter means 14.
The relative pressures associated with the system under normal working conditions ensures that the appropriate valves in the purge system are open or closed as is necessary.
Further in cases of malfunction/failure of the system these valves may act as a safety feature and enable pressure relief of the system.
The line 35 is provided with a relief line 40 having a pressure relief valve 41, fitted as a safety means so as to ensure the system does not become over pressurised. Once the waste gas has passed through the filter means 14 i.e. the filter means being purged, it is passed along the line 25 and by means of the fluid flow interchanger 1 7 to vent to the atmosphere.
When the on-line filter means becomes saturated with contaminants and requires reactivation the fluid flow interchanger 1 7 is used to switch the supply of high pressure gas, so that the filter means 13 and 14 interchange functions i.e. the on-line filter means goes offline and vice versa. The arrows shown on the drawing indicate the direction of fluid flow, for the example, under normal working conditions.
With reference to Fig 2 a second form of cooling system which is similar to the system described with reference to Figure 1 is shown.
Common components of the two forms of cooling system have been given as some reference numerals.
There are two major differences between the first and the second system, the first of these is that in the second system the waste gas from the cryostat 18 is pre-heated prior to passing on through the filter means to be purged.
The pre-heating of the waste gas line 35 is achieved by passing the line through a heat exchanger 42. In the arrangement shown the heat exchanger 42 uses heat generated by the motor 12 as the energy source for pre-heating the waste gas line 35 and thereby also provides a cooling effect to the motor 12.
The pre-heated gas is passed via the line 43 and the lines 36, 37 to the filter means under purge, and the subsequent treatment thereof is identical to that used with the first form of cooling system.
The pre-heating of the waste gas from the cryostat 18 prior to using it to reactivate one of the filter means improves the rate of reactivation and the level of reactivation attained by the filter moans.
Although, the above pre-heating has been describe with the energy being derived from the motor 12, of the generator 10, any source of energy may be used. By using energy which would otherwise go to waste the efficiency and compactness of the system is improved.
In the arrangement shown in Figure 2 the liquified gas is used in conjunction with a heat exchanger 44 to cool, by evaporation, an ancillary piece of equipment, for example the winding of a cryogenic motor. In such a case the input of purified gas to the cryostat will be substantially equal to output of waste gas via the line 35, i.e. an equilibrium will be attained.

Claims (8)

1. A cooling system comprising - a cryostat which is supplied via a gas line with purified gas under pressure and - at least two filter means arranged in the gas line prior to the cryostat wherein means is provided to enable the filter means to be interchanged between a condition in which gas at high pressure is received by the filter moans, and supplied to the cryostat and a second condition in which gas at low pressure is received from the waste side of the cryostat and is used to purge the filter means prior to the waste gas being vented the atmosphere.
2. A cooling system as claimed in claim 1, wherein purified gas under pressure is supplied by means of a high pressure gas generator.
3. A cooling system as claimed in claim 2, in which the gas generator includes a compressor.
4. A cooling system as claimed in claim 3, in which the compressor is driven by a motor.
5. A cooling system as claimed in any one of claims 1-4, in which the filter means performs two distinct functions, those of a coalescer and an adsorbent wherein the adsorbent function is performed by a section of the filter means which is reactivatable.
6. A cooling system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the gas supplied from the waste side of the cryostat to the filter means reactivates the filter means and is pre-heated.
7. A cooling system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein an adsorbent section of the filter means includes a plurality of elements, at least one of which is a molecular sieve.
8. A cooling system as claimed in claim 7, in which all of the filter elements of the
GB08712088A 1986-05-21 1987-05-21 Cooling systems Withdrawn GB2192265A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB868612392A GB8612392D0 (en) 1986-05-21 1986-05-21 Cryogenic cooling system

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
GB8712088D0 GB8712088D0 (en) 1987-06-24
GB2192265A true GB2192265A (en) 1988-01-06

Family

ID=10598227

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB868612392A Pending GB8612392D0 (en) 1986-05-21 1986-05-21 Cryogenic cooling system
GB08712088A Withdrawn GB2192265A (en) 1986-05-21 1987-05-21 Cooling systems

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
GB868612392A Pending GB8612392D0 (en) 1986-05-21 1986-05-21 Cryogenic cooling system

Country Status (1)

Country Link
GB (2) GB8612392D0 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2132026A1 (en) * 1997-06-06 1999-08-01 Al Air Liquide Espana S A Procedure for the purification of gases and installation for carrying out the purification thereof.

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2020408A (en) * 1978-05-09 1979-11-14 Linde Ag Method of liquefying natural gas
EP0042676A1 (en) * 1980-06-17 1981-12-30 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Method for producing gaseous oxygen and a cryogenic plant in which said method can be carried out

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2020408A (en) * 1978-05-09 1979-11-14 Linde Ag Method of liquefying natural gas
EP0042676A1 (en) * 1980-06-17 1981-12-30 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Method for producing gaseous oxygen and a cryogenic plant in which said method can be carried out

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2132026A1 (en) * 1997-06-06 1999-08-01 Al Air Liquide Espana S A Procedure for the purification of gases and installation for carrying out the purification thereof.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB8612392D0 (en) 1986-06-25
GB8712088D0 (en) 1987-06-24

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