GB2190889A - Sample presentation - Google Patents
Sample presentation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2190889A GB2190889A GB08607251A GB8607251A GB2190889A GB 2190889 A GB2190889 A GB 2190889A GB 08607251 A GB08607251 A GB 08607251A GB 8607251 A GB8607251 A GB 8607251A GB 2190889 A GB2190889 A GB 2190889A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- path
- sample holders
- sample
- group
- discrete
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/02—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyor system past one or more treatment or analysis stations
- G01N35/04—Details of the conveyor system
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N2035/00178—Special arrangements of analysers
- G01N2035/00188—Special arrangements of analysers the analyte being in the solid state
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/02—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyor system past one or more treatment or analysis stations
- G01N35/04—Details of the conveyor system
- G01N2035/0439—Rotary sample carriers, i.e. carousels
- G01N2035/0441—Rotary sample carriers, i.e. carousels for samples
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N35/00—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor
- G01N35/02—Automatic analysis not limited to methods or materials provided for in any single one of groups G01N1/00 - G01N33/00; Handling materials therefor using a plurality of sample containers moved by a conveyor system past one or more treatment or analysis stations
- G01N35/04—Details of the conveyor system
- G01N2035/0439—Rotary sample carriers, i.e. carousels
- G01N2035/0458—Multiple concentric rows of wells
Abstract
The invention relates to a method, and apparatus therefor, for presenting a sample in a holder to a work station at which some function is to be performed on the sample, which method comprises transporting sample holders 2 around an overall path so as to bring individual sample holders into register with one or more work stations co-operating with the path of travel characterised in that: a). the sample holders 2 are transported around the path of travel as at least two discrete groups of at least two sample holders in each discrete group; b). in that each discrete group of sample holders and each holder in that group is re-orientated at least once during each complete circuit of the path with respect to the path of travel e.g. by rotation of tables 1 through 90 DEG by engagement with pin 12 independently of the other groups of sample holders whereby individual sample holders within that discrete group are caused to traverse different selected tracks within the overall path of travel of the said discrete group and each traverses a different track for successive circuits. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Sample presentation
The present invention relates to a method and apparatusfor presenting samples foranalysis and/or testing.
In manytestoranalysis procedures, samples are presented to a work station at which the sample is drawn off for analysis or a reagent is added to produce some change in the sample which is measured. Typically, a sample is held in a testtube, glass cell orsimilarsmall containerandtheseare presented to the work station by being carried on a moving beltorthe like. Where a large numberof samples are being handled, it has been proposed, for example in the Technicon type of apparatus, to locate each sampletube in a recess or aperture in a rotating table so that the samples are carried past the work station in a known sequence. Such a system is suitable for small sized sample holders since they can be mounted in close proximity to one another around one or more circumferential tracks on the rotating table.It has also been proposed to carry the sample holders in a grid configuration upon a rectangulartablewhich is moved inthexandyaxes to bring successive samples into registerwiththe work station.
Both such systems are in widespread use for small sample carriers, typically 10 mls or less. However, they require accurate control to ensure that the sample carrier is correctly located at the work station, which involves complex controi mechanisms; and they are impracticable for use with large sample carriers. Thus, where a soil analysis is carried out, it is often necessary to use up to 100 ml samples. These require the use of plastic cup sample holders which cannot be carried on the conventional rotating table orx/y axis linear movement table without the use of massive constructions.
Furthermore, these devices are not suitable for carrying outa number oftests on the samples.
We have devised a method of presenting large sized sample carriers to a work station which reduces the problems of size and enables a number ofdifferenttests to be carried out on each sample.
The method also uses apparatus operating on simple mechanical principles which makes itsimple and cheap to construct and operate. The method and apparatus of the invention find use wherever it is desired to present a number of samples in sequence to one or more work stations, regardless of the size of the sample. Furthermore, because ofthe simplicity of the method of operation and the mechanisms required,the invention enables complex analytical procedures to be operated in areas where skilled operators and skilled service engineers are not available, notably in developing countries.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a method for presenting a sample in a holderto a work station at which some function is to be performed on the sample, which method comprises transporting sample holders around an overall path so asto bring individual sample holders into register with one or more work stations co-operating with the path of travel characterised in that:
a). the sample holders aretransported around the path of travel as at least two discrete groups of at leasttwo sample holders in each discrete group;
b). in that each discrete group of sample holders is re-orientated with respect to the path of travel independently of the other groups of sample holders whereby individual sample holders within that discrete group are caused to traverse different selected tracks within the overall path of travel of the said discrete group; and
c). in thatthe orientation ofthe sample holders in the said discrete group is altered at least once during each complete circuit of the path by the discrete group whereby a sample holder in the said group is caused to traverse Fdifferent track within the overall path upon successive circuits ofthe path.
Preferably, the discrete groups of sample holders are each carried on a primary rotating mechanism, several of which latter are mounted on a secondary rotating mechanism having an axis of rotation parallel to but spaced from that of the primary mechanism. The rotating mechanisms are caused to rotate so that the sample holders precess around the axis of rotation of the secondary mechanism. The rotation ofthe primary and secondary mechanisms can be continuous. However, it is preferred that the primary mechanism is caused to rotate intermittently through only part of a complete revolution for each complete revolution of the secondary mechanism.In this way so that successive sample holders on each primary mechanism are brought into a given position with respect to work stations located around the overall annular path traversed by the primary mechanisms astheyare carried bythe secondary mechanism. Ion a particulary preferred form of apparatus for use in the method of the invention, the primary mechanisms takes the form of a series of rotatable tables, each carried on suitable bearing means adjacent the free ends ofthe radial arms of a rotating spider type of mechanism.
The primary mechanism can be rotated continuously with the secondary mechanism, as when thetwo are geared together orinterlinked, eg.
by a friction drive or by engagement of the support shaftfortheprimaryrotatingtablewith a gearring, the secondary mechanism merely serving to drive the primary mechanism around a circulartrack in engagement with that gear ring. However, this imposes restrictions on the points at which a given sample holder on the primary mechanism passes under a sample work station. It is therefore preferred to cause the primary mechanism to rotate th rough less than 360 , eg. 360/n where n is the numberof sample holders carried by that primary mechanism, for each complete revolution ofthe secondary mechanism.This rotation preferably occurs at one point on the travel of the secondary mechanism, for example by engagement of the primary mechanism with a friction pad, gearwheel, stop or other mechanism sothatthe group of sample holders carried on that primary mechanism is rotated a discrete amount each time so as to bring each sample holder in succession into register with a given track on the overall path traversed by the secondary mechanism. Typically, the rotation ofthe primary mechanism is caused by the engagement of a starwheel on the support shaftforthe rotatable table of the primary mechanism with a fixed stop or post which lies in the path of the primary mechanism. Alternatively, a pusher barorthe like can engage with an arm or post carried bythe primary mechanism so as to rotate it at the desired point.
The rotation ofthe primary and secondary mechanisms causes individual sample holders to followdifferenttrackswithin the overall path traversed by the groups of holders carried bythe primary mechanism. By suitable selection ofthe speed of rotation of the secondary mechanism, the extent to which the primary mechanism is rotated at each actuation and the location oftheworkstations on each track, it is possible to caused the sample holders to follow a tortuous path passing a number ofwork stations separated by differenttime intervals. The method can thus be used to subject each sample to a series of tests or the like at controlled intervals and/or in a controlled sequence.
The exact line of travel followed by a given sample can be selected by simple mechanical adjustments and, once the apparatus is setup, all subsequent samples will follow the same path and will therefore be subjected to the same test sequence. The apparatus can thus be set up by a suitably experienced operator and subsequent operation left in the hands of unskilled operators. This is of particular value in under-developed countries where suitably qualified operators, for example of blood analysis units, are not readily available.
Where it is desired to ensure a given interval between work stations, for example where a reagent must remain in contact with a sample for a given time before that mixture is tested, this can be readily achieved by varying the path followed by the sample and/or by moving the work station in either direction along the track it serves. Where a complex sample treatment is required, it may be desired to rotate the primary mechanism at several points during a complete rotation ofthe secondary mechanism and those rotations need not all be in the same sense.
To aid understanding ofthe invention, it will be described by way of illustration only with respect to a
preferred form thereof as shown in the accompanying drawings in which Figure lisa diagrammatic plan view from above of apparatus for carrying the sample holders, Figure 2 is a side view of part of the apparatus of Figure 1 and Figure3 isa diagrammatic representation ofthe path followed by asinglesample holderthrough partofa sample treatment cycle.
The apparatus comprises a substantially horizontal circular rotatable sample table 1 (the
primary mechanism) having a series of sample
holder apertures 2 located substantially
symmetrically at or adjacent its periphery. The
number of apertures 2 can be varied to suit the size and complexity ofthe sampletesting cycle.
Typically, there will be from 3 to 8 apertures to each table 1. The apertures are adapted to receive sample holders 3 as a loose fit. Typically, the sample holders arefrusto-conical plastic cups or the like which have a projecting rim around the lip ofthe open top to the cupwhich rests uponthe lip ofthe aperture 2to support and locate the sample holder in the aperture.
The table 1 is mounted on a substantially vertical shaft4 or by other means which permit the table to rotate about its axis. The shaft 4 is carried by a secondary rotating mechanism which rotates about a second axis of rotation substantially parallel to but removed from the axis of rotation of the table. This secondary mechanism can be a second horizontal table with the tables 1 carried at substantially uniform intervals around its periphery. However, as shown in Figure 1, the secondary mechanism preferably takes the form of a series of arms 5 extending radially from a central hub 6 journalled on a second substantially vertical shaft. The shafts 4 carrying the tables 1 are mounted eitherfixedly or freely rotatably adjacent the free ends of the arms 5.
The spider structure formed by the arms 5 and the hub 6 is rotated at a suitable speed by any suitable means. Thus, the hub may be driven directly or via suitable gearing orthe like from an electric motor. In a particularly preferred form of the apparatus, a circumferential drive ring 7 is mounted adjacent the free ends ofthe arms 5 and a drive mechanism engages that ring. Thus, the drive ring 7 can carry gearteeth orthe like which engage with driveteeth on a motor shaft or a toothed drive belt.
Alternatively, the ring 7 can have a plurality of radial grooves 8 therein which are engaged by upright pins or roliers 9 carried by a motor shaft in what is known as a Geneva drive. This latter form of drive ensures positive mechanical drive of the spider structure in a series of discrete steps, thus aiding accurate register of the tables 1 with the work stations.
The table 1 is provided with meansfor intermittently rotating the table through the desired angular rotation to carry a sample holder3 from one position to the next. In the case shown in Figure 1, the table is rotated through 90" or a sub-multiple thereof since there are four sample apertures 2 in the table. As indicated above, the rotation is preferably carried out once per complete revolution of the spider assembly, for example between the point at which a sample holder whose contents have completed the test cycle is discharged and the point at which a sample holder containing a newsampleto be tested is fed to the empty aperture, as described below. However, the rotation could be achieved elsewhere and/orfurther rotations oftable 1 can be carried out at other points in the test cycle.
Rotation oftable 1 is conveniently achieved by the engagement between a static detent member and part of thetable. Thus, table 1 can be mounted on shaft4 by means of a dependant bearing tube 10 which carries a radially extending star wheel orfour arms 11 which engage an upstanding post 12 on the framework of the apparatus. As table 1 is carried past
post 12 by the rotation ofthe spider assembly, post
12 engages one ofthe arms 11 and causestable 1 to
rotate. Preferably, each arm 11 is provided with an axial slot 13 into which post 12 engages, so asto ensure that table 1 does not rotate excessively due to a sharp impact between post 12 and arm 11.Arm 11 and the position of post 12 are selected so that table 1 is rotated throughthe desired angle.
With the construction shown in Figure 1 ,the apertures 2 in table 1 pass through four positions as the table is rotated stepwise through 90" at a time. As a result, the sample holders 3 followthree concentric circulartracks about the axis of rotation of the hub 6; an inner, a middle and an outertrack. These reflect the radial positions relative to the axis of rotation of the hub 6 which correspond to the positions ofthe sample holders at 00,900 (and 270 ) and 1800 rotation oftable 1 . As table 1 is rotated, a sample holder is transferred from one track to the adjacent one, firstly radially inwardly, then radially outwardly.
Above the tracks are mounted suitable test and/or sampling stations which co-operate with the passage of a sample holder beneath them. Thus, a sampleholdercontaining a drysoil sample can be fed to an empty aperture 2 at the 0 position oftable 1 from a suitable magazinefeederstation A. The spider assembly rotates carrying the sample holder around the outertrackto a waterfilling station B, followed by a stirring station C. The stirred sample is allowed to mature for a period corresponding to a half rotation of the spider assembly.During this half turn, table 1 passes post 12 and is caused to rotate through 90". This carries the sample holder inwardly from the outer track to the middle track and to a pH measuring station D at which a pH probe is dipped into the sample and the pH is measured using conventional techniques. The sample holderthen procedes to a further stirring station E before a sample is drawn offforchemical analysis at station F lying on the inner track. Further tests can be carried out on the sample beforethe sample holder passes to a discharge station G. The sample holdercan be dischargedfromthetable 1 by anysuitable means.
Thus, a pusher can be extended upwards at station G to engagethe base ofthe sample cup and raise it sufficientlyforagrab mechanism to grip the upper portion ofthe cup and withdrawitfrom the aperture and discharge it laterally into a disposal chute orthe like. The emptied aperture is then carried to feeder station Ato receive a new sample in its holderto repeat the cycle.
The design and operation ofthetestorsampling equipment at the various stations along the path of travel of the sample can be conventional. However, the method ofthe invention permits one sampleto be subjected to a number of tests in sequence as it passes along the total line of travel, whereas it has hitherto been the practice to subject separate samples to individual tests using different pieces of apparatus. The positioning of the test stations along the path of travel can be varied to suit the desired time intervals between the stations and/orthe sequence in which the tests are to be carried out.
The apparatus described above can be used for a wide range of types of sample testing and analysis, but is of especial benefit where the volume of the sample being tested exceeds 100 ml, notably in soil analysis. The invention therefore provides a method of the invention applied to the testing and/or analysis of soil samples in which the individual sample volume carried in each sample holder exceeds 100 ml.
The invention also provides apparatus for use in the method of the invention which apparatus comprises means for transporting a plurality of discrete groups of at least two sample holders around an overall path so asto bring the individual sample holders in each group into register with one or moreworkstations co-operating with the path of travel; means for re-orientating each discrete group of sample holders independently of other groups of sample holders with respect to the path of travel whereby individual sample holders within that group can be caused to traverse different selected tracks within the overall path of travel of the said group, the said re-orientating means being adapted to operate at least once during each complete circuit of the path by the group whereby a sample holder in the said group can be caused to traverse a different track within the overall path upon successive traverses ofthe path.
Claims (10)
1. A method for presenting a sample in a holder to a workstation at which some function isto be performed on the sample, which method comprises transporting sample holders around an overall path so asto bring individual sample holders into register with one or more work stations co-operating with the path of travel characterised in that::
a). the sample holdersaretransported around the path of travel as at least two discrete groups of at leasttwo sample holders in each discrete group;
b). in that each discrete group of sample holders is re-orientated with respect to the path of travel independently of the other groups of sample holders whereby individual sample holders within that discrete group are caused to traverse different selected tracks within the overall path of travel ofthe said discrete group; and
c). in that the orientation of the sample holders in the said discrete group is altered at least once during each complete circuit of the path by the discrete group whereby a sample holder in the said group is caused to traverse a different track within the overall path upon successive circuits of the path.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the discrete groups of sample holders are each carried on a primary rotating mechanism, and a plurality of the latter arse mounted on a secondary rotating mechanism having an axis of rotation parallel to but spaced from that of the primary mechanism, whereby the sample holders are caused to precess around the axis of rotation of the secondary mechanism.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the primary mechanism is caused to rotate intermittently through only part of a complete revolution for each complete revolution ofthe secondary mechanism whereby successive sample holders on each primary mechanism are brought into a given position with respect to workstations located around the overall annular path traversed by the primary mechanisms as they are carried by the secondary mechanism.
4. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the sample holders each hold a sample of more than 100 mls size.
5. A method fortesting and/or analysing samples of a material substantially as hereinbefore described with respect to the accompanying drawings.
6. Apparatus for use in the method of claim 1 which apparatus comprises meansfortransporting a plurality of discrete groups of at leasttwo sample holders around an overall path so asto bring the individual sample holders in each group into register with one or more work stations co-operating with the path of travel; means for re-orientating each discrete group of sample holders independently of other groups of sample holders with respect to the path of travel whereby individual sample holders within that group can be caused to traverse different selected tracks within the overall path oftravel of the said group, the said re-orientating means being adapted to operate at least once during each complete circuit ofthe path by the group whereby a sample holderin the said group can be caused to traverse a different track within the overall path upon successive traverses ofthe path.
7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein the sample holders are carried upon a plurality of substantially horizontal tables rotatable about substantially vertical axes, each carried adjacentthe free ends of a plurality of arms extending radially from a hub rotatable about a substantially vertical axis.
8. Apparatus as claimed in claim 7 wherein the
means for re-orientating the sample holders comprises means for causing the tables each to
rotate intermittently through less than 360" for each
rotation ofthe spider assembly.
9. Apparatus as claimed in claim 8 wherein the
rotation ofthe table is achieved by a detent mechanism and the table rotates through 360/n0 where n is the nuber of sample holders carried by
each table.
10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 6substantially
as hereinbefore described with respect to and as
shown in the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8607251A GB2190889B (en) | 1986-03-24 | 1986-03-24 | Sample presenter |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8607251A GB2190889B (en) | 1986-03-24 | 1986-03-24 | Sample presenter |
| EP87310503A EP0317677A1 (en) | 1987-11-27 | 1987-11-27 | Sample presentation |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8607251D0 GB8607251D0 (en) | 1986-04-30 |
| GB2190889A true GB2190889A (en) | 1987-12-02 |
| GB2190889B GB2190889B (en) | 1990-01-10 |
Family
ID=26111238
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8607251A Expired - Lifetime GB2190889B (en) | 1986-03-24 | 1986-03-24 | Sample presenter |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2190889B (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0317677A1 (en) * | 1987-11-27 | 1989-05-31 | Hydro Fertilizers Ltd | Sample presentation |
| EP0388013A2 (en) * | 1989-03-13 | 1990-09-19 | Beckman Instruments, Inc. | Sample wheel for chemical analyzers |
| WO1996003658A1 (en) * | 1994-07-28 | 1996-02-08 | Anagen (Uk) Limited | Incubation vessel support |
| US9340372B2 (en) * | 2013-01-30 | 2016-05-17 | Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. | Workpiece inspection equipment |
| US20180027778A1 (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2018-02-01 | Ciemmecalabria S.R.L. | Vehicle for moving cages for poultry or the like |
| US10473622B2 (en) | 2015-08-03 | 2019-11-12 | Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. | Method and apparatus for flaw inspection of friction-weld part of stem in engine valve |
| JP2020526753A (en) * | 2017-07-07 | 2020-08-31 | シーメンス・ヘルスケア・ダイアグノスティックス・インコーポレーテッドＳｉｅｍｅｎｓ Ｈｅａｌｔｈｃａｒｅ Ｄｉａｇｎｏｓｔｉｃｓ Ｉｎｃ． | Modular lavage bridge for multiple passes of the immunoassay system |
-
1986
- 1986-03-24 GB GB8607251A patent/GB2190889B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0317677A1 (en) * | 1987-11-27 | 1989-05-31 | Hydro Fertilizers Ltd | Sample presentation |
| EP0388013A2 (en) * | 1989-03-13 | 1990-09-19 | Beckman Instruments, Inc. | Sample wheel for chemical analyzers |
| EP0388013A3 (en) * | 1989-03-13 | 1991-05-22 | Beckman Instruments, Inc. | Sample wheel for chemical analyzers |
| US5182083A (en) * | 1989-03-13 | 1993-01-26 | Beckman Instruments, Inc. | Sample wheel for chemistry analyzers |
| WO1996003658A1 (en) * | 1994-07-28 | 1996-02-08 | Anagen (Uk) Limited | Incubation vessel support |
| US6015532A (en) * | 1994-07-28 | 2000-01-18 | Alfa Biotech S.P.A. | Incubation vessel support |
| US9340372B2 (en) * | 2013-01-30 | 2016-05-17 | Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. | Workpiece inspection equipment |
| US10473622B2 (en) | 2015-08-03 | 2019-11-12 | Nittan Valve Co., Ltd. | Method and apparatus for flaw inspection of friction-weld part of stem in engine valve |
| US20180027778A1 (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2018-02-01 | Ciemmecalabria S.R.L. | Vehicle for moving cages for poultry or the like |
| US10905106B2 (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2021-02-02 | Ciemmecal Abria S.R.L. | Vehicle for moving cages for poultry or the like |
| JP2020526753A (en) * | 2017-07-07 | 2020-08-31 | シーメンス・ヘルスケア・ダイアグノスティックス・インコーポレーテッドＳｉｅｍｅｎｓ Ｈｅａｌｔｈｃａｒｅ Ｄｉａｇｎｏｓｔｉｃｓ Ｉｎｃ． | Modular lavage bridge for multiple passes of the immunoassay system |
| US11852645B2 (en) | 2017-07-07 | 2023-12-26 | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. | Modular wash bridge for multiple-pass immunoassay systems |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8607251D0 (en) | 1986-04-30 |
| GB2190889B (en) | 1990-01-10 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 732 | Registration of transactions, instruments or events in the register (sect. 32/1977) | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |