GB2177094A - Polyclonal antibodies, preparation and use - Google Patents

Abstract

Polyclonal antibodies are described which are secondary polyclonal antibodies against a complex of a small molecule and a binding protein against the small molecule but which secondary polyclonal antibodies are not antibodies against either the small molecule or against the binding protein. The use of such secondary polyclonal antibodies in diagnostic systems and kits are also described.

Description

SPECIFICATION Polyclonal antibodies, preparation and use The present invention relates to a class of polyclonal antibodies, which may be free or present in a complex,to the preparation ofsuchantibodiesandto their use in reactions which employ antibody-antigen interactions.

Reactions between an antigen and its antibody havefound manyapplicationsin biotechnologyand especially in diagnostictests, gorexample medical (including vetinary) diagnostictests, gene probes, and the like. Recently the art has moved forward rapidly due in large parttothe introduction of monoclonal antibodies which allow great specificity and accuracy (for a discussion of monoclonal antibodies see for example G. Galfre and C. Milstein, Methods in Enzymology, 73, 3-57, 1981).

Amonoclonal antibodywasdescribed by D.A.

Nemazee and V.J. Sato (see Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci USA, V2, 79, pp 3828-3832, 1982) which was an antibody against a complex of two other antibodies as a result of exposing a new epitope in the Fc region of one ofthe original antibodies. Since the original antibodies were both macromolecules conformational changes in the Fc region was not unexpected. Similar changes would not be expected to occur if a small molecule had been employed. Similarly since small molecules cannot have simultaneous multiple epitopes and cannot thus themselves bind more than one antibody, (for example see R.J. Thompson and A.P. Jackson, TIBS, 9, pp 1-3, 1984) the effect described by Nemazee and Sato would not be expected if a complex employing a small molecule was used.

I have now discovered that, if the normal tendency to use monoclonals is reversed, certain new polyclonal antibodies may be produced by a simple process and which antibodies may be used in reactions which employ antibody-antigen interactions. I have found that if certain polyclonal antibodies are made free of certain other antibodies, then they are of use in, inter alia, diagnostic tests and are particularly advantageous in such tests if labelled.

Accordingly the present invention provides a polyclonal antibody characterised in that said polyclonal antibody is a secondary polyclonal antibody against a complex of a non-immunogenic molecule and a binding protein against said non-immunogenic molecule which secondary antibody is free from anti- bodies againtthe non-immunogenic molecule and against its binding protein.

The non-immunogenic molecule is normally a small molecule,thatis a molecule of molecular weight less than 5000. Such small molecules more aptly have a molecular weight of less than 2000 and favourably have a molecular weight of less than 1200.

The skilled artworkerwill appreciatethatlowmolecularweight materials are normally nonimmunogenic but that antibodies thereto can be obtained by immunising an animal with a conjugate ofthe non-immunogenic molecule (or a very close analogue) and an immunogenic material such as bovine serum albumin or an equivalent agent. The desired antibody may then be obtained by methods known perse.

Proteins used in this invention may be antibodies or other proteinaceous materials such as enzymes, binding proteins such as steroid binding proteins or vitamin binding proteins. Preferably the protein used in this invention is an antibody in which casethe small molecule may be termed herein a small antigen.

Thus in a favoured aspect the present invention provides a secondary polyclonal antibody against a complex of a non-immunogenic molecule and a prim aryantibody against said non-immunogenic molecule said secondary polyclonal antibody being free from antibodies against the non-immunogenic molecule and its primary antibody.

Herein the term "primary antibody" refers to an antibody which will bind the non-immunogenic molecule per se. This primary antibody may be a polyclonal our a monoclonal antibody. It is desirableto employ a polyclonal because they are more readily available and surprisingly it has been found to be effective when producing the secondary antibody of this invention. It is also sometimes desirable to employ a monoclonal primary antibody since, although more difficult to make, a more specific product can be obtained. Herein the term "non-immunogenic" molecule means one which when injected into an animal does not cause that animal to produce antibodies thereto.The skilled artworkerwill appreciate that normally such non-immunogenic molecules are low molecularweight materials (normally less than 1200) but that antibodies thereto can be obtained by immunising an animal with a conjugate ofthe nonimmunogenic molecule and an immunogenic material such as bovine serum albumin or equivalent agent. The animal produces an array of antibodies some of which are against the non-immunogenic moleculeperse. If desired some orall ofthe anti- bodies against the immunogenic carrier employed in making the conjugate (such as bovine serum albumin) may be removed from the array by absorption with an appropriate immunoabsorbent.

Happily it has been found that when producing a polyclonal secondary antibody it is not necessaryto employ"unnatural"materialssuchasthearseniccontaining material employed by Nemazee and Sato but that organic molecules free of metallic elements can also be employed. In fact, advantages accrue when the non-immunogenic molecule employed isfreeof metallic elements such as arsenic.

Herein the term "secondary polyclonal antibody" means a polyclonal antibody which is an antibody against a complex of a non-immunogenic molecule and a primary antibody against said nonimmunogenic molecule butwhich is notan antibody against the non-immunogenic molecule or against the primary antibody against said non-immunogenic molecule. The ratio of equilibrium constants between (a) the secondary polyclonal antibody and the complex and (b) the secondary polyclonal antibody and either component of the complex should be greater than 100:1, more suitablygreaterthan 1000:1 and preferably greaterthan 10,000:1.

The antibody may be the complete immunoglobulin orfragmentthereof having the described binding activity. As will become apparent hereinafter, certain embodiments of this invention will benefit more from the use ofthe complete immunoglobulin than from a fragmentthereofwhereas other embodiments will benefit more from the use of fragments of the complete immunoglobulin such as the Fab and F(ab')2 fragments. This reflects the viewthatthe binding between the secondary antibody and the complex takes place at or about the site ofbinding of the small molecule.

The secondary polyclonal antibody ofthis invention is most suitably one against a complex wherein the non-immunogenic molecule has a molecular weight of 200 to 1000, more aptly 250 to 750 and preferably 300 to 600, especially when said non- immunogenic molecule is free of metallic elements.

Afavoured use of the secondary antibodies ofthis invention is in diagnostic tests. Reduction in reversibility in reactions can lead to higher apparent affinity between ligand and antiligand which can lead to improved stability of washing, faster reaction times and the like. Also use of a secondary polyclonal antibody ofthis invention can allow small molecules to be determined by non-competitive methods such as Sandwich methods which can operate over a wider range of concentrations and can be less sensitiveto the nature and mode of use of the reagents. Thiswill be apparent hereinafter.

In one highlyfavoured form the secondary polyclonal antibody ofthis invention is one against a com plexwherein the non-immunogenic molecule isone which occurs naturally in humans, for example a hormone (such as a steroid hormone such as estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, hydrocortisone, corti- sone, estratriol, estrogen and androstandiol) or a vitamin, peptide orsaccharide orthe like, or is one which is administered to humans such as a medicament (such as antibiotic, mood modifier, analgesic or cardioactives such as digoxin) or drug of abuse (such as morphine, methadone, cannabiniol, cocaine alkaloids orthe like).

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that in one particularly apt aspect this invention provides a polyclonal antibody against a complex of a nonimmunogenic hormone and an antibody to said hormones which antibody is not an antibody againstthe hormone or against the said antibody to said hormone.

Similarly it will be appreciated that in another parti cularly apt aspect this invention provides a polyclonal antibody against a complex of a non-immunogenic drug and an antibody to said drug which antibody is not an antibody against the drug or against said antibody to said drug. Suitably the drug is a medicament, for example as hereinbefore indicated. Suitably the drug is a drug of abuse as hereinbefore indicated.

The antibody to the hormone or drug etc. may be monoclonal or polyclonal of which I prefer two employ a monoclonal antibody.

The secondary polyclonal antibodies ofthis invention are particularly useful in diagnostictestsforthe non-immunogenic molecule. Diagnostic tests for such molecules employing immunological reactions are notoriously difficult and hitherto have not been practicable ifthe two-site approach is employed.

Whereas an unlabelled secondary polyclonal antibody may be employed when the complex is labelled or when a precipitation reaction is used, it has been found to be highlydesirableto label the secondary polyclonal antibody with a label that allows its detection.

Accordingly, in one highly favou red aspect, this invention provides a secondary polyclonal antibody against a complex of non-immunogenic molecule and a primary antibody against said nonimmunogenic molecule said polyclonal antibody being free from antibodies against the nonimmunogenic molecule and its primaryantibody, said secondary polyclonal antibody being labelled whereby it is detectable.

The label employed may be introduced into the secondary polyclonal antibody in any suitable mannerwhich does not prevent the secondary polyclonal antibody acting as such. The label may be isotopic or non-isotopic. Isotopic labels may employ any conve nientisotopewhich is normally and preferably introduced to the secondary polyclonal antibody after its formation.Although isotopic labelling can yield very readily detectable materials it necessitates the use of complexequipment and the careful handlingassoci- ated with radioactive materials. Because ofthis I preferto employ non-isotopic methods of labelling.

Any convenient method of non-isotopic labelling may be employed. Methods of labelling antibodies with materials which render them detectable are widespread and well understood by the skilled art worker, for example a method set forth by P.R. Raggett and C.N. Hales in "Immunoassays using labelled antigens orantibodies"in Clinical Aspects oflmmunology, Ed. Peters and Lackman, Blackwell Scientif Publications, Oxford, 1983. However, the two methods I prefer two employ are (a) to label the secondary polyclonal antibody with an enzymatic label and (b) to label the secondary antibody with a luminescent moiety (such as a bioluminescent, chemiluminescent, or fluorescent material).

Labelling the secondary polyclonal antibody with an enzyme such as phosphatase or peroxidase allows detection by allowing the enzymeto express its activity. Favoured enzyme lables include phosphatase, peroxidase (3-galactosidase, lysozyme and dehydrogenases such as malate and glucose-6-phosphate.

Phosphatases may be observed by their ability to dephosphorylate compounds to yield materials which are detected. Peroxidase may be observed by their ability to give rise to hydrogen peroxide which may be detected. t3-galactosidase may be observed by their ability to hydrolyse p-galactosides to give rise to detectable products. Lysozyme may be observed by its ability to rupture bacterial cells which can give rise to turbidity changes. Dehydrogenases may be observed by its ability to give rise to the change in the oxidative state of NAD and NADH. Many methods of labelling with such enzymes will occu r to the skilled art worker but the method I preferto use is to covalently linkthe enzyme to the secondary polyclonal antibody by reacting with a bifunctional organiccompound such as a dialdehyde, for example glutaraldehyde. Many methods of detecting phosphatases, peroxidase (or any suitable enzyme) will be known to the skilled art worker but I preferto detect the labelled antibody by allowing a phosphatasetodephosphory- late a phosphate.Eitherthe dephosphorylated compound may be detected directly (for example when p-nitrophenyl phosphate is dephosphorylated to pnitrophenyl) or indirectly for example when NADP is dephosphorylated to NAD to start a cyclic chemical reaction which amplifies the effect). Favoured enzyme labels include acid and alkaline phosphatases.

A preferred enzyme label is alkaline phosphatase.

The labelled secondary polyclonal antibodyofthis invention may be employed in enzyme immunoassays (including ELISA systems) in analogous manner to the use of primary antibodiesforthe detection of high molecularweightantigens even though the material to be detected in the method of this invention is a non-immunogenic molecule.

In two site assays two recognition sites are necessarily involved in the detection of a material. A conve nient method for carrying out two site assays is by bonding onto a surface an antibody reactive with one site on the material, exposing it to the material and exposing the material thus held on the surface to another, label led, antibody reactive with a second site on the material. Unless the material has multiple copies ofthe same site per molecule, it has been necessary to use antibodies against distinct and separate sites, and even in those cases where multiple copies exist on the molecule it is betterto havethe bound and labelled antibodies specificfordistinct and separate sites to reduce the possibility of com- petition for individual sites.With large immunogenic molecules it is usually possible to produce antibodies againsttwodistinctandseparatesites. For small molecules, however, this is not the case. The method ofthis invention overcomes this problem. For example, a two site assay may be constructed for a small molecule by binding thefirst (primary) antibody to a surface, exposing the material to be detected then to a labelled secondary polyclonal antibody specificfor a second site formed by the association ofthefirst antibody and the material to be detected.

Antibody-antigen precipitation reactions dependent on matrix formation as a result of multi-valent interactions of antibody and antigen (for example as described in L. Hudson & F.C. Hay, Practical Immunology, Chapter 5, Published by Blackwell Scientific Publications (1981 )) may benefit from the development of secondary polyclonal antibodies. Small molecules do not normally precipitate with primary antibody as they can only bind one primary antibody molecule at a time, however, in the presence of polyclonal secon daryantibodychainsand matrices of such small molecules an antibody may beformed leadingto precipitation and indicating the presence of the small molecule.

The present invention provides a process for preparing a secondary polyclonal antibody ofthis invention which method comprises immunising an animal with a complex of a non-immunogenic molecule and its primary antibody to yield an antiserum containing said secondary polyclonal antibody, obtaining the desired secondary polyclonal antibody from said antiserum and obtaining said polyclonal antibody free from antibodies against the non-immunogenic molecule and its primary antibody; and thereafter if desired labelling said polyclonal antibody with a label which renders it detectable. Analogous methods may be employed to form antibodieswherein the complex is of a non-immunogenic molecule and binding proteins otherthan antibodies.

Each ofthe individual steps in this process may be performed by methods known tothe skilled artworker. However, as will be readily appreciated the skilled art worker heretobefore had no reason to combine the necessary steps in the specified manner. The process ofthis invention in many ways is much easierto carry outthan processes in preparing analogous monoclonal antibodies.

The process of this invention will naturally be adapted to the preparation of preferred secondary polyclonal antibodies as hereinbefore indicated.

The immunisation of an animal with a complex of a non-immunogenic molecule with its binding protein can give riseto antibodiestothe binding protein itself. These should be removed by for example exposure ofthe antiserum to binding protein immobilised on a surface.

Since in a favoured form the binding protein to the small molecule is an antibody (aptly a monoclonal antibody), in a further aspect the present invention provides a method of determining a member of a non-immunogenic molecule primaryantibody pair which method comprises contacting a suspected source of a member ofthe pairwith another member ofthe pair and with a secondary polyclonal antibody to the complex of the pairwhich is not an antibodyto the non-immunogenic molecule or its primary antibody and measuring the association between the complex and the secondary polyclonal antibody.

The measurement of the association between the member of the pair to be determined and the other member ofthe pair orthe secondary polyclonal antibody may be qualitative or quantitative but is most beneficially quantitative. Any suitable method may be employed which will measurethe binding of an antibodyto its antigen, for example byimmobilising one component on a solid substrate and measuring the amount ofthe other component which becomes bound to the solid substrate; or by binding one componentto an enzyme which enzyme's activity is altered when another component binds to the first component; or agglutination; or by precipitation.

As previously indicated the member ofthe pair added to the reaction or the secondary polyclonal antibody may be labelled with a signal generating means. This signal generating means can be employedto measurethe association of the materials.

Since it is preferred to employ a secondary polyclonal antibody which is labelled with signal generating means in a favoured aspect a method of determin ingamemberofasmall molecule antibody pair which method comprises contacting a suspected source of the member ofthe pairwith the other mem berofthe pair and with a secondary polyclonal antibody to the complex of the pair which secondary polyclonal antibody is labelled with signal generating means and measuring the association between the member ofthe pairto be determined and the secon dary polyclonal antibody which measurement em ploys the signal generating means. (The antibody in the com pex is favou ra bly a monoclonalantibody).

The determination method of this invention may be adapted to the determination ofthe small molecule or its antibody. However, the method of this invention is most favourably adapted to the determination of a small molecule (i.e. a non-immunogenic molecule).

Thus in a favoured aspect the present invention provides a method of determining a small molecule which method comprises contacting a suspected source ofthe small molecule with a primary antibody to said small molecule and with a secondary polyc lonal antibodyto the complex of said small molecule and primary antibody and measuring the association between the complex and secondary antibody. (The primary antibody is aptly a monoclonal antibody).

The measurementofthe association is most aptly carried out employing a signal generation means with which eitherthe primary or secondary polyclonal antibody os labelled. However, as previously indicated it is preferred to employ a secondary polyclonal antibody which is labelled with a signal generation means.

Thus in a preferred aspect, the present invention provides a method of determining a small molecule which method comprises contacting a suspected source of said small molecule with a primary antibody (preferably monoclonal) to said small molecule with a secondary polyclonal anti body to the complex ofthe small molecule and its primary polyclonal antibody which secondary polyclonal anitbody is labelled with signal generating means and measuring the association between the complex and the secondary polyclonal antibody which measurement employs the signal generating means.

The source ofthe material to be determined is normally a biologically derived fluid such as blood, serum, plasma, urine, milk, saliva ortissue extracts or fluid materials derived from the food industry. Thus for example diagnostic tests may be carried outfor the materials hereinbefore described using the appropriate secondary antibody.

In one particularly aptform ofthis invention a member of the small molecule primary antibody pair is bound to a surface, a suspected source ofthe other member ofthe pair is brought into contact with the surface and the secondary polyclonal antibody labelled with signal generating means is also brought into contact with the surface, the system is incubated until the other member ofthe pair and the secondary polyclonal antibody become bound to the first mem- berofthepairand hence to the surface, the liquid is separated from the surface and the signal generating means is employed to measure the secondary polyclonal antibody thereby determining the amount bound and hence the amount of the member of the pairto be determined.

Normally and preferably the secondary polyclonal antibody which is measured is thatfraction which becomes bound to the surface (as opposed to measuring the amount remaining in solution which is a less suitable method).

Mostsuitablythis aspect of the invention is adapted to determine a small molecule so thatthe member of the pairto be bound to the surface is the primary antibody (which is aptly a monoclonal antibody).

Thus in a highlyfavouredform this invention provides a method of determining a small molecule in a source suspected of containing it which comprises binding a primary antibody (generally a monoclonal antibody) to said small moleculetoasurface,contact- ingthethus bound primary antibody with the suspected source of small molecule and with a secondary polyclonal antibody labelled with signal generating means, incubating the system until small molecule and secondary polyclonal antibody become bound to the primary antibody and hence to the surface, separating the liquid from the surface and determining the secondary polyclonal antibody on the surface by employing the signal generating means.

In an alternative apt form of this invention a secondarypolyclonal antibodyto a complexofa small molecule and a primary antibody (generally a monoclonal antibody) one of which is labelled with a signal generating means is bound to the surface, a sus pected source of one member of the complex is brought into contact with the surface and the other member of the complex is brought into contact with the surface, the system is incubated until complex is formed and becomes bound to the secondary polyc lonalantibodyand hencetothesurface,the liquid is separated from the surface and the signal generating means is employed to measure the complex bound and hence the amount ofthe member ofthe complex to be determined.

Normally and preferably that fraction of the complexwhich is measured is that fraction which becomes bound to the surface (as opposed to measuring the amount remaining in solution which is a less suitable method).

Preferably the preceeding method is adapted to the determination ofthe small molecule so thatthe primary antibody is labelled with the signal generating means.

Thus in a favoured form, this invention provides a method of determining a small molecule in a source suspected of containing it which comprises binding a secondary polyclonal antibody to a surface which secondary polyclonal antibody is one against a com plex of the antigen and a primary antibody (generally monoclonal) labelled with signal generating means, contacting the thus bound secondary polyclonal antibody with the suspected source of small molecule and with labelled primary antibody, incubating the system until antigen and labelled primary antibody become bound to the secondary polyclonal antibody, separating the liquid from the surface and determining the primary antibody on the surface by employing the signal generating means and hence determining the small molecule.

Although these methods of the invention employing surfaces offer advantages for molecules in the 1200 - 5000 molecularweight rangethe advan- tages are particularly marked when employed in the determination of small antigens below 1200 (since small antigens could not hitherto be readily determined by ELISA or analogous assays).

In yet another aspect, this invention provides a method of determining a small molecule antibody pair (in which the antibody is aptly monoclonal) which method comprises binding one of the pairto a surface and contacting that surface with a suspected source ofthe other member ofthe pair, a secondary polyclonal antibodytothecomplexofthepairandthe other member ofthe pair labelled with signal generating means, incubating the system, separate the liquid from the surface and measuring the association between the labelled component andthe surface and thereby determining the abount of substance to be determined present in the source suspected of containing it. Normallythis involves comparing the amount of labelled component which becomes bound to the amount which becomes bound in the presence of known amounts of the unlabelled material to be determined.

Normally it is preferred to adapt this method to the detection of a small molecule in which case the primary antibody is bound to the surface. Preferably the retained label bound to the surface is determined (as opposed to the fraction remaining in solution).

The secondary polyclonal antibodiesofthisinven- tion may also be employed in diagnostic tests employing agglutination.

In one suitable aspect the present invention provides a method of determining a small molecule which method comprises binding the small molecule to solid particles, contacting said small molecule bound particles with a suspected source of small molecule and with a secondary polyclonal antibody to a complex of small molecule and a primary antibody (generally monoclonal)thereto and measuring the resulting agglutination. If antigen is present in the source a reduction in the amount of agglutination occurs which may be used to indicate the amount of small molecule in the source.

In afurtherfavoured agglutinationtest,a primary antibody is bound to particles and contacted with the secondary polyclonal antibody and a suspected source of small molecule. In such a test the amount of agglutination is indicative of the amount of small molecule in the test sample.

The determinationsofthis invention will normally be performed under conventional conditions for such determinations, for example at a temperature of 4 45, more usually 1 5-38 and preferably at 1 8-250C; in aqueous solutions which are generally substantially isotonic; and art a pH of 2-10, more usually 5-9, preferably 6-8 and most preferably at about 7.

The secondary polyclonal antibodies ofthis invention may be made by forming a complex between a small molecule and its antibody (usually monoclonal) (or other binding protein) the complex is then used as an immunogen to raise polyclonal antibodies by methods known perse.

This invention with respect to diagnostic methods also extends two determinations of small molecules which form complexes with binding proteins in analogous mannertothe hereinbeforedescribed methods employing small moleculesandtheiranti- bodies.

Most aptly the small molecules employed in or determined by a method ofthis invention are those which are soluble in water since this eases complex formation. Such molecules generally have hydroxyl, amino or carboxyl groups. Complexes (for immunisation) may be prepared by dissolving or intimately dispersing the small molecule and binding protein together in aqueous media which may contain a surfactant. Often a large excess ofthe small molecule is employed. The complexes may be injected in solution optionally together with an adjuvent such as complete or incomplete Freunds adjuvant. The complexes may also be employed in precipitated form.

The present invention also extends to diagnostic kits which incorporate a secondary polyclonal anti body ofthis invention. Preferred kits will comprise a labelled secondary polyclonal antibody ofthis invention. Most aptly the kits ofthis invention will comprise an antibody ofthis invention intheform of solid (e.g. in a bottle) or absorbed into or onto a solid surface e.g. a well on a plate). Freeze dried materials are apt.

In one method ofthis invention primary antibody may be on the surface of a well or other isolating surface, the solution to be determined is contacted with that surface for sufficient time for small molecule to become bound to the surface, optionallythe solution is removed from the surface, labelled secondary antibody is introduced and the solution incubated.

The solution is separated from the solid surface which is then washed and the bound label determined. In an alternative method the solution to be determined and the secondary antibody are added at essentially the same time. In yet another method the labelled secondary antibody is present before the introduction ofthe solution to be determined.

In analogous manner labelled primary antibody may be employed.

Complexes of a small molecule and a primary antibody (generally a monoclonal antibody) may be rendered more immunogenic if the primary antibody is first conjugated with an antigenic material such as alkaline phosphatase. Thus in a preferred form the complex used to raise the secondary polyclonal antibody is a complex including a primary antibody conjugated with an antigenic material such as alkaline phosphatase. (Antibody against the antigenic material may be later removed using an immunoabsorbent).

The following Examples illustrate the invention: Example 1 Development of secondary antibodies against testosterone - primary antibody testosterone complex Rabbit anti-testosterone antiserum is made by immunising rabbits with Testosterone 3-CMO-BSA. The IgG fraction is made and purified by conventional methodology (fraction-A). A solution of 40mg ofthis in 1 ml isotonic phosphate buffered saline at pH7.4 is mixed with 100 ug oftestosterone (Sigma -T1500 together with surfactant). It is gently mixed at room temperatureforone hour and left overnight at 4 C.

The mixture is then used to immunisetwo rabbits after which antiserum is collected and IgG fractions isolated (fraction-B). An immunoabsorbent column is then made to remove from the fraction-B any IgG antibody which might be reactive with only the prim aryantibodyascollows: 20g ofcyanogen brimide activated Sepharaose4B (Sigma - C9142 is swollen in 150ml of borate saline buffer pH 8.4, ionic strength 0.1 and 200mg IgG fraction-A (above) in 50ml borate sale buffer added and mixed forfour hours at room tem perature.The unbound IgG is washed away with phosphate buffered saline and the sepharose immunoabsorbent poured into a glass containerto form an immunoabsorbentcolumn. Through this is passed 1 Omg of fraction-B in 1 oil phosphate buffered saline over one hourat4 C. The purified material in the eluant is collected.

Determination oftestosterone using secondary anti- body Five mg of immunoabsorbed fraction-B is conju gatedto calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Sigma P9517)with glutaraldehydebythemethoddescribed by Engvall and P. Perlmann (1971) in Immunochemistry,8,871.

The wells of a (N unc) microtitre plate are layered with fraction-A by putting in each well 2001 of a 1 ng to 100ng per ml offraction-A in a 20mM carbonate bicarbonate buffer at pH 9.6 and leaving it at for one hourfollowed by removal ofthesolution, replacement with a 0.2% lactalbumin (Sigma 1 L 5385) solution and leaving overnight at40C. The lactalbu- min is then discarded and the wells washed four times with Tris-buffered saline containing 0.02% Tween 20.100 l of solutions containing 1 Ong,1 ng, 0.1ng, 10pg, 1pg, 0.1 pg, 10fg and 0 oftestosteroneare added into six rows ofduplicatewellsfollowed by 100l ofthefollowing dilutionsofalkalinephosphatase conjugated fraction-B to each duplicate row: 100ng/ml; 10ng/ml; 1ng/ml; 0.1ng/ml; 1pg/ml.The mixtures are incubated overnight at room temperature, after which the solutions are discarded and the wells washed fourtimes with Tris-buffered saline pH 7.4. The remaining alkaline phosphatase is assayed by adding 200ssLl of diethanolamine buffer at pH 10.3 containing 1 OmM p-nitro- phenyl phosphate and 3.3mM MgC12to each well and measuring the absorbance change at405nm.

The method is shown to detect the presence of testosterone and a suitable concentration of conjugate is chosen to provide good sensitivity with low background interference forfurther use.

Example2 Development of secondary antibodies againsthydrocortisone primary anfibody hydrocortisone complex Rabbit anti-hydrocortisone antiserum is made by immunising rabbits with Cortisol-21 -HS Thyroglobulin. The IgG fraction is made and purified by conventional methodology (fraction-A). A solution of 50mg ofthis in 1 ml phosphate buffered saline at pH 7.4 is mixed with 1 00g of hydrocortisone (Sigma - H 4001). This is gently mixed at room temperaturefor one hour and left overnig ht at 4"C. The mixture is then used to immunise two rabbits after which the lgG fraction is isolated from their antiserum (fraction-B).

An immunoabsorbentcolumn is then madeto remove from the fraction-B any lg G antibody which might be reactive with only the primary antibody as follows: 20g of cyanogen bromide activated Sepharose4B (Sigma - C9142) is swollen in 1 50ml of borate saline buffer and 200mg of IgG fraction-A (above) in 50ml borate saline buffer added amd mixed forfour hours at room temperature. The unbound IgG is washed away with phosphate buffered saline and the sepharose immonoabsorbent poured into a glass containertoform an immunoabsorbentcolumn.

Through this is passed 1 Omg of fraction-B in 1 Oml phosphate buffered saline over one hour at 4"C. The purified material in the eluant is collected.

Precipitation test for secondary antibody In a small rimless (Durham) test tu be is placed 0.2ml of a phosphate buffered saline containing 2mg fraction-A mixed with 40ng hydrocortisone and 5% sucrose. On top ofthis is carefully layered 0.2ml of a phosphate buffered saline containing 2mg of immunoabsorbed fraction-B. Precipitation shows the presence of secondary antibodies and may itself be used to demonstrate the presence of the hydrocortisone. This is shown by the absence of precipitation in a control carried out in the absence of the small molecule.

Determination ofhydrocortisone using secondary antibody Five mg of immunoabsorbed fraction-B is conjugated to calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Sigma P 9517)with glutaraldehyde by the method described by E. Engvall and P. Perlmann (1971) in Immunochemistry,8,871.

The wells of a (Nunc) microtitre plate are layered with fraction-A by putting in each well 200 of a 1 ng to 100ng per ml solution offraction-Ain 20mM carbonate bicarbonate buffer at pH 9.6 and leaving it at 37"Cfor one hourfollowed by removal of the solution, replacement with a 0.2% lactalbumin solution and leaving overnight at4C. The lactalbumin is then discarded and the wells washed fourtimes with Trisbuffered saline containing 0.02% Tween 20.100WI of solutions containing lOng, 0.1 ng, 1 Opg, 1 pg, 0.1 pg, 10fg and 0 of hydrocortisone are added in to six rows ofduplicatewellsfollowed by 1 ofthefollowing dilutions of alkaline phosphatase conjugated frac tion-B to each duplicate row: 100ng/ml; 1 Ong/mI; 1 ng/ml; 0.1 ng/ml; 1 Opg/ml; 1 pg/ml. The mixtures are incubated overnight at room temperature, after which the solutions are discarded and the wells washed fourtimes with Tris-buffered saline pH 7.4.

The remaining alkaline phosphatase is assayed by conventional method. For example, addition of 10mM p-nitrophenyl phosphate in 2001 diethanolamine buffer at pH 10.3 containing 3.3mM MgC12 and measurement of the absorbance change at 405nm.

The method is shown to detect the presence of hydrocortisone and a suitable concentration of conjugate is chosen to provide good sensitivity with low background interference.

Example 3 Example 1 is repeated using a monoclonal antibody against testosterone.

Example4 Example 2 is repeated using a monoclonal antibody against hydrocortisone.

Example 5 Determination ofpropanolol Rabbit anti-propanolol antiserum is made and purified by conventional technology by immunising animals with a propranolol-bovine serum albumin conjugate made with N-(4-bromobutyl)phthalimate (Sigma Chemical Co. London Ltd. catalogue number B 3502) by conventional means. The IgG fraction of this is made and purified by conventional means (Fraction M). A solution of 50mg of this in 1 ml phosphate buffered saline at pH 7.4 is mixed with 1 OOIL9 of propanolol (Sigma cat no. P 0884). This is gently mixed at room temperature and left at 4"C overnight.

The mixture is then used to immunise a sheep after which the IgG fraction is isolated from its antiserum (Fraction N). An immunoabsorbentcolumn is then made to remove from Fraction N any antibody which might be reactive with only the primary antibody, as follows: 200mg of IgG fraction M is made into an immunoabsorbent using Sera-Lab Insolumer kits according to the manufacturer's instructions. 50mg of fraction N is exposed to this in 5ml of 50mM Tris buffer at pH 7.4 containing normal saline and gently mixedforone hour at room temperature. The super natantisthenobtained bycentrifugationandsubse- quentfiltration.Four mg ofthis material is then conjugated to calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (Sigma P9517)with glutaraldehyde by the method of Engvall and Perlmann.

Into each well of a Nunc microtitre plate is put 200ss11 of a 50ng/ml solution of fraction M in 40mM bicarbonate buffer at pH 916. The solutions are Ieftforfour hours at room temperature,then shaken out and replaced with 0.2% ovalbumin in the same bufferwhich is left overnight at 4"C. This is then shaken out and the wells washed fourtimes with Tris buffered saline containing 0.2% Tween 20. wl of so l ution s co n- taining a range of concentration ofpropanololfrom 0.lmg/mlto0arethen putintoseparatewellsfollowed by 100AI of a dilution ofthealkalinephospha- tase conjugate in Tris buffered saline found by similar experimentation to be suitable. The mixtures are incubated overnight at room temperature, the solutions discarded and the wells washed fourtimes with Tris buffered saline. The alkaline phosphatase remaining associated with the wells is then assayed by the addition of 200AI of a solution of 50mM bicarbonate buffer pH 10.3 containing 3.3mM MgC12to each well followed bymeasurementoftheabsorbance change at405nm at room temperature. Astandard curve of absorbance change against concentration of propanolol is drawn and may be used to determine the concentration of propanolol in unknown samples.

Example 6 Determination ofmethotrexate 5mg of purified dihydrofolate reductase is mixed with 1 00g of methotrexate in 5ml of phosphate buffered normal saline (PBS) and left stirred at room temperature for one hour. It is then emulsified with an equal volume of complete Freundsadjuvantand used to immunise a sheep by intramuscular injection. Two weeks later similar injections are given butthis time using incomplete Freunds adjuvant. Two weeks later a final booster injection is given without added ad juvant. Three weeks later antiserum is obtained from the sheep. This is absorbed free of antibody against DHFR alone as follows.An immunoabsorbant is made with 20mg of DHFR using the 'Insolumer' preparation of Sera-Lab Ltd byfollowingtheirinstructions. 0.25ml of the antiserum is diluted to 5ml in PBS and mixed gently with the washed immunoabsorbent for one hour at room temperature. The supernatant is then obtained by centrifugation and filtration through a 0.45 filter.

Microtitre plates from Nunc are taken and into each well is placed 200W1 if a 10 g/ml solution of DHFR in 50mM bicarbonate buffer pH 9.6. The plates are left forfour hours at room temperature and then the solutions are shaken out and replaced with 250l a 0.2% solution of albumin in the same bicarbonate buffer. This is again left for four hours at room temperature, shaken out and the plates washed four times with a solution of 50mM Tris pH 7.4 plus 0.02% Tween 20 (TBT). Standard solutions of methotrexate from 100 g/ml down to0 are made in 50mM Tris pH 7.4 (TB) and 100 l of each put into separate wells.To these are then added 100WI ofa 1:200 dilution in TB of the supernatant solution obtained after immunoabsorption. The plates are incubated at room tempera tureforfour hours, the solutions shaken out and the plate washed fourtimeswith TBT. Anti-sheep IgG antibody conjugated by conventional means employing glutaraldehydeto alkaline phosphataseto be used with enzyme labelled irnmunoassaysystemsat 1:1000 dilution was obtained from Guildhay Ltd. It is diluted 1 :1000 with TB containing normal saline (TBS) and 200ssXI of the diluted conjugate put into each microtitre well and incubated for a furtherfour hours at room temperature.The solutions are then shaken out and the wells washed fourtimes with TBT. 200I of a 1 OmM solution of para-nitrophenyl phosphate in 50mM bicarbonate buffer pH 10.3 and containing 3.3mM MgC12 is then added to each well and the plate incubated at room temperature. The change in optical density of the contents ofthe wells at 405nm is recorded. This is related to the concentration of methotrexate in the particularwellsthere being an increase in the rate of change of optical density with increasing methotrexate concentration over a range of concentration of methotrexate. A standard curve may then be drawn to determine the concentration of methotrexate in unknown samples within this concentration range.

Example 7 Determination ofmethotrexate This is carried out as in Example6, however, the antiserum is fractionated before immunoabsorption to yield an IgG fraction and afterthe immunoabsorption this is then conjugated by conventional means withglutaraldehydetoform aconjugatewith alkaline phosphatase. The degree of dilution required for this conjugate in the assay is determined by trial using a microtitre plate coated with DHFR as above, adding a range of concentrations of methotrexate and the conjugate and conducting an assay as described above.

With the optimal dilution ofthe conjugate determined a standard curve for methotrexate is constructed by taking a DHFR coated plate, adding 1 00I of a range of dilutions of methotrexate as above and 100so1 of the diluted conjugate, incubating forfour hours at room temperature and then shaking the solutions out of the wells. The wells are then washed fourtimes with TBT and the remaining phosphatase assayed as above to give rise to a standard curve of methotrexate concentration against optical density change.

Example 8 Determination offolate This is conducted as Example 6 but this time using purified folate binding protein (FBP) obtained from milks the binding protein (instead of DHFR) with its small moleculefolate. In an analogous fashion a com plex of FBP and folate is used to immunise a sheep, the antiserum absorbed free of antibody against FBP aloneandthen usedtoconstructastandardcurvefor folate in an analogous mannerto that for methotrexate in Example 2.

Claims (10)

1. A polyclonal antibody characterised in that said polyclonal antibody is a secondary antibody against a complex of a non-immunogenic molecule and a binding protein against said non-immunogenic molecule, said secondary antibody being free from antibodies againstthe non-immunogenic molecule and its binding protein.

2. A polyclonal antibody as claimed in claim 1 characterised in that said polyclonal antibody is a secondary antibody against a complex of a nonimmunogenic molecule and a primary antibody againstsaid non-immunogenic small molecule, said secondary antibody being free from antibodies against the non-immunogenic molecule and its primary antibody.

3. A polyclonal antibody as claimed in either of claims 1 or2 wherein the non-immunogenic molecule has a molecularweightof300to 600.

4. A polyclonal antibody as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3 which is labelled whereby it is detectable.

5. A polyclonal antibody as claimed in claim 4 wherein the label is either (a) an enzymatic label or (b) an luminescentmoiety.

6. A polyclonal antibody as claimed in claim 4 wherein the label is alkaline phosphatase.

7. Amethod of determining a memberofa nonimmunogenic molecule primary antibody pairwhich method comprises contacting a suspected source of a member ofthe pair with the other member of the pair and with a secondary polyclonal antibody to the com plex of the pairwhich is not an antibody to the non- immunogenic molecule or its primary antibody and measuring the association between the complex and the secondary polyclonal antibody.

8. A method as claimed in claim 7 for the determination of a non-immunogenic molecule wherein the secondary polyclonal antibody is labelled.

9. A process for preparing a secondary polyclonal antibody ofthis invention which method comprises immunising an animal with a complex of a nonimmunogenic molecule and its primary antibody to yield an antiserum containing said secondary polyclonal antibody, obtaining the desired secondary polyclonal antibody from said antiserum and obtaining said polyclonal antibody free from antibodies againstthe non-immunogenic molecule and its primary antibody; and thereafter if desired labelling said polyclonal antibodywith a label which renders itde- tectable.

10. A diagnostic kit which incorporates a polyclonal antibody as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6.