GB2175723A - Processing and recording arabic script - Google Patents
Processing and recording arabic script Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2175723A GB2175723A GB08612265A GB8612265A GB2175723A GB 2175723 A GB2175723 A GB 2175723A GB 08612265 A GB08612265 A GB 08612265A GB 8612265 A GB8612265 A GB 8612265A GB 2175723 A GB2175723 A GB 2175723A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- character
- shape
- keyed
- processor
- keyboard
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/018—Input/output arrangements for oriental characters
Abstract
A keyboard operated apparatus for recording or reproducing arabic script, comprises a keyboard 1 having a plurality of keys, each associated with a basic or stand alone arabic character and a processor or controller 2 for determining the class and appropriate shapes of the characters keyed-in from the keyboard. Each character is recorded in its appropriate form as it is keyed in from the keyboard, the appropriate shape of each recorded character being determined by the processor by examining the class of the preceding character, the shape of the last character in a word which is of a class which can be attached to the following character, being changed into its appropriate shape on keying in a space code or a control code from the keyboard. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Processing and recording arabic script
The invention relates to a method and apparatus for recording or reproducing arabic script.
U.K. Patent Specification No. 1461413 discloses a keyboard operated apparatus for printing or recording arabic script. The apparatus includes a keyboard having a plurality of keys, each marked with a basic character and a controller for selecting the appropriate shapes or forms of the keyed-in characters.
Each keyed in character is stored in the controller and is recorded or printed in its appropriate shape or form when the next character or space is keyed into the controller.
According to the invention there is provided a keyboard operated apparatus for recording or reproducing arabis script, comprising a keyboard having a plurality of keys, each associated with a basic or stand alone arabic character and a processor or controller for determining the appropriate shape of each character keyed-in from the keyboard, wherein each character is recorded in its appropriate shape as it is keyed-in from the keyboard.
Further according to the invention there is provided a method of recording or reproducing arabic script comprising determining the appropriate shape of each character keyed-in from a keyboard having a plurality of keys each associated with a basic or stand alone arabic character and recording each character in its appropriate shape as it is keyed in from the keyboard.
Further in an apparatus embodying this invention, a control code is keyed into the processor after keying in a character preceding the last character and thereafter the last character is keyed into the processor, the last character being recorded in its appropriate shape as determined by the processor.
The appropriate shape of each character keyed-in from the keyboard is determined by the processor by examining the class of the keyed-in character and the class of the preceding character and the shape of the last character in a word which is of a class which can be attached to the following character is changed into its appropriate shape on keyingin the control code from the keyboard after keying-in a character preceding the last character and before keying-in the last character.
When the control code is not entered from the keyboard and the last character in a word is not recorded in its appropriate shape, the processor on entering a space code from the keyboard recognises that the shape of the last character is not recorded in its appropriate shape and provides a code for the appropriate shape of the last character and thereafter the recorded shape of the last character is changed into its appropriate shape. Accordingly the shape of the last character in a word, which is of a class which can be attached to the following character, can be changed into its appropriate shape on keyingin a control code or a space code from the keyboard.Reference in the specification to changing of the shape of the last character means changing the shape determined or to be determined according to the normal operation of the processor in the manner as described herein into an appropriate shape required at the end of a word.
The invention will now be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing which illustrates in a block form a keyboard operated apparatus for recording arabic script according to the invention.
In the drawing, a keyboard 1 has a plurality of keys (not shown), each marked with a basic or stand alone character and a space bar.
Each character key provides, when pressed by an operator, a code corresponding to the character marked on the pressed key to a processor controller 2. The processor 2 determines whether the keyed-in character is of a class which is attachable to the following character or a class which is not attachable to the following character.
Each keyed-in character is processed by the processor to provide a code representing the appropriate shape or form in which it is required to be recorded. The appropriate shape of the keyed-in character is dependent upon the class of the character preceding the keyed-in character.
It is assumed that a first character of the text to be printed, is keyed-in by the operator.
In this case there is no preceding character or character class stored in the processor and the processor recognises that a code representing a space is stored therein. A space code may be treated as a character code by the processor when determining the shape of characters.
The processor determines the class of the first keyed in character. When the first keyedin character is of a class which is attachable to the following character, the processor provides a code representing the initial form of the first keyed in character. The processor, on the other hand, provides a code representing detached or stand alone form of the first keyed in character when the first keyed in character is of a class which is not attachable to the following character. The first keyed in character is thereafter recorded by the apparatus in its appropriate form determined by the processor. The processor retains codes representing the first keyed-in character, its coded shape or form and its class.
When the second character is keyed-in by the operator, the processor 2 determines the shape of the second keyed in character, in which it is required to be recorded. The determination of the shape of the second keyed-in character by the processor is dependent upon the class of the first recorded character which is stored in the processor. When the second character is of a class which is attachable to the following character and the first recorded charcter is of the same class, the processor provides a code representing the medial shape of the second keyed-in character and thereafter the second character is recorded in its medial form.
When the second character is of a class which is attachable to the following character and the first character is of a class which is not attachable to the following character, the processor provides a code representing the initial shape of the second character and the character is thereafter recorded in its initial shape. When the second character is of a class which is not attachable to the following character and the first character is of the same class, the processor provides a code representing the detached form of the second character and the second character is therafter recorded in it detached form.
When the second character is of a class which is not attachable to the following character and the first character is of a class which is attachable to the following character, the processor provides a code representing the final form (connectable to the character to the right only) of the second character and the second character is thereafter recorded in its final form.
After the second character is recorded in its appropriate form and a third character is keyed-in, a code representing the shape of the first recorded character is stored in a memory, similarly a code representing the shape of each character following the first character is stored in said memory. The third and each following character in a word is processed by the processor in the same manner as the second character and thereafter is recorded in its appropriate form until the last character is keyed in, processed and recorded.
After the last character of a word is recorded, the space bar is operated. In he case where the last charcter is of a class which is not attachable to the following character, the processor does not take any action to change the last character shape, a space is initiated and the apparatus is ready for keying in the first character of the next word. In the case where the last character is of a class which is attachable to the following character, the apparatus is backspaced and the last chracter shape is removed from the recording medium, the processor determines the appropriate shape of the last keyed-in character, and provides a code representing the determined appropriate shape of the character. The appropriate shape of the last character as determined by the processor is recorded and a space is initiated.
In the case where the last character was recorded in initial form, the processor provides a code representing the detached form of the last character and the last character is changed into its detached form and in the case where the last character was recorded in the medial form, the processor provides a code representing the final form of the last character and the last character is changed into its final form.
After the last character is recorded in its appropriate form, the apparatus is ready for recording the first character of the next word.
The above operation of the apparatus is applicable to a word having any number of characters.
In a text in which diacritical marks or vowel signs are used, each diacritical mark or vowel sign is recorded after the recording of its associated character. The diacritical mark is keyed-in after keying its associated character.
The processor recognises the code for the diacritical mark and sends the code for recording the diacritical mark. The logical operation described herein for determining the appropriate shapes of the keyed-in characters is not affected by the codes representing diacritical marks. When the diacritical mark is recorded after the last character and the shape of the last character is changed thereafter into its appropriate form as described herein, the diacritical mark associated with the last character is not removed from the recording medium.
The diacritical mark together with the last character, when the shape of the last character is required to be changed, may be removed from the recording medium and recorded again after the appropriate shape of the last character is recorded.
The code of each diacritical mark keyed in by the operator is stored in the above mentioned memory after the code of its associated character shape.
In addition to the basic character or stand alone character keys, a key marked with a compound character Lam-Alef is provided in the keyboard. The Lam-Alef compound character is recorded as a stand alone character, when the operator presses this key and there was no proceeding character which is connectable to the Lam.
In arabic languages some characters are printed in special forms or shapes when one of such characters is followed by its associated character, for example when Lam appears in its medial form and is followed by Alef in a word. The processor compares each keyed-in character with the preceding stored character and when a special shape of the keyed-in character is desired to be recorded, the processor provides a code representing an appropriate shape of the character in the form of a special shape and the special shape of the keyed-in character is recorded. The processor recognises Lam when it is keyed therein from the keyboard. When Lam appears in its medial form and is followed by Alef in a word, a key marked with Lam is pressed and Lam is recorded in medial form and on keying in Alef thereafter, the processor provides a code for a special shape of Alef to be recorded after
Lam.
The apparatus is further provided with a plurality of control keys for recording special shapes or forms of some characters. Some words in arabis languages, for example Kaba,
Kalma, Shanba are recorded with a short ending at the end of the word. A control key is provided for recording the short endings of such words. For example for recording the short ending of the word Kalma, after keying in Lam, a control code is keyed-in to the processor and thereafter Meem is keyed-in. The processor provides a special code representing Meem with a short ending and Meem with a short ending at the end of the word is recorded. A space may be initiated by the processor, without keying in a space code from the keyboard after recording Meem with a short ending or a space may be initiated on keying in a space code from the keyboard after recording Meem with a short ending.A second control key is provided for recording special shapes of composite characters for example Bhe, Phe, Khe of Urdu language. For recording Bhe, the second control key is operated and a control code is keyed-in to the processor and thereafter Be is keyed-in. The processor provides a special code representing Bhe and Bhe is recorded.
The memory mentioned above stores the appropriate shapes of the recorded characters and associated diacritical marks. Therefore no further processing or shape selection is required when the stored text from the memory is rcorded nor is the last shape of the character required to be changed.
Alternatively codes of basic characters and diacritical marks keyed in from the keyboard are stored in the memory. When the stored text is required to be recorded, it is passed through the processor or shape selection means to determine the appropriate shapes in which the characters of the stored text are required to be recorded.
The keyboard operated apparatus according to the invention may be embodied in a Thermatronic printer for example IBM (RTM) Thermatronic Typewriter Model 6750 which may be modified to print arabic script. In the Thermatronic printer when the last character in a word is required to be changed, the printer is back spaced on operating a space bar, the recorded shape of the last character in a word is lifted off the printing medium, and thereafter the appropriate shape of the last character, determined by the procesor, is printed.
In an apparatus embodying the invention, the shape of the last character in a word, which is of a class which can be attached to the following character in a word is changed by the processor to its appropriate form on keying in a control code from the keyboard. A control key is provided in the keyboard to change the shape of the last character. The control code is keyed-in to the processor after keying in a character preceding the last character which last character is of a class which can be attached to the following character and thereafter the last character is keyed-in. The processor recognises that the last character is of a class which can be attached to the following character and that is it is required to be recorded in its final or detached form.The processor provides a code representing a detached form of the last character when the character preceding the last character is of a class which cannot be attached to the following character or a code representing a final form of the last character when the character preceding the last character is of a class which can be attached to the following character. The last character is thereafter recorded in its appropriate form as determined by the prcessor. A space may be initiated by the processor without keying in a space code from the keyboard after recording the last character in its appropriate form or a space may be initiated on keying in a space code from the keyboard after keying in the last character. In case the last character is of a class which cannot be attached to the following character, the control code is not keyed-in before the last character.The processor processes the last character in the same manner as the character preceding the last character and provides a code representing an appropriate form of the last character. The last character is recorded in its appropriate form and thereafter a space is initiated on keying in a space code from the keyboard. Alternatively, in order to provide a uniform keying in operation for all words in the text, the control code may be keyed in also before the last character which is of a class which cannot be attached to the following character. The processor processes the last character in the same manner as described above when no control code was keyed-in before the last character and provides a code representing the appropriate shape of the last character.In this case also a space may be initiated by the processor without keying in a space code from the keyboard after recording the last character in its appropriate form or a space may be initiated on keying in a space code after keying in the last character. Accordingly in this embodiment a space may be initiated at the end of each word in the text, irrespective of the class of the last character in a word, in response to the control code keyedin before the last character of each word in the text. Here the control code acts in the same manner as a space code entered after the last character of a word. In this embodiment each character is recorded in its appro priate form as it is keyed-in from the keyboard.When the control code is entered before the last character and a space is initiated in response thereto, a diacritical mark or vowel sign associated with the last character is entered from the keyboard after keying in the control code and before keying in the last character. The processor is arranged to record the diacritical mark after recording the last character. The special shapes or forms of same characters may be recorded in the same manner as hereinbefore described.
The present invention may be embodied in an arabic display writer or arabic word processing system wherein the basic or stand alone characters of an arabic script are keyed in from the keyboard, the processor determines the appropriate shapes of the keyed in character, and the appropriate shapes are recorded or displayed on a display unit, the codes representing the appropriate shapes of the keyed in character being also stored in the memory as described above. The arabic text stored in the memory may be displayed, updated or printed in a manner well known in the art.
References in this specification to recording of a character are intended to signify the writing of a character on a VDU or printing of the character on printing medium for display to the operator of the apparatus.
Claims (13)
1. A keyboard operated apparatus for recording or reproducing arabic script, comprising a keyboard having a plurality of keys, each associated with a basic or stand alone arabic character and a processor or controller for determining the appropriate shapes of the characters keyed-in from the keyboard, wherein each character is recorded in its appropriate form as it is keyed-in form the keyboard.
2. Apparatus according to Claim 1, wherein a control code is keyed-in to the processor after keying in a character preceding the last character and thereafter the last character is keyed-in to the processor, the last character being recorded in its appropriate shape as determined by the processor.
3. Apparatus according to Claim 1, wherein the appropriate shape of each character keyed-in from the keyboard is determined by the processor by examining the class of the keyed-in character and the class of the preceding character, and the shape of the last character in a word which is of a class which can be attached to the following character is changed into its appropriate shape on keyingin a control code from the keyboard after keying in a character preceding the last character and before keying-in the last character.
4. Apparatus according to Claims 2 or 3, wherein when the control code is not entered from the keyboard and the last character in a word is not recorded in its appropriate shape, the recorded shape of the last character in a word is changed into its appropriate shape on keying-in a space code from the keyboard.
5. Apparatus according to Claim 4, wherein the shape of the last character is changed by completely removing the recorded shape from the recording medium and thereafter replacing it by recording the appropriate shape of the last character as determined by the processor.
6. Apparatus according to Claim 5, wherein said apparatus is a printer and the shape of the last character is changed by lifting off the printed shape from the printing medium and thereafter printing the appropriate shape of the last character as determined by the processor.
7. Apparatus according to anyo#ne of
Claims 2 to 6, wherein a space at the end of a word is initiated in response to the control code keyed-in before the last character in a word.
8. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, including a control key for keying in a special control code to the processor, the processor being arranged to provide, in response to the special control code, a code representing a special shape of the character keyed-in from the keyboard.
9. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the processor is arranged to compare each keyed in character with the preceding character and when a special shape of the keyed-in character is desired to be recorded, the processor provides a code representing the special shape and the special shape is recorded.
10. Apparatus according to Claim 9, wherein when Lam appears in its medial form and is followed by Alef in arabic text, Lam is recorded, in medial form on pressing a key marked with Lam and on keying in Alef thereafter the processor provides a code for special shape of Alef to be recorded after Lam.
11. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, including a memory for storing the appropriate shapes of the recorded characters of an arabic text such that the stored text may be reproduced from the memory without changing the shape of the last character.
12. A method of recording or reproducing arabic script comprising determining the appropriate shape of each character keyed-in from a keyboard having a plurlaity of keys each associated with a basic or stand alone arabic character and recording each character in its appropriate shape as it is keyed-in from the keyboard.
13. An apparatus for recording or reproducing arabic script substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB858513456A GB8513456D0 (en) | 1985-05-29 | 1985-05-29 | Processing & recording arabic script |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8612265D0 GB8612265D0 (en) | 1986-06-25 |
| GB2175723A true GB2175723A (en) | 1986-12-03 |
| GB2175723B GB2175723B (en) | 1988-09-14 |
Family
ID=10579795
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB858513456A Pending GB8513456D0 (en) | 1985-05-29 | 1985-05-29 | Processing & recording arabic script |
| GB08612265A Expired GB2175723B (en) | 1985-05-29 | 1986-05-20 | Processing and recording arabic script |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB858513456A Pending GB8513456D0 (en) | 1985-05-29 | 1985-05-29 | Processing & recording arabic script |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (2) | GB8513456D0 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2184876A (en) * | 1985-06-25 | 1987-07-01 | John Robert Alfred Jones | Character joining - electronic - arabic script |
| GB2208556B (en) * | 1987-08-12 | 1991-10-16 | Linotype Limited | Improvements relating to printing |
| US6799914B2 (en) * | 2001-06-27 | 2004-10-05 | Timespace System Co., Ltd. | Arabic-persian alphabeth input apparatus |
| WO2008098317A1 (en) * | 2007-02-16 | 2008-08-21 | Mchichi El Khatir | Keyboard for arabic letters |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2016187A (en) * | 1978-03-13 | 1979-09-19 | Middle East Software Corp | Display and editing of arabic script |
| GB2140946A (en) * | 1983-05-17 | 1984-12-05 | Ibm | Displaying and/or printing arabic script |
-
1985
- 1985-05-29 GB GB858513456A patent/GB8513456D0/en active Pending
-
1986
- 1986-05-20 GB GB08612265A patent/GB2175723B/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2016187A (en) * | 1978-03-13 | 1979-09-19 | Middle East Software Corp | Display and editing of arabic script |
| GB2140946A (en) * | 1983-05-17 | 1984-12-05 | Ibm | Displaying and/or printing arabic script |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2184876A (en) * | 1985-06-25 | 1987-07-01 | John Robert Alfred Jones | Character joining - electronic - arabic script |
| GB2208556B (en) * | 1987-08-12 | 1991-10-16 | Linotype Limited | Improvements relating to printing |
| US6799914B2 (en) * | 2001-06-27 | 2004-10-05 | Timespace System Co., Ltd. | Arabic-persian alphabeth input apparatus |
| WO2008098317A1 (en) * | 2007-02-16 | 2008-08-21 | Mchichi El Khatir | Keyboard for arabic letters |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8513456D0 (en) | 1985-07-03 |
| GB8612265D0 (en) | 1986-06-25 |
| GB2175723B (en) | 1988-09-14 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP0089468B1 (en) | Abbreviated typing with special form display | |
| CA2164537C (en) | Character information processor for printing characters | |
| EP0028533B1 (en) | Method and apparatus for producing ideographic text | |
| US5127748A (en) | Documentation system having multilingual function | |
| US3927752A (en) | Keyboard and encoding system for photocomposition of scientific text including multiline mathematical equations | |
| KR960700903A (en) | Tape printer | |
| US4994968A (en) | Word processing device | |
| GB2175723A (en) | Processing and recording arabic script | |
| US5383730A (en) | Document processing apparatus that magnifies only black portions of characters | |
| US4907900A (en) | Auto-realigned print correction | |
| GB2216758A (en) | Character display device with reversing and underlining effects | |
| JPH0448397B2 (en) | ||
| EP0031446B1 (en) | Multi-character display controller for text recorder | |
| JPS61122774A (en) | Japanese input/output device | |
| JPH01308674A (en) | Electronic typewriter | |
| JPS61128315A (en) | Electronic typewriter | |
| KR940005148B1 (en) | Typing method in typewriter | |
| JPS6354549B2 (en) | ||
| KR890007899A (en) | How to configure Hanja font in the device using dot matrix printing method | |
| JPH0727527B2 (en) | Word processor | |
| JPH0649382B2 (en) | Information processing method | |
| JPH0245215B2 (en) | ||
| Bates | Arabic Diacritics without Special Software | |
| JPS58137084A (en) | Character processor | |
| JPH0554180A (en) | Slop format defining system for optical character reader |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 746 | Register noted 'licences of right' (sect. 46/1977) | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20000520 |