GB2168807A - Optical fibres and methods of manufacture thereof - Google Patents

Optical fibres and methods of manufacture thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2168807A
GB2168807A GB08531511A GB8531511A GB2168807A GB 2168807 A GB2168807 A GB 2168807A GB 08531511 A GB08531511 A GB 08531511A GB 8531511 A GB8531511 A GB 8531511A GB 2168807 A GB2168807 A GB 2168807A
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United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
fibre
magnetic field
sensing
preform
core
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GB08531511A
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GB2168807B (en
GB8531511D0 (en
Inventor
Robin David Birch
David Neil Payne
Malcolm Paul Varnham
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/02—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor
    • C03B37/025—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor from reheated softened tubes, rods, fibres or filaments, e.g. drawing fibres from preforms
    • C03B37/027—Fibres composed of different sorts of glass, e.g. glass optical fibres
    • C03B37/02745—Fibres having rotational spin around the central longitudinal axis, e.g. alternating +/- spin to reduce polarisation mode dispersion
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
    • C03B37/02—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor
    • C03B37/025—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments by drawing or extruding, e.g. direct drawing of molten glass from nozzles; Cooling fins therefor from reheated softened tubes, rods, fibres or filaments, e.g. drawing fibres from preforms
    • C03B37/027—Fibres composed of different sorts of glass, e.g. glass optical fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
    • G01R33/032—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using magneto-optic devices, e.g. Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect
    • G01R33/0322—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using magneto-optic devices, e.g. Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect using the Faraday or Voigt effect
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
    • C03B2203/10—Internal structure or shape details
    • C03B2203/14—Non-solid, i.e. hollow products, e.g. hollow clad or with core-clad interface
    • C03B2203/16—Hollow core
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
    • C03B2203/10—Internal structure or shape details
    • C03B2203/18—Axial perturbations, e.g. in refractive index or composition
    • C03B2203/20—Axial perturbations, e.g. in refractive index or composition helical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
    • C03B2203/32—Eccentric core or cladding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B2205/00—Fibre drawing or extruding details
    • C03B2205/06—Rotating the fibre fibre about its longitudinal axis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/0208—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response
    • G02B6/02085—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the grating profile, e.g. chirped, apodised, tilted, helical
    • G02B2006/0209—Helical, chiral gratings

Description

GB 2 168 807 A 1
SPECIFICATION
Optical fibres and methods of manufacture thereof This invention relates to optical fibres and, in particular, to methods of manufacture of optical fibres exhibiting high circular birefringence. It also includes the use of such fibres in measuring devices and finds especial application in apparatus for 10 measuring electric current.
Electric-current monitors are widely employed in the electricity generating industries to determine the effects of loads on the grid. Conventionally, these measurements are made using large high voltage current transformers which require extensive insulation and are therefore expensive and bulky. Moreover, the bandwidth of the measurement system is low, making the monitoring of fast transients (e.g. lightning strikes) difficult. There is therefore a requirement for a cheaper and simpler alternative. Such an alternative is provided by an optical-fibre current monitor which requires little or no insulation because the optical fibre is a dielectric and therefore does not conduct electricity. The sensor arm is a fibre, which being light and flexible, is simple and convenient to employ. Such a monitor has a large bandwidth which facilitates the monitoring of very fast transients on the grid.
The optical-fibre current monitor is based on the Faraday effect - the rotation of linearly-polarised light which occurs in various materials when a magnetic field is aligned with the direction of light propagation. Such a magnetic field exists around a wire carrying electric current. This magnetic field is
35 circular and directional and by Amperes Law, the line integral of the field gives the current flowing. In a simple current monitor, a single mode optical fibre is wound once around the wire. Polarised light is launched into the fibre. When the electric
40 current is turned on, its associated magnetic field interacts with the light propagating through the fibre via the Faraday effect and results in a rotation of the polarisation of the light output from the fibre. The light is still linearly polarised, but the po-
45 larisation is rotated by an amount proportional to the line integral of the electric current contained within the single loop of fibre. The amount of rotation depends only on the net electric current contained within the loop and is unaltered by the 50 shape of the loop and by the presence of magnetic fields associated with electric currents carried by wires outside the loop, no matter how close they approach. Instruments of greater sensitivity are provided by winding the fibre a multiplicity of times around the wire. If, in addition the light is now reflected back down the fibre, using, for example, a mirror at the far end, the rotation is then doubled. This is often a convenient implementation, since the fibre can be wound or unwound from the conductor at will.
Unfortunately, however, practical single-mode optical fibres are linearly birefringent as a result of core ellipticity or asymetric stress. This means that the fibre supports two orthogonally polarised 65 modes whose propagation constant spacing is equal to the birefringence Lp. The state of polarisation of light evolves periodically along the fibre with a beat length Lp = 2,rr Lp. The consequence of this is that the linear birefringence quenches (or 70 at best distorts) the small Faraday rotation, thus making the optical- fibre current monitor inoperative. In effect, the maximum interaction length of the light with the magnetic field is limited to Lp/2, where Lp is typically 1-10 m; Since on high voltage
75 conductors it is necessary to use fibre loop diameters of around 1 metre, fibre linear birefringence severely limits the number of turns which can be used.
One solution to this problem is to increase Lp by 80 producing a low-birefringence fibre. This has been achieved by producing a very-nearly perfect circu lar fibre, or by twisting the fibre after it has been drawn, or by spinning the preform during the fibre drawing process to produce the spun fibre.
85 Both the twisted and the spun fibres can be vis ualised as many sections of linearly-birefringence fibres in which each section cancels out the birefr ingence of the previous section. Thus the total lin ear-birefringence averages out to almost zero and 90 this completely eliminates the problem of the intrinsic fibre birefringence. However, this approach is not a complete solution as there are other sources of birefringence extrinsic to the fibre, namely bends and transverse pressure. Thus when 95 the low-birefringence spun-fibre is packaged into a cable or coil, the birefringence reappears and dominates the current measurement.
We have found that by appropriate configuration and selection of fibres it is possible to overcome 100 these difficulties.
Accordingly, the present invention provides ap paratus sensitive to a magnetic field comprising a single-mode optical fibre the axis of which is dis posed in a helix.
105 The invention further provides a method of man ufacture of a highly circularly-birefringent optical fibre by spinning an optical fibre preform compris ing an offset core mounted on a supporting tube, during a fibre drawing process.
110 An embodiment of the invention will now be de scribed by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which, Figure 1 shows a fibre with a helical core.
Figure 2 shows a cross-section of a helical core 115 fibre.
Figure 3 shows alternative geometries of helical core fibres.
Figure 4 shows the mounting of an optical fibre preform inside a tube.
120 Figure 5 shows the drawing of a fibre using a ro tating chuck, and Figure 6 shows the winding of a fibre on a man drel.
Referring now to the drawings, a fibre with a 125 helical core is shown schematically in Figure 1. The helix has a pitch length P and a core offset Q. In a practical circularly- birefringent fibre, P may be in the range of 0.1 mm-10 mm and Q may be some value larger than about 10 jim. If the fibre is com- 130 pletely isotropic and no stresses, torsions or linear form birefringence exist, when linearly-polarised [ight is launched into the fibre it will be found that the polarisation of the output light is also linear. In the special case where the fibre contains an inte- 5 gral number of pitches, the direction of light propagation -at the output of the fibre is parallel to that at the input. However, it is found that the orientation of the output linearly-polarised light is rotated with respect to that at the input of the fibre. The 10 effect arises purely from geometrical considerations and occurs because, in general, linearly-polarised light cannot follow a non-planar curve (such as.found in a helix) without rotating, i.e. the light remains linearly polarised but the direction of the 15 polarisation rotates. Since a rotation of linearly-polarised light can be equated to circular birefringence, it follows that helical-core fibres are circularly birefringent.
We have made circularly-birefringent helical-core 20 fibres with sufficient birefringence to make them suitable for the current monitor. Figure 2 shows a cross-section of a fibre with sufficient birefringence to make it suitable for use as a current monitoring device. The fibre comprises a silica capillary, on the inside of which is attached a corelcladding waveguiding region. The cross-section of the preform from which the fibre was made also resembles Figure 2.
The helical-core fibre was made from a preform 30 by spinning the preform during the fibre-drawing process. A suitable spinning process is disclosed in UK Patent Application 2102726A.
A small diameter preform 1 (e.g. of 5 mm diameter) is produced by a conventional preform manu- facturing process, such as chemical vapour deposition. It is then placed inside a glass tube 2 of typically 25 mm bore and attached to the side (Figure 4). This structure comprises a new preform having an offset core. The preform 3 is held in a 40 rotating chuck 4, Figure 5, which is driven by a motor, and fed into a furnace 5 at a controlled rate. The fibre is pulled from the preform using conventional fibre-pulling techniques at a typical rate of 2m/min, with a preform rotation rate of typically 45 1,000 r.p.m. are used. Care is taken to keep the fibre hollow and to preserve the initial preform geometry. This can be achieved by pulling at a low temperature to reduce the risk of viscous flow. Figure 2 shows the cross-section of the resulting fibre.
50 It is hollow and consists of an almost circular glass wall on which lies the waveguiding region. The core offset is about 100 lim and the pitch of the resulting helix is about 2 mm. The pitch can be varied by changing the ratio of the preform spinning 55 rate to the fibre drawing speed. The fibre shown in - Figure 2 exhibited a complete rotation (i.e. 360') of the plane of polarisation in a 90 mm length. To achieve such an optical rotation using a twisted fibre would require about 152 twists/metre, a figure which exceeds the practical limit.
The preform could equally well have been solid andlor the core could have been located directly on or in the outside wall of the capillary. The fibre could, in addition, be coated in-line with any of the various coatings suitable for optical fibres.
GB 2 168 807 A The performance of the fibre of this embodiment can be improved by increasing the core offset to, say, 300 pm and using a 1-3 mm pitch. Under these conditions, it is estimated that the fibre will 70 then have higher circu lar-biref ring ence, corre- sponding to a complete optical rotation in a length of 1-30 mm. It has in fact proved possible to fabri cate a fibre with a rotation length as short as 15 mm. - 75 The performance of the fibre is limited by the smallest radius of curvature experienced by the core before it suffers significant bend loss. This problem can be alleviated by increasing the core/ cladding index difference of the initial conventional 80 preform.
In a further embodiment, a helical-core fibre is produced by winding on a mandrel.
Figure 6 shows a fibre 1 being wound on a central member 2. The central member is continuously 85 rotated and traversed along. While this is occurring the fibre is being fed on to the member, either from a feed spool or directly during the fibre drawing process. The result is a helical-core fibre 3'. It should be noted -here that the central member can 90 be solid, or hollow, or that the fibre feed spool could be rotated around the central member. The central member can also be removed from the fibre after the helix has been formed. The central structural member can also be made from a helix 95 in order to afford greater flexibility to the final ca ble.- It is well known that bending a fibre induces linear birefringence owing to bending. stresses. This would naturally defeat theobjective of making a 100 helical core fibre, namely to increase the circular birefringence, since as indicated previously, a large linear birefringence would be simultaneously produced. Bend-induced linear stress-birefringence is reduced by heating the fibre to anneal it during or 105 after it is wound on to the central member (Figure 6). It can also bereduced by using a fibre with -small outside diameter, since bending birefringence is proportional to the square of the fibre diameter.
110 Returning to the helical-core fibre made by the preform spinning process, various geometries are possible and some suitable cross-sections are shown in Figure 3. The fibre can be solid or hollow and it can have various geometrical shapes rang- 115 ing from round to rectangular. All these geometries have in common an offset 1 waveguiding region 2. In the hollow fibres this region can be located inside, within or outside the capillary wall. Indeed, it need not be physically attached to the 120 wall.
If the fibre is hollow and the waveguiding region is loosely attached to the inside of the capillary, then the fibre is likely to be buffered from linear birefringences resulting from-external pressure and 125 from stresses due to bending. Thus, in addition to the quenching of external ly-induced linear birefringences as a result of its high circular birefringence, the fibre is expected to be intrinsically less sensitive to packaging than if it were solid.
3 _ GB 2 168 807 A 3

Claims (9)

1. Apparatus for sensing a magnetic field comprising a single-mode mode optical fibre, the axis 5 of which is disposed in a helix.
2. Apparatus for sensing a magnetic field cornprising a single-mode optical fibre as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said fibre is disposed adjacent a surface of a cylindrical former.
3. Apparatus for sensing a magnetic field cornprising a single-mode optical fibre as claimed in Claim 2 wherein said former is a tube and the fibre is disposed adjacent the inner surface of said tube.
4. Apparatus for sensing a magnetic field corn- 15 prising a single-mode optical fibre as claimed in Claim 2 wherein said fibre is disposed adjacent an outer surface of said former.
5. Apparatus for sensing a magnetic field as claimed in Claim 3 wherein the offset of the core of 20 said single-mode fibre is in the range 200-300 lim and its pitch is in the range 2-3 mm.
6. A method of manufacture of apparatus sensitive to a magnetic field comprising placing a cylindrical preform within a glass tube, mounting the 25 preform in a rotating chuck, placing the tube within a furnace and putting a hollow fibre from the preform.
7. A method of manufacture of apparatus sensitive to a magnetic field comprising winding a sin- 30 gle-mode fibre on to the outer surface of substantially cylindrical former.
8. Apparatus for sensing a magnetic field substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
9. An electric current sensor incorporating a magnetic field sensor as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims 1 to 5 or Claim 8.
Printed in the UK for HMSO, D8818935, 5186, 7102. Published by The Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC2A lAY, from which copies may be obtained.
I
GB08531511A 1984-12-21 1985-12-20 Optical fibres and methods of manufacture thereof Expired GB2168807B (en)

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GB848432402A GB8432402D0 (en) 1984-12-21 1984-12-21 Optical fibres

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GB2168807A true GB2168807A (en) 1986-06-25
GB2168807B GB2168807B (en) 1988-10-19

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US (1) US4949038A (en)
EP (1) EP0205534B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS62501237A (en)
DE (1) DE3581806D1 (en)
GB (2) GB8432402D0 (en)
WO (1) WO1986003846A1 (en)

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GB2245704A (en) * 1990-07-03 1992-01-08 Gec Alsthom Limited And Kings Current sensor
GB2251940A (en) * 1991-01-16 1992-07-22 British Tech Group Methods and apparatus for measurements dependent on the faraday effect
WO2011058314A1 (en) * 2009-11-13 2011-05-19 Qinetiq Limited Optic fibres and fibre optic sensing

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US6650664B1 (en) 2001-01-19 2003-11-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Cladding-pumped fiber with helical rare-earth-doped core for fiber lasers and amplifiers
KR20030085553A (en) * 2001-03-16 2003-11-05 스미토모덴키고교가부시키가이샤 Optical fiber and method of manufacturing the optical fiber
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JP5275885B2 (en) * 2009-04-13 2013-08-28 ミネベア株式会社 Bobbin for optical fiber coil
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US9322989B2 (en) * 2011-12-14 2016-04-26 Ofs Fitel, Llc Optical fiber with distributed bend compensated filtering
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GB2190744A (en) * 1986-05-20 1987-11-25 Jingren Qian Magnetic field sensors
GB2245704A (en) * 1990-07-03 1992-01-08 Gec Alsthom Limited And Kings Current sensor
GB2245704B (en) * 1990-07-03 1993-12-01 Gec Alsthom Ltd Current sensor
GB2251940A (en) * 1991-01-16 1992-07-22 British Tech Group Methods and apparatus for measurements dependent on the faraday effect
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WO2011058314A1 (en) * 2009-11-13 2011-05-19 Qinetiq Limited Optic fibres and fibre optic sensing
CN102822645A (en) * 2009-11-13 2012-12-12 光学感应器控股有限公司 Optic fibres and fibre optic sensing
AU2010317792B2 (en) * 2009-11-13 2014-07-24 Optasense Holdings Limited Optic fibres and fibre optic sensing
US9677956B2 (en) 2009-11-13 2017-06-13 Optasense Holdings Limited Optic fibres and fibre optic sensing
EA029335B1 (en) * 2009-11-13 2018-03-30 Оптасенс Холдингз Лимитед Optic fibre, fibre optic cable and distributed acoustic fibre optic sensor based on said fibre
CN102822645B (en) * 2009-11-13 2018-07-27 光学感应器控股有限公司 Optical fiber and fibre optics sensing
US11099085B2 (en) 2009-11-13 2021-08-24 Optasense Holdings Limited Optic fibres and fibre optic sensing

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2168807B (en) 1988-10-19
WO1986003846A1 (en) 1986-07-03
JPS62501237A (en) 1987-05-14
US4949038A (en) 1990-08-14
DE3581806D1 (en) 1991-03-28
EP0205534B1 (en) 1991-02-20
GB8531511D0 (en) 1986-02-05
EP0205534A1 (en) 1986-12-30
GB8432402D0 (en) 1985-02-06

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