GB2168494A - Method and apparatus for non- destructively testing for discontinuities between a coating and a substrate - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for non- destructively testing for discontinuities between a coating and a substrate Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2168494A GB2168494A GB08531127A GB8531127A GB2168494A GB 2168494 A GB2168494 A GB 2168494A GB 08531127 A GB08531127 A GB 08531127A GB 8531127 A GB8531127 A GB 8531127A GB 2168494 A GB2168494 A GB 2168494A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- coating
- substrate
- sleeve
- temperature
- discontinuities
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/72—Investigating presence of flaws
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Testing Resistance To Weather, Investigating Materials By Mechanical Methods (AREA)
Abstract
Discontinuities in adhesion between a substrate and a coating are detected by applying a temperature gradient across the substrate and coating 7, monitoring e.g. by infrared camera 9, the temperature over the surface of the coating 7, and dispaying the differences in the temperature over the surface of the coating 7 on a T.V monitor 10 or a film to indicate localised differences in the cooling rate of the coating 7 and hence the presence of air spaces associated with such discontinuities in adhesion. The coating may be formed by a heat shrink sleeve used to protect a pipe joint or it may be a magnesium, aluminium, zinc alloy cast around a steel substrate to form a sacrifical anode. In an alternative for testing a heat shrink sleeve coating a pipe, an elongate two part cylindrical casing hinged peripherally about a longitudinal axis has a plurality of spaced heat sensors e.g. thermistors which engage the sleeve and monitor its temperature. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Method and apparatus for non-destructively testing heat shrinkable sleeves
The present invention relates to a method of and apparatus for non-destructively testing heat shrinkable sleeves and, in particular, heat shrinkable sleeves of the type used to cover and protect the joints between adjacent sections of pipe connected together to form a pipeline.
Oil and gas pipelines are known which comprise sections of pipe coated over substantially their entire length up to a short distance from each end with a protective sleeve of plastics material. The protective sleeve protects the section of pipe from corrosion, particularly about the region of the welded joint which closes the section of pipe along its longitudinal axis and is highly susceptible to the action of corrosives, but does not afford any protection at the uncovered ends where it is connected to adjacent sections of pipe. For this reason a heat shrinkable sleeve is heat shrunk over the area of the joint between two adjacent sections of pipe with each of its ends overlapping with the end of a respective one of the protective sleeves covering the sections of pipe to each side of the joint.In this way the pipeline is covered over its entire length with a protective sleeve of material.
An adhesive material is provided on the inner surface of the heat shrinkable sleeve which is activated as the sleeve is heated and adheres the sleeve to the pipe as the sleeve shrinks. As the sleeve cools the adhesive sets and a strong bond is set up which prevents egress of corrosive materials under the ends of the sleeve and into contact with the pipe surface. The reliability of a seal formed in this way is generally good, but can be much reduced if heating of the sleeve is carried out in such a way as to allow air spaces to become trapped under the sleeve. These air spaces hold moisture and thus provide localised areas of corrosion of the pipe. In addition, the presence of air spaces under the sleeve can result in the sleeve peeling away from the pipe which allows corrosive materials to penetrate through to the surface of the pipe.Corrosion of the pipeline will eventually penetrate through to the inside of the pipeline and a leak will occur. However, because the pipeline is usually buried in the ground it makes it virtually impossible to locate the leak without stopping operation of the pipeline and carrying out long and laborious test procedures. These are expensive enough in themselves, but having the pipe out of use can cost hundreds of pounds in lost production. For this reason any air spaces under the sleeve must be rolled out whilst the sleeve is warm and easily malleable.
With care this can be done quite effectively.
Nevertheless, random testing of the sleeves is still carried out as a means of quality control.
Heretofore, testing of the sleeves has entailed cutting away a section of the sleeve and then determining the force required to pull it away from the pipe. The force required is directly related to the area of adhesive contact between the section of sleeve and the pipe and is much reduced if there are air spaces under the sleeve.
If the force required to pull the section of sleeve away from the pipe is below a predetermined level then the application of the sleeve is shown to be unacceptable and tests are carried out on the immediately adjacent sleeves until the sleeves are shown to be covering up to the requirements of the test.
Whether the sleeve meets the requirements of the test or not, once the test has been carried out the sleeve must be replaced which is obviously time consuming and wasteful of sleeves. More importantly though, just because a sleeve meets the test it does not mean that the sleeves on each side of it will, although they will not be tested themselves.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of and apparatus for nondestructively testing heat shrinkable sleeves, and in particular sleeves of the type used to connect sections of pipe in a pipeline.
According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of nondestructively testing a heat shrinkable sleeve, wherein the sleeve is heat shrunk onto a surface, the temperature over the surface of the sleeve is monitored and differences in the temperature over the surface of the sleeve are displayed to indicate localised differences in the cooling rate of the sleeve and hence of the presence of air spaces under the sleeve.
According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided apparatus for non-destructively testing a heat shrinkable sleeve comprising means for monitoring the temperature over the surface of a sleeve heat shrunk onto a surface and means for displaying differences in temperature over the surface of the sleeve to indicate localised differences in the cooling rate of the sleeve and hence of the presence of air spaces under the sleeve.
The means for monitoring the temperature over the surface of the sleeve may comprise an infra-red camera, and the means for displaying differences in temperature over the surface of the sleeve may comprise infra-red sensitive film or a video monitor connected to a video output of the infra-red camera.
As an alternative the means for monitoring the temperature over the surface of the sleeve may comprise a plurality of heat sensitive devices, such as for example, thermistors each positioned at a respective point on the surface of the sleeve and the means for displaying temperature differences over the surface of the sleeve may comprise a video monitor unit which displays the temperature of the sleeve at each of the various monitoring points.
Preferably, the heat sensitive devices are mounted in a casing which surrounds the sleeve about its longitudinal axis.
An embodiment of the present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 shows two sections of pipe connected together at their adjacent ends and covered by a heat shrinkable sleeve;
Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of apparatus for non-destructively testing heat shrinkable sleeves according to a first embodiment of the present invention; and
Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of apparatus for non-destructively testing heat shrinkable sleeves according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
Referring to Fig. 1 of the accompanying drawings there is shown two adjacent ends 1, 2 of two sections of pipe 3, 4 which are connected together by means of a butt weld 5. Each section of pipe 3, 4 is covered up to a short distance from the adjacent ends 1, 2 by a protective sleeve 6 and the region between the sleeves 6 is covered by a heat shrinkable sleeve 7 which overlaps at each end with a respective one of the sleeves 6 so as to form a continuous protective coating.
The heat shrinkable sleeve 7 is positioned over the end of one of the sections of pipe 3, 4 prior to being heat shrunk and is heat shrunk onto the two adjacent ends 1, 2 after they have been welded together. An adhesive material is provided on the inner surface of the sleeve 7 which is activated when the sleeve 7 is heated and adheres the sleeve 7 to the section of exposed pipe between the protective sleeves 6 and to the adjacent ends of the protective sleeves 6. This provides a good seal about the area of the butt weld 5 which prevents egress of corrosive materials.
During heat shrinkage of the sleeve 7 air spaces 8 become trapped between the sleeve 7 and the pipe ends 1, 2. These should be rolled out before the adhesive sets, but if they are not then localised areas of corrosion are provided under the sleeve 7 and its adhesive contact with the pipe ends and sleeves 6 can be considerably weakened. The se air spaces 8 have a different specific heat capacity from that of the surrounding adhesive material and because of this tend to cool at a different rate therefrom. In accordance with the method of the present invention it is possible to detect these air spaces 8 and determine their size by monitoring the temperature of the surface of the sleeve 7 over a period of time and detecting localised differences in the cooling rate of the sleeve 7 which indicate the presence of air spaces 8.Using the method of the present invention the number of air spaces 8 can be determined for the entire surface of the sleeve 7 and it is unnecessary to remove sections of the sleeve 7 for sampling. In addition, because the test is non-destructive every sleeve 7 can be tested.
Referring now to Fig. 2 there is shown a schematic diagram of apparatus for non-destructively testing heat shrinkable sleeves which comprises an infra-red camera 9. Infra-red light is emitted from the surface of the sleeve 7 in accordance with its temperature at any given point. The infra-red camera 9 is capable of detecting these emissions and of displaying the relative strength of these emissions across the entire surface of the sleeve 7 directly onto infra-red film or, by converting the output of the camera into a video signal, on to a T.V monitor unit 10.
Referring now to Fig. 3 there is shown apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention for non-destructively testing a heat shrinkable sleeve comprising an elongate annular casing 11 which can be opened about a hinge 12 so that the casing
11 can be closed about a heat shrinkable sleeve shrunk onto two adjacent sections of pipeline. Mounted over the inner surface of the casing 9 are a plurality of heat sensitive devices 13, such as, for example, thermistors.
When the casing 11 is closed about a sleeve the heat sensitive devices 13 on its inner surface are brought into intimate contact with the surface of the sleeve and each one is thus able to monitore the temperature of the sleeve in its immediate vicinity. The output of each heat sensitive devices is connected to audio and/or visual display means 14 which allows differences between the temperatures detected by the heat sensitive devices 13 to be observed.
In order to reduce the need for camera movement and/or where one side of the pipe is inaccessible to the camera, in the embodiment of Fig. 2, there may conveniently be used a mirror of a suitable material e.g. aluminium or stainless steel.
The method of the present invention can also be extended to other substrate and coating combinations, and modified without departing from the scope of the present invention. Thus, for example, whilst with a heat shrinkable sleeve monitoring is conveniently carried out at the time of application of the heat shrinkable sleeve making use of the temperature gradient across the pipe and sleeve resulting from the heat applied in the heatshrinking process, the monitoring could be carried out at a later stage by simply applying a temperature gradient across the pipe and sleeve and monitoring any resulting temperature differences at the coating surface. A suitable temperature gradient can readily be provided by applying localised heating or cooling to either one of the coating and the substrate remote from the other.
In a broader aspect therefore the present invention provides a method of non-destruc tively testing for the presence of discontinuities in the adhesion between a substrate and a coating thereon, in which a temperature gradient is applied across the coating and substrate, and the temperature over the surface of the coating is monitored and differences in the temperature over the surface of the coating are displayed to indicate localised differences in the cooling rate of the sleeve and hence of the presence of air spaces under the sleeve associated with such discontinuities.
Other specific substrate-coating combinations which may be tested by the method of the present invention, that can be mentioned include plastics coated metal in general e.g. a plastics coated pipe such as that shown in the specific embodiment, and sacrificial anodes which generally comprise a coating of an alloy such as magnesium with some aluminium and zinc which is cast around a steel substrate. In both cases the effective life can be seriously reduced where there are discontinuities between the coating and substrate.
In order to minimize the incidence of anomalous temperature differentials resulting from surface irregularities in the coating, the latter may advantageously be painted over prior to testing in order to provide a more uniform surface for monitoring.
Claims (10)
1. A method of non-destructively testing for the presence of discontinuities in the adhesion between a substrate and a coating thereon, in which a temperature gradient is applied across the coating and substrate, and the temperature over the surface of the coating is monitored and differences in the temperature over the surface of the coating are displayed to indicate localised differences in the cooling rate of the sleeve and hence of the presence of air spaces under the sleeve associated with such discontinuities.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the temperature is monitored using an infrared sensitive camera.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the output of the camera is converted into a video signal and displayed on a visual display unit.
4. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the temperature in which the coating is applied to the substrate by a process including the heating of the coating material, wherein the coating surface temperature is monitored during cooling of the coating material following application thereof to the substrate using the temperature gradient across the coating and substrate resulting from said cooling.
5. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the coating and substrate is cooled or heated to a temperature below or above ambient temperature and wherein the substrate and coating are then allowed to return to ambient temperature.
6. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5 which includes the preliminary step of painting over the coating to provide a more uniform surface.
7. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the coating is in the form of a heat shrinkable sleeve.
8. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the coating is a plastics coating on a metal substrate.
9. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the coating and substrate are in the form of a sacrificial anode.
10. A method of non-destructively testing for the presence of discontinuities in the adhesion between the substrate and a coating thereon substantially as described hereinbefore with particular reference to Figs. 1 and 2 or
Figs. 1 and 3 of the accompanying drawings.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB848431928A GB8431928D0 (en) | 1984-12-18 | 1984-12-18 | Non-destructively testing heat shrinkable sleeves |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8531127D0 GB8531127D0 (en) | 1986-01-29 |
| GB2168494A true GB2168494A (en) | 1986-06-18 |
Family
ID=10571362
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB848431928A Pending GB8431928D0 (en) | 1984-12-18 | 1984-12-18 | Non-destructively testing heat shrinkable sleeves |
| GB08531127A Withdrawn GB2168494A (en) | 1984-12-18 | 1985-12-18 | Method and apparatus for non- destructively testing for discontinuities between a coating and a substrate |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB848431928A Pending GB8431928D0 (en) | 1984-12-18 | 1984-12-18 | Non-destructively testing heat shrinkable sleeves |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (2) | GB8431928D0 (en) |
Cited By (22)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1987000632A1 (en) * | 1985-07-15 | 1987-01-29 | Kanor A/S | Method and apparatus for the characterization and control of substances, materials and objects |
| EP0307619A2 (en) * | 1987-08-25 | 1989-03-22 | Nkk Corporation | Method for detecting a state of substance existing in pipe |
| US5131758A (en) * | 1990-05-16 | 1992-07-21 | Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Method of remotely characterizing thermal properties of a sample |
| US5292195A (en) * | 1992-09-09 | 1994-03-08 | Martin Marietta Corporation | Thermographic evaluation technique |
| US5294198A (en) * | 1991-10-01 | 1994-03-15 | Cincinnati Electronics Corporation | Infrared inspection system and method employing emissivity indications |
| US5344236A (en) * | 1992-01-23 | 1994-09-06 | Fishman Iiya M | Method for evaluation of quality of the interface between layer and substrate |
| WO1996018978A1 (en) * | 1994-12-14 | 1996-06-20 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Method of authenticating watermarked paper |
| GB2309781A (en) * | 1994-12-14 | 1997-08-06 | Secr Defence | Method of authenticating watermarked paper |
| US5709469A (en) * | 1995-03-13 | 1998-01-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Process for testing integrity of bonds between epoxy patches and aircraft structural materials |
| US5711603A (en) * | 1996-10-30 | 1998-01-27 | United Technologies Corporation | Nondestructive testing: transient depth thermography |
| US5816703A (en) * | 1995-11-29 | 1998-10-06 | Nittco Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. | Method of detecting defects of a structure |
| US6343874B1 (en) * | 1997-03-05 | 2002-02-05 | Framatome | Method for the inspection of a part by thermal imaging |
| US6367969B1 (en) | 1999-07-21 | 2002-04-09 | General Electric Company | Synthetic reference thermal imaging method |
| US6367968B1 (en) | 1999-07-21 | 2002-04-09 | General Electric Company | Thermal resonance imaging method |
| WO2002037089A1 (en) * | 2000-11-01 | 2002-05-10 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | An arrangement and a method for inspection |
| US6394646B1 (en) | 1999-04-16 | 2002-05-28 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for quantitative nondestructive evaluation of metal airfoils using high resolution transient thermography |
| US6419387B1 (en) * | 1997-03-05 | 2002-07-16 | Framatome | Method and device for the inspection of a material by thermal imaging |
| EP1669745A1 (en) * | 2004-12-10 | 2006-06-14 | Andrew Corporation | Non-contact surface coating monitor and method of use |
| US7083327B1 (en) * | 1999-04-06 | 2006-08-01 | Thermal Wave Imaging, Inc. | Method and apparatus for detecting kissing unbond defects |
| WO2008063313A2 (en) * | 2006-11-06 | 2008-05-29 | The Boeing Company | Infrared ndi device for shallow defect detection |
| US7409313B2 (en) | 2005-12-16 | 2008-08-05 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for nondestructive evaluation of insulative coating |
| DE102009019774B4 (en) * | 2009-04-30 | 2016-05-25 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Method for thermal monitoring of failure processes |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1151081A (en) * | 1965-07-28 | 1969-05-07 | Automation Ind Inc | Nondestructive Tester. |
| US3511086A (en) * | 1966-11-23 | 1970-05-12 | Boeing Co | Nondestructive testing with liquid crystals |
| GB1415545A (en) * | 1972-03-14 | 1975-11-26 | Aga Ab | Detection of changes in the material of a product by means of detection of heat radiation emitted from the product |
| GB1588142A (en) * | 1976-07-27 | 1981-04-15 | Bayern Chemie Gmbh Flugchemie | Method for non-destructive testing of solid propellant rocket motors |
| GB2066482A (en) * | 1979-12-29 | 1981-07-08 | Hoesch Estel Werke Ag | Detection of surface faults in moving material |
| EP0089760A2 (en) * | 1982-03-18 | 1983-09-28 | United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority | Transient thermography |
| GB2130381A (en) * | 1982-11-13 | 1984-05-31 | Ricoh Kk | Method for detecting floating portion of facing such as mortar |
| US4486103A (en) * | 1981-09-25 | 1984-12-04 | Chisso Corporation | Method of and system for inspecting performance of heat-insulating layer surrounding a pipe |
-
1984
- 1984-12-18 GB GB848431928A patent/GB8431928D0/en active Pending
-
1985
- 1985-12-18 GB GB08531127A patent/GB2168494A/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1151081A (en) * | 1965-07-28 | 1969-05-07 | Automation Ind Inc | Nondestructive Tester. |
| US3511086A (en) * | 1966-11-23 | 1970-05-12 | Boeing Co | Nondestructive testing with liquid crystals |
| GB1415545A (en) * | 1972-03-14 | 1975-11-26 | Aga Ab | Detection of changes in the material of a product by means of detection of heat radiation emitted from the product |
| GB1588142A (en) * | 1976-07-27 | 1981-04-15 | Bayern Chemie Gmbh Flugchemie | Method for non-destructive testing of solid propellant rocket motors |
| GB2066482A (en) * | 1979-12-29 | 1981-07-08 | Hoesch Estel Werke Ag | Detection of surface faults in moving material |
| US4486103A (en) * | 1981-09-25 | 1984-12-04 | Chisso Corporation | Method of and system for inspecting performance of heat-insulating layer surrounding a pipe |
| EP0089760A2 (en) * | 1982-03-18 | 1983-09-28 | United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority | Transient thermography |
| GB2130381A (en) * | 1982-11-13 | 1984-05-31 | Ricoh Kk | Method for detecting floating portion of facing such as mortar |
Cited By (29)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1987000632A1 (en) * | 1985-07-15 | 1987-01-29 | Kanor A/S | Method and apparatus for the characterization and control of substances, materials and objects |
| EP0307619A2 (en) * | 1987-08-25 | 1989-03-22 | Nkk Corporation | Method for detecting a state of substance existing in pipe |
| EP0307619A3 (en) * | 1987-08-25 | 1990-08-08 | Nkk Corporation | Method for detecting a state of substance existing in pipe |
| US5131758A (en) * | 1990-05-16 | 1992-07-21 | Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Method of remotely characterizing thermal properties of a sample |
| US5294198A (en) * | 1991-10-01 | 1994-03-15 | Cincinnati Electronics Corporation | Infrared inspection system and method employing emissivity indications |
| US5344236A (en) * | 1992-01-23 | 1994-09-06 | Fishman Iiya M | Method for evaluation of quality of the interface between layer and substrate |
| US5292195A (en) * | 1992-09-09 | 1994-03-08 | Martin Marietta Corporation | Thermographic evaluation technique |
| WO1996018978A1 (en) * | 1994-12-14 | 1996-06-20 | The Secretary Of State For Defence | Method of authenticating watermarked paper |
| GB2309781A (en) * | 1994-12-14 | 1997-08-06 | Secr Defence | Method of authenticating watermarked paper |
| GB2309781B (en) * | 1994-12-14 | 1998-11-11 | Secr Defence | Method of authenticating watermarked paper |
| US5854673A (en) * | 1994-12-14 | 1998-12-29 | Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain & Northern Ireland Of Defence | Method of authenticating watermarked paper |
| US5709469A (en) * | 1995-03-13 | 1998-01-20 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Process for testing integrity of bonds between epoxy patches and aircraft structural materials |
| US5816703A (en) * | 1995-11-29 | 1998-10-06 | Nittco Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. | Method of detecting defects of a structure |
| US5711603A (en) * | 1996-10-30 | 1998-01-27 | United Technologies Corporation | Nondestructive testing: transient depth thermography |
| US6343874B1 (en) * | 1997-03-05 | 2002-02-05 | Framatome | Method for the inspection of a part by thermal imaging |
| US6419387B1 (en) * | 1997-03-05 | 2002-07-16 | Framatome | Method and device for the inspection of a material by thermal imaging |
| US7083327B1 (en) * | 1999-04-06 | 2006-08-01 | Thermal Wave Imaging, Inc. | Method and apparatus for detecting kissing unbond defects |
| US6394646B1 (en) | 1999-04-16 | 2002-05-28 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for quantitative nondestructive evaluation of metal airfoils using high resolution transient thermography |
| US6367969B1 (en) | 1999-07-21 | 2002-04-09 | General Electric Company | Synthetic reference thermal imaging method |
| US6367968B1 (en) | 1999-07-21 | 2002-04-09 | General Electric Company | Thermal resonance imaging method |
| WO2002037089A1 (en) * | 2000-11-01 | 2002-05-10 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | An arrangement and a method for inspection |
| EP1669745A1 (en) * | 2004-12-10 | 2006-06-14 | Andrew Corporation | Non-contact surface coating monitor and method of use |
| US7409313B2 (en) | 2005-12-16 | 2008-08-05 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for nondestructive evaluation of insulative coating |
| WO2008063313A2 (en) * | 2006-11-06 | 2008-05-29 | The Boeing Company | Infrared ndi device for shallow defect detection |
| WO2008063313A3 (en) * | 2006-11-06 | 2008-07-24 | Boeing Co | Infrared ndi device for shallow defect detection |
| GB2455694A (en) * | 2006-11-06 | 2009-06-24 | Boeing Co | Infrared NDI device for shallow defect detection |
| US7553070B2 (en) | 2006-11-06 | 2009-06-30 | The Boeing Company | Infrared NDI for detecting shallow irregularities |
| GB2455694B (en) * | 2006-11-06 | 2011-03-09 | Boeing Co | Infrared NDI device for shallow defect detection |
| DE102009019774B4 (en) * | 2009-04-30 | 2016-05-25 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Method for thermal monitoring of failure processes |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8431928D0 (en) | 1985-01-30 |
| GB8531127D0 (en) | 1986-01-29 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WAP | Application withdrawn, taken to be withdrawn or refused ** after publication under section 16(1) |