GB2167867A - Probe for determining lithium content - Google Patents
Probe for determining lithium content Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2167867A GB2167867A GB08527305A GB8527305A GB2167867A GB 2167867 A GB2167867 A GB 2167867A GB 08527305 A GB08527305 A GB 08527305A GB 8527305 A GB8527305 A GB 8527305A GB 2167867 A GB2167867 A GB 2167867A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- probe
- reference material
- substance
- solid electrolyte
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000012925 reference material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- YTZVWGRNMGHDJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralithium;silicate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] YTZVWGRNMGHDJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- JXGGISJJMPYXGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)iron Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Fe]=O JXGGISJJMPYXGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910002986 Li4Ti5O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Li2O Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;lithium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Li+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052644 β-spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 2
- BYFGZMCJNACEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium(i) oxide Chemical compound [Al]O[Al] BYFGZMCJNACEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[OH-] XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910007401 Li2Ti307 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910007404 Li2Ti3O7 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(i) oxide Chemical compound [Cu]O[Cu] BERDEBHAJNAUOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011532 electronic conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000462 isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010671 solid-state reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052642 spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/411—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing of liquid metals
- G01N27/4112—Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte
- G01N27/4114—Composition or fabrication of the solid electrolyte for detection of gases other than oxygen
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/20—Metals
- G01N33/205—Metals in liquid state, e.g. molten metals
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
Abstract
The probe, for use in a molten metal such as aluminium comprises a solid electrolyte for lithium ions 6 separating the molten metal from a lithium reference material 5 which is lithium ferrite and/or eutectoidally decomposed lithium titanate. The solid electrolyte may be a lithium orthosilicate containing more than 10 mole % lithium phosphate. The reference may have a composition range Li4Ti5O12 to TiO2 and may be in contact with air via protective tube 7 of alpha -alumina. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Probe for determining lithium content
This invention relates to a probe for determining the lithium content of a substance such as molten metals, especially aluminium.
During commercial smelting of aluminium in
Hall-Heroult cells, lithium salts are added to the cells to raise the conductivity of the electrolyte and thereby reduce power consumption. Lithium, even in low quantities, however, drastically alters the casting properties of molten aluminium and the surface finish of some alloys. It is thus highly desirable to be able to determine quickly and simply the lithium content of molten aluminium. Another application would be in the control of Al-3% Li alloys.
The specification of our UK Patent No.
1,470,558 describes a method and apparatus for detecting and determining elements in the presecne other materials based on a galvanic method using alumina solid electrolyte probes. In this prior specification, it is proposed that a lithium alumina probe may be used for the determination and detection of lithium. Lithium alumina, however, is not wholly suitable for use in the construction of such a probe due to its brittle nature. In addition, at the elevated temperatures of molten metals, lithium alumina is liable to revert to sodium alumina in the presence of the sodium which always occurs in molten aluminium from aluminium smelting sources.
Our Patent GB-B-2025626 describes a solid electrolyte probe which is particularly suitable for use for the determination of lithium in the presence of molten metals or alloys, and which does not suffer from the deficiencies of the lithium alumina solid electrolyte material.
That probe monitors the e.m.f. generated between a substance and a reference material containing lithium, the substance and reference being separated from one another by a solid electrolyte which is electrically conductive to lithium ions, in which the probe is adapted to contain the reference material and to separate the reference material from the substance when the probe is introduced thereto, and in which the solid electrolyte comprises ss-spodu- mene. ss-spodumene is a compound comprising a Li20/AI203/SiO2 mixture and having a wide range of compositions but typically Li2O.Al2O.4Si02.
The reference material disclosed in that patent is a three-phase solid material comprising fi-spodumene, in one example, a mixture of ss- spodumene/Li20.Si02/Li2O.2Si02.
The present invention is a probe for determining the lithium content of a substance by monitoring the e.m.f. generated between the substance and a reference material containing lithium, the probe comprising, exposable to the substance, a solid electrolyte for lithium ions, and, separated by the solid electrolyte from the substance, a lithium reference material comprising lithium ferrite and/or eutectoidally decomposed lithium titanate.
The reference material may be within the composition range Li4Ti5O12 to TiO2. Preferably (to keep its oxygen activity constant) air can reach the reference material.
The probe is conveniently in the form of a tube of the electrolyte containing the reference material.
The solid electrolyte may be a lithium orthosilicate containing more than 10 mole % lithium phosphate. The probe may further comprise an electronically conducting internal electrode contacting the reference material and not the electrolyte.
The present invention also extends to a method of determining the lithium content of a substance, comprising monitoring the e.m.f.
generated between the substance and the reference material of a probe as set forth above.
Usually, the substance in question will be molten aluminium (or aluminium alloy).
The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing, which shows a probe according to the invention in use for measuring lithium in molten aluminium.
A crucible contains molten aluminium 1 containing an unknown proportion of lithium.
A probe 3 according to the invention has a stainless steel wire 4 surrounded by tightly packed reference material 5 having a stable lithium activity. This material 5, in turn, is encased in a tube of solid electrolyte 6 closed at its bottom and, at its top, sealed into an inert upward extension protective tube 7 of aalumina which permits air to circulate over the reference material 5. The tube of electrolyte 6 has an internal diameter of about 5 mm and a wall thickness of about 1 mm. The probe 3 is dipped into the crucible of molten aluminium 1, but the tubes 6 and 7 prevent tha aluminium 1 from contacting the wire 4.
A counterelectrode 10 consists of a stainless steel wire with some suitable inert gripper (for example of a-alumina) and is dipped in the molten aluminium 1. The probe 3 and the counterelectrode 10 are connected to opposite sides of a high-impedance voltmeter V.
This assembly is an electrochemical cell, thus:
Li reference 51 Li electrolyte 61 Al + Li 1.
The potential measured across this cell is a measure of the lithium activity in the molten aluminium 1, being proportional to T 1 n (lithium activity in 5) (lithium activity in 1) where T is the temperature.
(The temperature is measured by by a thermocouple, not shown, immersed in the molten aluminium 1).
The reference material 5 must be suitably chosen, and will be complemented by a suitably chosen electrolyte 6.
Considering first the reference material 5, this should clearly have a stable lithium activity. However it should also reach equilibrium quickly at a given temperature, and ideally it should be both an ionic and electronic conductor. The phase diagram of the Li20-TiO2 system is well defined and in the two-phase region Li4Ti50l2+TiO2, the lithium oxide activity remains constant. If the oxygen partial pressure is then fixed by either exposing the reference to air or a copper-copper oxide mixture, the lithium activity is also fixed. Such a material also has an electronic conductivity near to that of a semi-metal.It was prepared as follows: Polycrystalline Li2Ti3O7 powder was prepared from rutile and lithium carbonate, mixed in the appropriate ratios, fired at 1073
K to decompose the carbonate, reground, fired at 1473 K and air quenched. When the resulting ramsdellite-like Li2Ti307 phase was held just below 1213 K, it decomposed eutectoidally to form rutile and Li4TisO12. When compressed into the tube 6, this material 5 was allowed free access to atmospheric air to provide a consistent oxygen partial pressure over it, to fix its lithium activity as explained.
Turning to the solid electrolyte 6, there is a choice of known lithium-ion conductors. However, the molten aluminium 1 is likely to contain not only lithium but also sodium; thus the electrolyte 6 should be stable in aluminium and not readily interchange with sodium. Lithium orthosilicate is a good lithium ion conductor at temperature higher than 673 K and the conductivity can be enhanced by three orders of magnitude by adding 40 mole % lithium orthophosphate. At higher temperatures, lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4) is characterised by a disordered cation lattice with eight lithium ions distributed over 18 sites. The addition of lithium phosphate (Li3PO4) introduces interstitial lithium sites which contribute to the overall conductivity.The overall structure of the solid solution can be regarded as silicate and phosphate tetrahedra linked together by a large number of lithium sites. The addition of more than 10 mole % Li2PO4 leads to a two-phase mixture, which is said to be stable in the presence of molten lithium. The solid electrolyte 6 selected for making probes 3 had the overall composition L3 6Si0 6P0 404.
Li3sSo6Po4o4 powder was prepared by calcining the appropriate mixture of lithium orthosilicate Li4SiO4 and lithium phosphate Li3P04 in an alumina crucible at 1173 K, the lithium orthosilicate having been prepared by solid state reaction between Li2CO3 and SiO2 at 1073K.
The powder was ball-milled, and tubes 6 formed by isostatic pressing at 60 kN cm 2 and sintering in air at 1173 K for two hours followed by surface cooling. Overfiring can lead to unsatisfactory products. All starting materials and the various stages of preparation were routinely checked for completeness of reaction by X-ray powder diffraction.
The sintered tubes 6 were examined by scanning electron microscopy and by a qualitative leak test; any having open pores or admitting air when evacuated were rejected.
Examination of an assembled probe 3 after some use showed that the reference material 5 sinters to the tube of electrolyte 6. The tube electrolyte 6 was not attacked after extended immersion in the molten aluminium, but we found some reaction between the tube and molten lithium and also between the tube and humid air.
On placing the probes in lithium-free aluminium, a potential of around 0.6 V was attained at 993 K. The addition of lithium alloy to the melt caused the voltage to increase over three minutes to a sharply defined maximum of about 1 V, which then gradually began to decline to the original 0.6 V over several hours, presumably as the lithium oxidised away. The potential E was found to be related to X, the mole % lithium, approximately as follows:
At 984 K, E=0.0728 1nX+1.552
At 1050 K, E=0.0907 ins+1.706 The theoretical Nernst slopes are 0.0847 and 0.0905 respectively. In dilute alloys, Henry's law is obeyed.
Claims (9)
1. A probe for determining the lithium content of a substance by monitoring the e.m.f.
generated between the substance and a reference material containing lithium, the probe comprising, exposable to the substance, a solid electrolyte for lithium ions, and, separated by the solid electrolyte from the substance, a lithium reference material comprising lithium ferrite and/or eutectoidally decomposed lithium titanate.
2. A probe according to Claim 1, wherein the reference material is within the composition range Li4Ti50l2 to TiO2.
3. A probe according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein air can reach the reference material.
4. A probe according to any preceding claim, in the form of a tube of the electrolyte containing the reference material.
5. A probe according to any preceding claim, wherein the solid electrolyte is a lithium orthosilicate containing more than 10 mole % lithium phosphate.
6. A probe according to any preceding claim, further comprising an electronically conducting internal electrode contacting the reference material and not the electrolyte.
7. A probe according to Claim 1, substantially as hereinbefore described.
8. A method of determining the lithium content of a substance, comprising monitoring the e.m.f. generated between the substance and the reference material of a probe accord
ing to any preceding claim.
9. A method according to Claim 8, wherein
said substance is molten aluminium or a mol
ten aluminium alloy.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB848430318A GB8430318D0 (en) | 1984-11-30 | 1984-11-30 | Probe |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8527305D0 GB8527305D0 (en) | 1985-12-11 |
| GB2167867A true GB2167867A (en) | 1986-06-04 |
| GB2167867B GB2167867B (en) | 1988-10-05 |
Family
ID=10570524
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB848430318A Pending GB8430318D0 (en) | 1984-11-30 | 1984-11-30 | Probe |
| GB08527305A Expired GB2167867B (en) | 1984-11-30 | 1985-11-06 | Probe for determining lithium content |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB848430318A Pending GB8430318D0 (en) | 1984-11-30 | 1984-11-30 | Probe |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (2) | GB8430318D0 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0372912A2 (en) * | 1988-12-06 | 1990-06-13 | Mineral Industry Research Organisation | Monitoring of pyrometallurgical processes |
| EP0543081A1 (en) * | 1991-10-28 | 1993-05-26 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Immersion sensor for molten metals |
| WO1996000895A1 (en) * | 1994-06-29 | 1996-01-11 | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., Berlin | Potentiometric co2 sensor with a titanate and stannate-based open reference electrode |
| EP1431423A1 (en) * | 2002-12-16 | 2004-06-23 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Method for manufacturing a lithium ion-conductor |
| EP1431422A1 (en) * | 2002-12-16 | 2004-06-23 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Method for manufacturing lithium |
-
1984
- 1984-11-30 GB GB848430318A patent/GB8430318D0/en active Pending
-
1985
- 1985-11-06 GB GB08527305A patent/GB2167867B/en not_active Expired
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0372912A2 (en) * | 1988-12-06 | 1990-06-13 | Mineral Industry Research Organisation | Monitoring of pyrometallurgical processes |
| EP0372912A3 (en) * | 1988-12-06 | 1991-05-02 | Mineral Industry Research Organisation | Monitoring of pyrometallurgical processes |
| US5096552A (en) * | 1988-12-06 | 1992-03-17 | Mineral Industry Research Organisation | Monitoring of pyrometallurgical processes |
| EP0543081A1 (en) * | 1991-10-28 | 1993-05-26 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Immersion sensor for molten metals |
| US5332449A (en) * | 1991-10-28 | 1994-07-26 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Immersion sensor for molten metals |
| AU653445B2 (en) * | 1991-10-28 | 1994-09-29 | Heraeus Electro-Nite International N.V. | Immersion sensor for molten metals |
| WO1996000895A1 (en) * | 1994-06-29 | 1996-01-11 | Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., Berlin | Potentiometric co2 sensor with a titanate and stannate-based open reference electrode |
| US5910239A (en) * | 1994-06-29 | 1999-06-08 | Max-Plank-Gesellschaft Zur | Potentiometric CO2 sensor having an open titanate- or stannate-based reference electrode |
| EP1431423A1 (en) * | 2002-12-16 | 2004-06-23 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Method for manufacturing a lithium ion-conductor |
| EP1431422A1 (en) * | 2002-12-16 | 2004-06-23 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Method for manufacturing lithium |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8430318D0 (en) | 1985-01-09 |
| GB8527305D0 (en) | 1985-12-11 |
| GB2167867B (en) | 1988-10-05 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 732 | Registration of transactions, instruments or events in the register (sect. 32/1977) | ||
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19921106 |