GB2162987A - Helmholtz resonant simulator - Google Patents
Helmholtz resonant simulator Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2162987A GB2162987A GB08519300A GB8519300A GB2162987A GB 2162987 A GB2162987 A GB 2162987A GB 08519300 A GB08519300 A GB 08519300A GB 8519300 A GB8519300 A GB 8519300A GB 2162987 A GB2162987 A GB 2162987A
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- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- electrical signal
- sound
- total
- electronic
- receiving
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
- G10H3/00—Instruments in which the tones are generated by electromechanical means
- G10H3/12—Instruments in which the tones are generated by electromechanical means using mechanical resonant generators, e.g. strings or percussive instruments, the tones of which are picked up by electromechanical transducers, the electrical signals being further manipulated or amplified and subsequently converted to sound by a loudspeaker or equivalent instrument
- G10H3/14—Instruments in which the tones are generated by electromechanical means using mechanical resonant generators, e.g. strings or percussive instruments, the tones of which are picked up by electromechanical transducers, the electrical signals being further manipulated or amplified and subsequently converted to sound by a loudspeaker or equivalent instrument using mechanically actuated vibrators with pick-up means
- G10H3/146—Instruments in which the tones are generated by electromechanical means using mechanical resonant generators, e.g. strings or percussive instruments, the tones of which are picked up by electromechanical transducers, the electrical signals being further manipulated or amplified and subsequently converted to sound by a loudspeaker or equivalent instrument using mechanically actuated vibrators with pick-up means using a membrane, e.g. a drum; Pick-up means for vibrating surfaces, e.g. housing of an instrument
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
- G10H2210/00—Aspects or methods of musical processing having intrinsic musical character, i.e. involving musical theory or musical parameters or relying on musical knowledge, as applied in electrophonic musical tools or instruments
- G10H2210/155—Musical effects
- G10H2210/265—Acoustic effect simulation, i.e. volume, spatial, resonance or reverberation effects added to a musical sound, usually by appropriate filtering or delays
- G10H2210/271—Sympathetic resonance, i.e. adding harmonics simulating sympathetic resonance from other strings
- G10H2210/275—Helmholtz resonance effect, i.e. using, exciting or emulating air resonance in a cavity
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)
Abstract
For electronically reproducing the total sound produced by a musical instrument 30, the musical instrument comprises a plurality of components 32, 34, 36 each of which produces one aspect of the total sound; and an electronic acoustic reproduction system comprises vibration transducer means 38 mounted on the instrument for receiving the one aspect of the total sound from one of the components 34 and transforming the one aspect to an electrical signal, and electronic filter means 44 for processing the electrical signal to produce a total electrical signal representative of the total sound of the musical instrument. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Helmholtz resonant simulator
Technical Field
This invention relates to musical instruments, and more particularly, to electrical musical instruments.
Background Art
Acoustic reproduction using electrical equipment is well known in the art. One type of musical instrument that employs electrical equipment is stringed instruments such as guitars, banjos or violins. For example, a stringed instrument such as a guitar generally includes a hollow air chamber, a sound board, and a hole or system for generating the resonance of the air chamber of the guitar. Such an acoustic cavity is also referred to as a Helmholtz resonator. The true sound produced by the guitar includes both sound emanating from the sound hole and sound emanating from the sound board. The sound hole is frequently referred to as an air hole or a rose, and the sound board is frequently referred to as a sound plate. Since the vibrations of the sound board occur at various frequencies, it is possible to accurately determine the mode of the sound board vibrations.These sound board vibrations, generally occuring at the vicinity of the
Helmholtz air resonance and the first resonance mode of the sound board, are well known. In current acoustic reproduction technology, mechanical vibration transducers are used to convert the sound board vibrations into electrical signals that are suitable for sound reinforcement or amplification and/or recording. Such transducers or pick-ups may comprise piezoelectric devices, strain gauges, or accelerometers. In addition, these pick-ups are usually mounted on the sound board, adjacent to the bridge, as best shown in Fig. 1.
This arrangement, however, fails to transduce the complete acoustic sound of the guitar because the sound board vibrations are not representative of the total sound produced by the guitar. In addition to the sound board vibrations, the total sound produced by the guitar also includes the sound that emanated from the sound hole. The sound emanating from the sound hole, generally in the low to mid frequency range, is greatly accentuated by the hollow body which acts as a resonator. This accentuated sound propagating through the air cannot be picked up by mechanical transducers which are mounted on the sound board. This incapacity to receive airborne vibration is further aggravated by the fact that the sound emanating from the sound hole and the sound emanating from the sound board are not in phase when they are below the
Helmholtz resonance.Since the mechanical transducers are capable of only picking up the sound board vibrations, the reproduced sound lacks the natural acoustic balance of the guitar.
To alleviate this deficiency, prior art techniques employ a microphone in addition to the usual transducers, as best shown in Fig. 2. The sound hole resonance received by the microphone and the sound board vibrations received by the transducers are either combined or transmitted separately to the listener. This is an impractical solution in that the guitar must be played near the microphone, restricting the movement of the guitar player. In addition, the microphone has a propensity for picking up not only feedback that radiates from the sound board but also feedback in the nature of acoustic standing waves which are propagating between the sound board and the microphone.
Examples of prior art electrical musical instruments include
Elbrecht et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,454,702
Neubauer et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,591,700
Freeman U.S. Pat. No. 3,688,010
Smith U.S. Pat. No. 4,211,893
Deutsch U.S. Pat. No. 4,251,687
Eventoff et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,306,480
Martin U.S. Pat. No. 4,379,212
Nourney West Germany DE 2906987
Disclosure of the Invention
In view of the deficiencies in the prior art, it is a major object of the present invention to provide an electrical circuit for simulating the Helmholtz resonance of an instrument such that the total sound of the instrument is transduced by a single device.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an electrical circuit for simulating the
Helmholtz resonance of an instrument such that it alleviates and minimizes the above-mentioned disadvantages.
In order to accomplish the above and still further objects, the present invention provides an electronic acoustic reproduction system for ellectronically reproducing the total sound produced by a musical instrument, the musical instrument comprises a plurality of components each of which produces one aspect of the total sound. The electronic acoustic reproduction system comprises vibration transducer means mounted on the instrument for receiving the one aspect of the total sound from one of the components and transforming the one aspect to an electrical signal, and electronic filter means for processing the electrical signal to produce a total electrical signal representative of the total sound of the musical instrument.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will appear from the following detailed description of the best mode of a preferred embodiment, taken together with the accompanying drawings.
Brief Description of the Drawings
Figure 1 is a simplified illustration of a prior art acoustic reproduction technique;
Figure 2 is a simplified illustration of another prior art acoustic reproduction technique;
Figure 3 is a simplified block diagram of the Helmholtz resonance simulator of the present invention;
Figure 4 is an alternative block diagram of the simulator of Fig. 3;
Figure 5 is a partial schematic view of the simulator of Fig. 3; and
Figures 6 and 7 are transfer function graphs of the simulator of Fig. 5.
Best Mode For Carrying Out The Invention
Referring to Fig. 1, there is shown a prior art acoustic reproduction technique in which a guitar 1 2 includes a hollow air chamber 14, a sound board 16, a sound hole 18, a mechanical vibration transducer 20, an amplifier 21, and a speaker 23. Mechanical vibration transducer 20 is mounted on sound board 16. Since transducer 20 is incapable of receiving the sound produced by sound hole 18, which is generally in the low/mid frequency range, an incomplete sound for guitar 1 2 is reproduced by the technique.
To alleviate this disadvantage, the alternative technique of Fig. 2 is employed. The alternative technique utilizes a microphone 22 that is capable of receiving the sound hole resonance. The alternative technique also includes deficiencies one of which being the required placement of
microphone 22 near guitar 12, thereby restricting the movement of the player. In addition, feedback disturbances are generally produced by this technique.
As for the general principles of acoustic reproduction, it is well known that the internal surface of sound board 1 6 of guitar 1 2 is capable of compressing hollow air chamber 14 such that vibrations from sound hole 18 are produced. It, however, is not previously known that it is possible to recreate the sound hole vibrations or radiation from one or more mechanical transducers that have been placed on sound board 1 6.
In general, the transfer function that relates the sound board radiation or signal to the sound hole radiation or signal is as follows:
2
SOUND HOLE RADIATION = - #2/h SOUND BOARD RADIATION (#h2 - #2) + i#a where a, = angular frequency variable (rad/sec) Uh = angular frequency of Helmholtz resonance (rad/sec)
= = complex operator Ym a = variable
The negative sign in this equation represents the fact that the air within chamber 1 4 is being alternately compressed and expanded as sound board 1 6 vibrates. This relationship illustrates the fact that the sound hole radiation can be obtained electrically by using the sound board vibrations. The radiation from sound board 1 6 and sound hole 1 8 are additive in the near field of guitar 1 2 to give one acoustic signal. Thus, the sound hole signal obtained in this fashion can be added to the sound board signal directly transduced by transducer 20 to give the total acoustic signal from guitar 1 2. The total acoustic signal is expressed as follows::
TOTAL ACOUSTIC SIGNAL = sound board signal + (sound hole signal) x sound board signal (sound board signal) x sound board signal) 2
TOTAL ACOUSTIC SIGNAL = 1+ Xh SOUND BOARD SIGNAL 2 2 h TOTAL ACOUSTIC SIGNAL = i#) (ia) + a)
- 2 + ia)a + 2
SOUND BOARD SIGNAL As best shown in Fig. 3, the present invention utilizes the above-illustrated relationships to obtain the total acoustic signal. In the preferred embodiment, a guitar 30 includes a hollow chamber 32, a sound board 34, and a sound hole 36. The present invention comprises a vibration transducer 38, a circuit 40, and a speaker, not shown. Transducer 38 is electrically connected to circuit 40.Circuit 40, generally referred to as a filter, comprises a preamplifier 42, a transfer function block 44, and a summing amplifier 46. Filter 40 is preferably a second order parametric filter that is capable of processing the vibrations from sound board 34 to reproduce a signal that represents the total acoustic signal of guitar 30. Filter 40 is fed with the signal derived from the direct mechanical vibrations of sound board 34. Circuit 40, therefore, is capable of simulating the Helmholtz resonance of guitar 30.
When the characteristics of guitar 30 are known, the characteristics of filter 40 may be set or preadjusted for guitar 30. Alternatively, the characteristics of filter 40 may be varied and adjusted to match the characteristics of guitar 30. Generally, only two parameters of filter 40 need to be varied; the resonant frequency (fro) of filter 40 and the Q factor of the resonance.
Filter 40, generally an active filter, may function as either a high pass or low pass filter. More particularly, the input of preamplifier 42 may be derived from one or more transducers 38 which are placed on sound board 34. Preamplifier 42 also functions as an impedance matching network. Although a preamplifier need not be employed, the signal forwarded to filter 40 needs to be provided with a low impedance source in order to ensure that filter 40 is not loaded.
The parametric requirements for filter 40 of the present invention are varied depending on the characteristics of guitar 30. When sound board or plate 34 is represented as a damped mass/spring resonant system and sound hole 36 as an air piston, a simple model of the volume velocities of both sound board 34 and sound hole 36 for a low frequency guitar may be represented by the following: Up = iw (F/Mp) {[(#h - # ) + i#γa]/D}
a = -1w (F/Mp) (A/S) (X2 /D) where Up = volume velocity of the sound board
Ua = volume velocity of the sound hole
F = driving force of the strings M = mass of the sound board
D = denominator
A = area of the vibrating sound board
S = area of the sound hole ya = constant due to the instrument properties, e.g., air.
The comparison of these equations produces the transfer function for the sound hole radiation as affected by the excitation force of sound board 34. The transfer function equation is as follows: Up/Ua = -(A/S) (#h)
Wh - #) + i#γa (-A/S) #h 2 2 (#h - #) + i#Ra M
a
where Ra = resistance of the sound hole
Ma = mass of the sound hole.
In addition, the sound pressure due to a point source radiation is as follows:
P = - i#pU/4#R, where U = total volume velocity of the source. Thus,
U = AUp +SUa.
Since a signal that is representative of the point source volume velocity equivalent displacement is required, # and Up = g, # = A#p + S#a, or
#/A = (#p + S /A #a, where #p = linear excursion of the sound board = = linear excursion of the sound hole.
In addition,
-A/S #h TOTAL SIGNAL =#p + S/A x ------ x #p SCALE FACTOR (#h - # + i#Ra Ma 2
= #p - #h x #p
(~h - # + i #Ra Ma
Since
Ua = "a , Up #p the total filtering action upon a signal representative of sound board excursion 4 is
2
F(s) = 1- 2 - a)2) + ixR a
This equation can be obtained with a split signal path of (p one path of which is inverted and filter by
2 #h
(#h - #2) + i#Ra .
Ma a
This results in- block 44 of filter 40 being equaled to the above equation with a negative sign,
2 Tf1 = 2 ~ ath - a) ) + a)Ra.
a
The parametric requirement for block 44 are as follows. If the resonant frequency (fro) of
double bass strings is at approximately 41 Hz, then the fomin is approximately 40 Hz. If the f0 of the violin is approximately 295 Hz, then the fomaa is approximately 400 Hz.
The parametric control of the gain of filter 40 should be in the range of approximately 0.5 to
35dB in order to effectively cover all instruments such as violins and banjos.
In the alternative technique of Fig. 4, filter 40 comprises a preamplifier 52 and a transfer function block 54. The input of preamplifier 52 is connected to transducer 38 and the output is connected to block 54. The output of block 54 is connected to a speaker, not shown. The transfer function of filter 40 in the alternative embodiment is as follows:
s(s + a) T =
n'h where a = variable
s = Laplace transform variable
Parametric control in this instance is obtained by varying "a" and Uh.
Referring to Fig. 5, there is shown a partial schematic representation of the simulator of Fig.
3. Preamplifier 42 in this schematic is an operational amplifier. Block 44 in this schematic comprises operational amplifier 62, 64 and 66, which generate the required transfer function.
Moreover, ganged potentiometers 70 are provided to enable the alteration of the resonant frequency of block 44 without affecting the gain of filter 40. If, however, it is unimportant that the gain remain unchanged when the resonant frequency is altered, potentiometers 70 need not
be ganged. Further, potentiometer 82 may be employed to alter the gain of block 44. When
potentiometers 70 and 82 are varied, the resultant transfer functioris of block 44, or in turn filter 40, are illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7, respectively. For example, Fig. 6 illustrates a plurality of gain versus frequency curves. The x-axis represents normalized, logarithmic frequencies in relation to the guitar strings. The y-axis represents actual gain and gain generated by filter 40.
At the normalized frequency of "1," the gains of block 44 are at their maximum for various settings of potentiometers 70 and 82. In light of the fact that gain = Q + 1, if the actual gain is approximately 5.0, the Q factor for a particular curve is approximately 4.0. In addition, the possible gains for a particular guitar string, e.g., "D," are readily determined. Fig. 7 illustrates the negative gain portions of the curves of Fig. 6.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications may be made within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (11)
1. For electronically reproducing the total sound produced by a musical instrument, said musical instrument having a plurality of components each of which produces one aspect of said total sound, an electronic acoustic reproduction system comprising
vibration transducer means mounted on said instrument for receiving said one aspect of said total sound from one of said components and transforming said one aspect to an electrical signal; and
electronic filter means for processing said electrical signal to produce a total electrical signal representative of said total sound of said musical instrument.
2. The electronic acoustic reproduction system as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said electronic filter means comprises
preamplifier means for receiving said electrical signal and generating an amplified electrical signal;
transfer function means for receiving said amplified electrical signal and generating a processed amplified electrical signal; and
summing amplifier means for receiving said amplified electrical signal and said processed amplified electrical signal, and generating said total electrical signal representative of said total sound.
3. The electronic acoustic reproduction system as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, wherein said musical instrument has a sound hole, wherein said electronic filter means has a transfer function characteristic of
2 ft Dh - 2) a)Ra +
M
a where a, .= angular frequence variable Sh = angular frequency ofHelmholtz resonance R = resistance of the sound hole
Ma = mass of the sound hole
4.The electronic acoustic reproduction system as claimed in Claim 1, wherein said electronic filter means comprises
preamplifier means for receiving said electrical signal and generating an amplified electrical signal; and
transfer function means for receiving said amplified electrical signal and generating said total electrical signal representative of said total sound.
-
5. The electronic acoustic reproduction system as claimed in Claim 4, wherein said electronic filter means has a transfer function characteristic of
s(s + a)
Tf2 (S2 + sa + 2 where a = variable
s = Laplace transform variable
6.For electronically reproducing the sounds of a stringed musical instrument, said stringed instrument having a hollow air chamber, a sound board, and a sound hole, whereby vibrations generated by said sound board occurs generally at the vicinity of the Helmholtz air resonanceand vibrations generated by said sound hole occurs generally in the low-to mid-frequency range such that the combination of said sound board vibrations and said sound hold vibrations is the total sound produced by said stringed instrument, an electronic acoustic reproduction system comprising
vibration transducer means mounted on said sound board for transforming said sound board vibrations to an electrical signal; and
electronic filter means for processing said electrical signal to produce a total electrical signal
representative of said total sound of said stringed instrument.
7. The electronic acoustic reproduction system as claimed in Claim 6 wherein said electronic filter means comprises
preamplifier means for receiving said electrical signal and generating an amplified electrical signal;
transfer function means for receiving said amplified electrical signal and generating a
processed amplified electrical signal; and
summing amplifier means for receiving said amplified electrical signal and said processed amplified electrical signal, and generating said total electrical signal representative of said total sound.
8. The electronic acoustic reproduction system as claimed in Claim 7, wherein
said preamplifier means comprises an operational amplifier; and
said transfer function means comprises a plurality of operational amplifiers.
9. The electronic acoustic reproduction system as claimed in Claim 6, 7 or 8, wherein said electronic filter means has a transfer function characteristic of
2 Tf1 = Tf1 ~ + jwRa Ma
where a, = angular frequency variable Sh = angular frequency of Helmholtz resonance Ra = resistance of the sound hole
Ma = mass of the sound hole
10. The electronic acoustic reproduction system as claimed in Claim 6, wherein electronic filter means comprises
preamplifier means for receiving said electrical signal and generating an amplified electrical signal; and
transfer function means for receiving said amplified electrical signal and generating said total electrical signal representative of said total sound.
11. The electronic acoustic reproduction system as claimed in Claim 10, wherein said electronic filter means has a transfer function characteristic of
s(s + a) Tf2 (52 + sa + xh) where a = variable
s = Laplace transform variable
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUPG650784 | 1984-08-10 | ||
| AU45790/85A AU587389B2 (en) | 1984-08-10 | 1985-08-05 | Helmholtz resonant simulator |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB8519300D0 GB8519300D0 (en) | 1985-09-04 |
| GB2162987A true GB2162987A (en) | 1986-02-12 |
| GB2162987B GB2162987B (en) | 1988-12-21 |
Family
ID=25627331
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08519300A Expired GB2162987B (en) | 1984-08-10 | 1985-07-31 | Helmholtz resonant simulator |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2162987B (en) |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3454702A (en) * | 1965-12-15 | 1969-07-08 | Baldwin Co D H | Tone control systems for electric guitars and the like |
| US3518353A (en) * | 1968-05-20 | 1970-06-30 | Jamie F Appleton | Tone control for stringed musical instruments |
| US3530756A (en) * | 1967-12-01 | 1970-09-29 | Electric Piano Inc | Electromagnetic piano |
| US3591700A (en) * | 1967-04-14 | 1971-07-06 | Warwick Electronics Inc | Switch operated tone control circuitry and amplifier for musical instruments |
| US3688010A (en) * | 1970-06-11 | 1972-08-29 | Alfred B Freeman | Tone modulation system |
| US4143575A (en) * | 1976-10-01 | 1979-03-13 | Oliver Richard C | Electronic sound generating system for a stringed musical instrument |
| US4164163A (en) * | 1977-06-22 | 1979-08-14 | Peavey Electronics Corp. | Electric guitar circuitry |
| DE2906987B1 (en) * | 1979-02-22 | 1980-08-28 | Nourney Carl Ernst G Prof Dipl | Arrangement for the electrical reproduction of the sound of a string instrument |
| US4357852A (en) * | 1979-05-21 | 1982-11-09 | Roland Corporation | Guitar synthesizer |
-
1985
- 1985-07-31 GB GB08519300A patent/GB2162987B/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3454702A (en) * | 1965-12-15 | 1969-07-08 | Baldwin Co D H | Tone control systems for electric guitars and the like |
| US3591700A (en) * | 1967-04-14 | 1971-07-06 | Warwick Electronics Inc | Switch operated tone control circuitry and amplifier for musical instruments |
| US3530756A (en) * | 1967-12-01 | 1970-09-29 | Electric Piano Inc | Electromagnetic piano |
| US3518353A (en) * | 1968-05-20 | 1970-06-30 | Jamie F Appleton | Tone control for stringed musical instruments |
| US3688010A (en) * | 1970-06-11 | 1972-08-29 | Alfred B Freeman | Tone modulation system |
| US4143575A (en) * | 1976-10-01 | 1979-03-13 | Oliver Richard C | Electronic sound generating system for a stringed musical instrument |
| US4164163A (en) * | 1977-06-22 | 1979-08-14 | Peavey Electronics Corp. | Electric guitar circuitry |
| DE2906987B1 (en) * | 1979-02-22 | 1980-08-28 | Nourney Carl Ernst G Prof Dipl | Arrangement for the electrical reproduction of the sound of a string instrument |
| US4357852A (en) * | 1979-05-21 | 1982-11-09 | Roland Corporation | Guitar synthesizer |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB8519300D0 (en) | 1985-09-04 |
| GB2162987B (en) | 1988-12-21 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |