GB2141281A - Apparatus for determining an alternative form of three dimensional space - Google Patents

Abstract

The apparatus comprises a universally gimballed sphere suspended in a framework by means of three planes supported by axles at right angles to one another, there being a protractor on each plane which can be read against a pointer fixed on the adjoining plane. The protractors are subdivided into segments denoted by degrees, numbers, letters and/or symbols. The apparatus is used to demonstrate the existence of a completely different form of space which provides the illusion of being a volume and accounts for many observed phenomena. It may include or be used in conjunction with a space frame or model (Figs. 5,6 and 7) having component locations marked with indicating numbers, letters or symbols corresponding to those of the main apparatus. The model may be constructed in layers provided with hinges or a flexible backing for opening up to reveal the locations. <IMAGE>

Description

SPECIFICATION Apparatus for determining an alternative form of three dimensional space The invention consists of apparatus designed to show that three dimensional Euclidean space can be defined without recourse to the physical dimensions of length, breadth and height. It is intended that the apparatus described may be used for demonstrating this phenomenon.

Before describing the apparatus it is necessary to outline my theory that space may not be a volume.

To prove such a theory it is first necessary to show that an illusion of three dimensional space can be obtained in a completely different way to that which is apparent.

The apparatus is a physical mechanism which reveals a metaphysical set of circumstances which may be the true cosmology of the universe. I refer to this cosmology as the PRIMEVAL POINT THEORY because, if I am correct and physical volume is an illusion and not a reality, then everything in the universe must be contained within the antithesis of a volume, namely a point.

To study such a point it is necessary to consider it to be contained within a sphere of no particular size.

The only measurements permissible are the angles between the various axes of the point measured in degrees from their intersection at the centre of the sphere, the CENTRAL ANGLES. It is the relationship of these axes to one another which can form the illusion ofvolumetricspace as I will show.

The apparatus consists of a sphere on which is marked a single axis denoted as a spaceship in orbit as shown in Figures 1A and 2. It will be appreciated that the spaceship marks the position of a particular axis which passes through the centre of the sphere, the Primeval Point, and that the orbit indicates that this axis is itself rotating or orbiting in a particular direction about an associated axis at right angles to it. The sphere is suspended in a frame by means of three axles set at right angles to one another forming a set of universal gimbals so that the sphere can be rotated in any direction and the spaceship can be moved to any position on that sphere relative to the frame itself.

The sphere is therefore held in position within the frame by three planes, the relative position of which will vary according to the position and direction of orbit of the spaceship which is marked 'A'.

On each plane there is a protractor which can be read against a pointer which is fixed to the adjoining plane on the opposite end of the axle connecting them.

The protractors, which are denoted by the letters X, Y and Z, are sub-divided into numbered segments. If each of the pointers is lined up with a particular segment, such as X1, Y1, Z1 as shown in Figure 2, then the spaceship, or axis which it represents, will at that moment be in a particular location and facing in a particular direction on the sphere relative to the supporting framework. It will be found that this set of references exactly corresponds to the Cartesian co-ordinates X, Y and Z in three dimensional Euclidean geometry.

The spherical angles which the apparatus is measuring are those shown and described in Figure 4.

Provided that the protractors are sub-divided into an odd number of segments it can be shown that for any particular position and direction of orbit on the sphere the spaceship will have one, and only one, set of co-ordinates, thus representing a discrete location in Euclidean three dimensional space.

Whilst a sphere, and therefore a point, can theoretically be considered as having an infinite number of different axes it can be shown that this infinite number must always be a square number. An analogy will demonstrate this fact. Let us consider a real spaceship which is orbiting the earth at a particular height. At this height the total number of possible alternative orbits around the earth, each of which defines one particular axis at right angles through the centre of the earth, can be calculated by multiplying the number of crossing places on the equator (Z) by the number of possible intersections at any particular crossing point (Y).

As 'Z' and 'Y' both equal 360" for an odd number of orbits (or 1800 for an even number) then the total number of possible orbits, and therefore the total number of axes, must be a square number (see Figure 3).

Furthermore the total extent or "length" of any particular orbit 'X' is also 360". The total number of discrete positions that such a spaceship might pass through whilst orbiting over the surface of the earth would therefore be X x Y x Z which is a cubic number and thus representative of a volume. It is this simple mathematical fact that is at the foundation of my theory.

As a protractor can be infinitely sub-divided into segments the apparatus can theoretically describe an infinite number of separate discrete locations whilst remaining a finite entity itself, thus demonstrating that the total extent of the universe is finite.

As the circumference of a protractor or sphere is a closed line, any traveller moving along that line will eventually return to his starting point. Einstein believed that if a spaceship were to depart from earth and continue to fly in what appeared to the pilot to be a straight line for long enough it would eventually return in this way. With the conventional concept of spacial volume such an idea is impossible to visualise. In the theory I am describing such a fact is inevitable. The system allows for a form of space which is finite in overall extent, infinite by subdivisions and yet unbounded to a traveller who can never leave the system nor come to an edge. These requirements were favoured by Einstein, Riemann and others. The theory also solves the paradox set by Archytasthe Greek in ancienttimesconcerning what lies beyond the edge of the universe.Any observer will always imagine himself two be at the centre no matter how far he may travel in any direction.

In 1887 the results of the Michelson and Morley experiment were interpreted as having dispelled the existence of the Ether. In 1905 Einstein postulated in his Special Theory of Relativity that Euclidean abso lute space could not exist. In the Prim-eval Point Theory Euclidean space is found to be an illusion.

Spacial contraction in the direction of motion of a body as predicted by Einstein does not affect the Primeval Point concept of space which is devoid of fixed lineal dimensions. Thus the theory its not in conflict with the findings of Einstein.

The apparatus described may be used to demonstrate other aspects of the Primeval Point Theory and may be used in possible explanations regarding fundamental forces, energy, the formation of matter, the nature of motion, the constant speed of light and the phenomenon of time. A complete cosmology is involved.

As examples of this claim the apparatus shows how light, once emitted from a source, will-continually circle the universe along geodesics returning to and passing through its original point of emission until it is absorbed by striking a particle. Consequently the universe, which is finite in extent, will provide an illusion to an observer repeating itself for ever and-ever in all directions (Figures 5 and 6).

As light would take an extremely long time to complete even a single circuit of the universe the earth would have moved a considerable distance through space during that time. Consequently an observer on earth would see image reflections of the Galaxyfrom long ago returning from many different directions and representative of many different periods of its history. A telescopic examination of the night sky will indicate that this might be so.

Regarding the existence of matter, it may be contemplated that the Primeval Point consists of some form of metaphysical mass, possibly consisting of its own axes. I have already proved that the total number of orbiting axes must be a square number (Figure 3). If each of these constitutes a force, as may be visualised if the analogy of the spaceship in orbit is replaced by a vector of length 'C' (representing the circumference of its orbit - see Figure 1 B), then the mass of the universe must be constantly subjected to a force of C2. The total energy of the universe must therefore equal MC2.

Whilst it must remain a matter of conjecture whether or not the similarity of this equation to that of Einstein is coincidence, it can easily be visualised that the speed of the rotation of the axes of the Primeval Point creates a constant and thereby determines a maximum possible rate at which light or any particle mighttravel in orbitalong its geodesics.

If the axes of the Primeval Point were found to constitute the "matter" within it, then the total quantity of matter in the universe would be C2 (Quanta). This would be distributed throughout a total number of possible locations amounting to C3.

This would suggest an explanation for the comparative rarity of matter in proportion to empty space that is evident.

The eternal nature of time is also explained. The Primeval Point universe involves the synchronised rotation or pulsing of its axes, forming cycles, which in itself suggest a form of clock. If these rotations were to cease for a period then both space and time would be brought two a stop for that period. Consequently we could not possibly be aware of such a happening. Such an interval would therefore be virtually non-existent. The Primeval Point universe cannot therefore have either an end our a beginning in so far as its inhabitants are concerned. Space and time are inseparable. The eternal nature of time is that existence is entirely within it. Perhaps this is a manifestation of the eternity of creation.

The apparatus described to illustrate this theory consists of a central sphere with an axis denoted by a surface mark indicating its direction of orbit or by a rod through the centre ofthat sphere marked to show its direction of orbit. The sphere is suspended in a framework by means of three planes supported by axles set at right angles to one another to form a set of universal gimbals. On each plane there is a protractor which can be read against a pointerfixed on the adjoining plane on the opposite end of the axle connecting them. The protractors are subdivided into segments denoted by degrees, numbers, letters or symbols or by a combination of these, such as the letters and numbers shown in Figure 2.

The apparatus may include or be used in conjunction with a space frame or model as shown in Figures 5,6 and more particularly in Figure 7, to demonstrate the illusion of the formation of three dimensional Euclidean space to which the apparatus relates. The component locations within the model or space frame may be marked with indicating letters, numbers or symbols corresponding with those on the apparatus itself to demonstrate this relationship. These locations may be revealed by constructing the model in layers and providing them with hinges or a flexible backing so that they may be opened up as the pages of a book.

Claims (2)

1. A mechanism substantially as described and as illustrated in Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings for providing a means of demonstrating a concept of space.

2. A mechanism as claimed in Claim 1 in combination with a framework substantially as described and illustrated in Figures 5,6 and 7 of the accompanying drawings.