GB2133839A - Power plant comprising a pressurised fluidised bed combustor - Google Patents
Power plant comprising a pressurised fluidised bed combustor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2133839A GB2133839A GB08317930A GB8317930A GB2133839A GB 2133839 A GB2133839 A GB 2133839A GB 08317930 A GB08317930 A GB 08317930A GB 8317930 A GB8317930 A GB 8317930A GB 2133839 A GB2133839 A GB 2133839A
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- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- gas turbine
- compressor
- pressure gas
- turbine
- combustor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
- F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
- F01K23/06—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle
- F01K23/061—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with combustion in a fluidised bed
- F01K23/062—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled combustion heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle with combustion in a fluidised bed the combustion bed being pressurised
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
- F02C3/20—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products
- F02C3/205—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid using a special fuel, oxidant, or dilution fluid to generate the combustion products in a fluidised-bed combustor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C9/00—Controlling gas-turbine plants; Controlling fuel supply in air- breathing jet-propulsion plants
- F02C9/16—Control of working fluid flow
- F02C9/20—Control of working fluid flow by throttling; by adjusting vanes
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Control Of Turbines (AREA)
Abstract
The plant comprising a pressurised fluidised bed combustor (PFBC) 11 in combination with a gas turbine 12, 13 and associated compressor 14, is enabled to operate over an extended range of load and to respond rapidly to substantial load changes by arranging for such range and changes to be achievable while maintaining the PFBC at substantially constant temperature and varying, instead, the gas pressure in and mass flow rate through the PFBC. For effecting the required changes, the gas turbine is provided with variable geometry, in the form of variable inlet or inter-stage guide vanes 34 and/or interstage bypass or blow-down valves 39,40, and these are controlled in conjunction with the fuel feed rate to the FFBC. The compressor may also be provided with variable inlet or inter-stage guide vanes 41 and one or more blow-down valves 42. <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Power-generation plant and method
This invention relates to power-generation plant of the kind which comprises a pressurised fluidised bed combustor (PFBC) in combination with a gas turbine and associated compressor, and to a method of operating such plant.
Power-generating plant of this kind, in which the PFBC is employed essentially as the combustor for the gas turbine by which, in turn, it itself is pressurised, is generally accepted as offering a higher full-load efficiency than conventional pulverised-fuel power stations and also as providing a better means of meeting current and anticipitated future controls on exhaust emission; but known designs suffer from two major drawbacks, namely a severely limited power turn-down capability and an inability to respond rapidly to rapid demand changes without the plant being subjected to severe and ultimately destructive thermal stress.
A fundamental feature of the PFBC is that its combustion bed must be cooled to prevent the bed temperature rising above the sintering or melting temperature of the ash of the fuel used, and this is achieved by the provision in the bed of cooling tubes through which cooling water or air is passed to abstract an appropriate proportion of the total heat release, in the form of steam or heated air, whilst maintaining the bed at an appropriately high temperature to ensure efficient combustion.Since the bed temperature rises to temperatures of about 1 0000C, the PFBC needs to be lined with ceramic or other refractory material both to reduce heat losses and to protect structural metal of the PFBC; and similar thermal insulation is also required in hot ducting leading from the PFBC and in a hot clean-up system which is interposed between the PFBC and the gas turbine inlet to remove ash particles from the gaseous combustion products before these enter the turbine. The PFBC will only operate efficiently over a limited temperature range of about 2000C (between ash sintering and poor combustion) and this, due to the inherent characteristics of conventional gas turbines, would lead (as already mentioned) to a severely limited power turn-down capability of only about 2:1.Furthermore, the presence of the thermal insulation at high temperatures imposes severe limitations on the rate at which the PFBC operating temperature can be raised or lowered, typically to a maximum rate of about 1 700C per hour, which would result in the plant taking over an hour to accept load changes even over the limited permissible range; and most electrical generating systems, in particular, require a much more rapid response to changes in demand. In particular, a sudden loss of electrical load would require a rapid shut-down of the PFBC to avoid gas turbine and generator overspeed, and the consequent high rate of temperature drop would subject the insulation to severe thermal shock of a kind which would be damaging and, ultimately, destructive.
It is an object of the invention to provide power-generating plant of the kind which comprises a PFBC in combination with a gas turbine and associated compressor, and a method of operating such plant, which enable an extended load range, and an inherent capacity to respond rapidly to substantial load changes, to be achieved while the bed temperature of the PFBC is maintained within safe limits.
In power plant comprising:
a) a pressurised fluidised bed combustor
provided with a combustion gas outlet and a
compressed air inlet,
b) fuel supply means for delivering fuel to said
pressurised fluidised bed combustor at a
variable rate,
c) control means for controlling the delivery of
fuel from the fuel supply means to the
combustor in dependence upon the
temperature in the combustor and tending to
maintain said temperature at a pre-set
demand value,
d) a high pressure gas turbine the inlet of
which is linked to the combustion gas outlet
of the combustor,
e) a low pressure gas turbine the inlet of which
is linked to the outlet of said high pressure
gas turbine,
f) means for varying the relative power outputs
of said high and low pressure gas turbines,
and
g) an air compressor driven by the low pressure
turbine for feeding compressed air to said
compressed air inlet, the present invention
provides a method of changing the total
useful power output of the power plant to a
new power output wherein the relative
power output of said high and low pressure
gas turbines is adjusted in conjunction with
the fuel feed rate to said combustor so as to
keep the temperature in the combustor
within predetermined safe limits and to
achieve an equilibrium temperature within
the combustor at said new power output
which is substantially equal to said pre-set
demand temperature.
Preferably said means comprises a variable orientation inlet-guide vane system at the inlet of the low pressure turbine which is effective to adjust the inter-turbine pressure and hence the relative power output of the high and low pressure turbines.
According to a further aspect of the invention, power plant comprises:
a) a pressurised fluidised bed combustor
provided with a combustion gas outlet and a
compressed air inlet,
b) temperature sensing means for sensing the
temperature in said combustor,
c) variable delivery fuel supply means for
supplying fuel to said combustor,
d) a high pressure gas turbine connected to
said combustion gas outlet,
e) a low pressure gas turbine connected to the
outlet of said high pressure gas turbine,
f) first control means for varying the relative
power output of said high and low pressure
gas turbines, and
g) an air compressor drivingly connected to the
output shaft of the low pressure gas turbine
for supplying compressed air to said
compressed air inlet, wherein the
improvement comprises further control
means connected to said temperature
sensing means, first control means and
variable delivery fuel supply means for
isothermally adjusting the total useful power
output of the power plant.
The invention will be more fully understood from the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of power-generating plant according to the invention and operated in accordance therewith,
Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating performance, under varying conditions, of an air compressor comprised in the power-generating plant of Figure 1,and Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of power-generating plant according to the invention and operated in accordance therewith.
The power-generating plant represented by
Figure 1 comprises a pressurised fluidised bed combustor 11 (PFBC) in combination with a highpressure gas turbine 12 and a low-pressure gas turbine 13. The high-pressure gas turbine 12 drives an associated air compressor 14, which feeds compressed air to the lower part of the
PFBC 1 where the upward air flow fluidises a combustion bed 11' and supports combustion therein of fuel supplied to the bed via a fuel feed line 15. In addition to the fuel feed line 1 5, the
PFBC 11 may, as shown, be provided with a further feed line 16 for introducing any desired chemical treatment feed in order to influence or contol the nature and composition of the products of combustion.The gaseous products of combustion are fed from the PFBC to the high-pressure gas turbine 12 via a hot clean-up system 17, represented schematically in Figure 1 as a pair of cyclone separators connected in series, which removes all ash particles above a threshold which is acceptable in practice in terms of turbine erosion.
The exhaust from the high-pressure gas turbine
12 is fed to the low-pressure gas turbine 13 (loaded by an electrical generator 18) and thence through a waste-heat recovery unit 1 9 and a cold clean-up system 20 before being finally emitted into the atmosphere via an outlet stack 21.
Part of the heat generated by the combustion in the PFBC 11 is absorbed in the turbines 12 and
13, respectively driving the compressor 14 and the generator 18, but for control of the temperature in the bed 11' a part of such heat is abstracted from the fluidised bed 11' by means of cooling tubes 22 and 23 constituting respectively the evaporator and super-heating sections of a steam-raising boiler from which the steam is fed via a steam valve 24 to a steam turbine 25 driving an electrical generator 26.Steam exhausted from the steam turbine 25 is passed through a condenser 27 (provided with a separate coolingwater circuit 28) and returned (together with any required make-up water from a supply line 29) by a feed water pump 30 to the steam-raising tubes 22 and 23 in the fluidised bed 11'. Preferably, and as shown, the waste-heat recovery unit 19 is constituted by a steam-raising boiler having economiser, evaporator and superheater sections 31,32 and 33 respectively in series and generating steam which is also fed to the steam turbine 25; and in that case the feed water from the pump 30 may, as shown, be fed first to the economiser section 31 whereafter a part is fed to the sections 32 and 33 of the unit 19 but the remainder is fed to the tubes 22 and 23 in the fluidised bed 11'.
As described thus far, the plant shown in
Figure 1 is substantially of known kind and subject to the shortcomings described above arising from the severe restrictions imposed on allowable changes and rates of change of the temperature within the PFBC 11 and the hot clean-up system and the ducting connecting these to one another and to the high pressure turbine 12 because of the susceptibility to thermal shock of the insulation provided and because of the relatively narrow band of allowable temperatures in the bed 11'.
However, the invention provides for a greatly improved flexibility of response to changes in power output requirements, with only minimal variations of temperature within the PFBC 11, hot clean-up system 1 7 and associated ducting. To this end, the gas turbine part of the system is provided with means for adjusting the relative power conversion in the high and low pressure turbines, which means as illustrated in Figure 1, takes the form of a variable-orientation inlet guide-vane system 34 at the inlet of low-pressure turbine 13 and serves to vary the inter-turbine pressure. It should be noted that the total pressure drop across turbines 12 and 13 is substantially constant for a given gas flow rate through them, irrespective of the orientation of the guide vanes. Since the relative power outputs of the turbines will depend on the respective pressure drops across them, the relative power
conversion in the turbines will vary with the interturbine pressure, which is a function of the orientation of the guide vanes. However, the
invention also includes within its scope methods of power control wherein working fluid is bypassed from the inlet of the high pressure turbine 12. Temperature sensors 42 detect the average combustion temperature in combustor
11 and control the relative power conversion occurring in turbines 12 and 13 in conjunction with the fuel delivery rate from a hopper 45. The
relative power conversion is goverened by a
motor 44 whch adjusts vane-system 34 and by controlled valves 39 and 40.The control system described above is governed by a master control 47, which signals the required "set point" temperature and any change in the demanded power output. When a change in demanded power output is signalled, valve 43 adjusts the fuel feed rate from hopper 45 to the appropriate level (and optionally adjusts the "set point" temperature) and vane system 34 and/or valves 39 and 40 are adjusted in accordance with one of several possible control schemes described below.
A de-superheater 35 is connected between the evaporator and superheater tubes 22 and 23 and is made of variable effect by means of a control valve 36 by means of which the flow of feedwater to the de-superheater 35 can be varied or shut off. Preferably, a similar de-superheater 37 under the control of a control valve 38 is connected correspondingly between the evaporator and superheater sections 32 and 33 of the unit 19.
De-superheaters 35 and 37 provide fine control of the steam temperature in turbine 25 and the associated ducting.
At steady load, the PFBC 11 is operated at constant temperature. This, preferably, is achieved by "set point" temperature control, utilising a multiplicity of temperature sensors (not shown) to measure the average gas temperature of the combustion products in the upper part of the PFBC 11 and using an error signal, produced when the average temperature varies from the demand or "set point" temperature, to adjust the fuel feed rate through the fuel feed line 1 5. The fuel feed rate adjustment may be effected in accordance with any of several known control schedules, such as those known as "P.", "P.l." and "P.l.D.", these initials standing for "proportional", "integral" and "derivative" respectively.The de-superheater 35 is similarly made to work to a "set point" temperature, namely that of the steam final exit temperature from the superheater tubes 23, as measured by temperature sensors (not shown) from which, in the event of a temperature departure from "set point", an error signal is derived which acts on the valve 36 to restore "set point" conditions.
There are several ways in which a change in power output can be initiated in anticipitation of an increase or decrease in demanded electrical power. It will be understood that the following description relating to power increases also applies, mutatis mutandis, to decreases in required power.
Firstly, the fuel feed rate corresponding to the "set point" temperature for the PFBC may be temporarily increased by an amount which results in a small temperature increase known to be acceptable as a short-term temperature increase in the PFBC and associated components. The resulting increase in the gas temperature reaches the high-pressure turbine 12 after a delay of the order of minutes since the PFBC 11, hot clean-up unit 1 7 and the ducting connecting these to one another and to the turbine 12 have a volume which, typically, is comparable with the delivery flow of the compressor 14 during such a period.
After this initial delay, the increased gas temperature increases the power output of the turbine 12 and the compressor 14 therefore increases in speed and passes an increased flow.
The flow outpaces the high-pressure turbine flow acceptance, and thus the gas pressure in the
PFBC 11 increases. As this pressure approaches the level required to meet the increased demand the fuel feed rate is placed once again under normal control (which now, of course, requires a greater fuel feed rate to maintain the set point temperature, in view of the increased gas mass flow rate in the PFBC 11). During the acceleration period of the high pressure turbine 12 and compressor 14, the power output of the low pressure turbine 13 can be controlled in accordance with any of several routines:- (1) Output from the generator 18 may be held
substantially constant.This requires slight
opening of the inlet guide vanes 34 of the
low pressure turbine 13 when the increased
inlet gas temperature reaches it, followed by
further opening as the gas flow builds up
with increasing pressurisation in the PFBC
11. As this increase in pressurisation nears
completion, the inlet guide vanes 34 are
closed to give the desired increased output
from the turbine 13 and generator 18.
(2) If a control and stop valve 39 is provided to
bypass the high pressure turbine 12 as
shown in Figure 1, output from the generator 1 8 may be held substantially constant while
maintaining an enhanced rate of pressure
increase in the PFBC. This requires opening
of the inlet guide vanes 34 to reduce the
inter-turbine pressure and maximise the
pressure drop across the high pressure
turbine 12, accompanied by simultaneous
partial opening of the bypass valve 39 to
augment the flow through the low pressure
turbine 13 and compensate for the reduced
interturbine pressure.
(3) If the earliest possible partial increase in
output from the generator 18 is required,
this can also be achieved by combined
adjustment of the inelt guide vanes 34 and
the bypass valve 39. The increased electrical
power is obtained at the expense of lower
power from the high pressure turbine 12 and
hence a longer time to achieve the required
increase in pressure in the PFBC and the
required total increase in electrical power.
(4) If the most rapid increase in pressurisation
of the PFBC is required, for earliest
availability of the full desired increase in
power output from the generator 18, the
bypass valve 39 is kept closed and the inlet
guide vanes 34 are opened to their
maximum extent to minimise the
interturbine pressure and maximise the
power of the high pressure turbine 12 and
hence the rate of pressure increase in the
PFBC. This results, however, in a sharp fall
off, of the order of 50%, in the output of the
generator 18 until the new steady conditions
are achieved.
Instead of biasing the fuel feed rate directly, as
the means of initating an increase in power, the
temperature set point may be increased
temporarily by a small amount known to be
acceptable. This automatically results in an
increase in the fuel feed rate, and after a time lag
as described above the temperature increase
reaches the gas turbines 12 and 13. The
sequence of compressor acceleration and
pressure increase in the PFBC occurs as is
described above, and the same options (1), (2),
(3) and (4) are available for controlling the low
pressure turbine 13 and generator 18 in the
period before the new steady conditions are
achieved.
Yet a further way of initiating the required
change is to increase the opening of the inlet
guide vanes 34 so as to reduce the interturbine
pressure, increase the pressure ratio across the
turbine 12 and thereby increase its power and
accelerate it and the compressor 14. This course
initiates the required acceleration of the
compressor and onset of the increase in pressure
in the PFBC without any time lag due to the interval required for increased-temperature gas to
travel from the PFBC to the high pressure turbine
12, but it does result in a decrease in the power of
the low pressure turbine 13 and in the output of
the generator 18, though this can be
compensated (at the expense of increasing the
time to complete the required change) by partially
opening the bypass valve 39 to increase the flow
in the low pressure turbine 13.
As already intimated, decreases in the required
output level of the generator 18 can be initiated
by reversing any of the above-described ways of
initiating a power increase. Additionally, the
achievement of a decrease in power can be
speeded by the use of a bypass valve 40 across
the low pressure turbine 13 if one is provided (as
is also shown in Figure 1).
The extent to which the output power from the
generator 18 can be reduced while maintaining the
bed temperature in PFBC 11 substantially
constant is limited by the extent to which the
mass flow of air through the PFBC can be
reduced. Figure 2 shows the compressor
operating line when operating in the conditions of
Figure 1, namely with substantially constant
combustion temperature and into a substantially
constant choked swallowing capacity of the high
pressure turbine 12. With a conventional fixed
geometry compressor, the characteristics would
typically be bounded by a surge line such as A,
(which represents unstable and therefore
dangerous operation of the compressor) and in
consequence it would not be allowable to run the
compressor (and the high pressure turbine) down
to below about 65% of full-load air flow, where
the surge line crosses the operating line.
Preferably, however, like the low pressure turbine
13 the compressor 14 is also provided with
means for varying its performance characteristics, these being represented schematically in Figure 1 as variable stator blading 41 at the compressor inlet (and/or at one or more interstage locations) and one or more valves 42 permitting a controlled degree of blowdown from one or more selected interstage points of the compressor.These variables, namely the settings of the stator blading 41 and of the control valve(s) 42, are automatically controlled in a predetermined way in dependence on a suitable independent variable (monitored by means not shown) such as compressor speed or gas pressure at the compressor exit, so as to modify the compressor performance at low output in such a way that instead of being govemed by the high-speed surge line A defined by the family of constant speed lines (80%, 90%, 100% etc. shown in the diagram) it undergoes gradual modification to a low-speed surge line B, thus extending the area bounded by the operating line and the surge line, enabling the compressor to operate down to 40% or less of its full-load air flow.The smooth transition from surge line A to surge line B may be achieved, for example, by making the settings of the blading 41 and valve(s) 42 variable gradually over a range of compressor speeds between (as illustrated) about 88% and about 78% of the maximum running speed. Another possible way of controlling the blading and valve settings in dependence on compressor speed would be to sense rises and falls of speed through some particular value (say 80%) and use signals derived therefrom to trigger full adjustment of the blading and valve(s) from one end to the other of their ranges of adjustment.
Compressors with variable blading and valve settings are commonly used in conventional operating schemes for gas turbine power plant.
In the power plant according to the invention which is represented by Figure 1, the steam turbine 25 and generator 26 may account for the major proportion of the generated power (though preferably for a substantially smaller proportion than the 80% or so which would be expected in a known proposal in which the power output is controlled by varying the combustion temperature within the fluidised bed and the air flow through the bed, from the compressor to the gas turbine, is made not substantially greater than that required stoichiometrically for combustion of the fuel): in another embodiment of power-generating plant made, and for operation, in accordance with the invention, as shown in Figure 3 (in which corresponding components have the same reference numerals as in Figure 1) the required cooling of the combustion bed 11' of the PFBC 11 is effected not by generating steam but by using air which is then fed to the gas turbine 12. In this embodiment, the steam turbine 25 and electrical generator 26 are still provided, but with the duty of abstracting heat only from the steam generated in the waste heat recovery unit 19.In the PFBC 11 of Figure 3, the water tube evaporator and steam super-heater tubes 22 and 23 of the plant shown in Figure 1 are replaced by the lower and upper sections 22' and 23' of an air-cooled tube system to which a part of the air delivered by the compressor 14 is supplied and from which such air, after being heated in the tube sections 22' and 23', is returned to the main part of the compressor delivery (after this has passed -- through the PFBC and the hot clean-up unit 17) and fed to the high pressure gas turbine 12.
Corresponding to the control valve 36 of the plant shown in Figure 1 is an air valve 36' (preferably under temperature "set point" control) which enables air to bypass the lower section 22' of the coolant tube system and be fed direct from the compressor 14 to the upper section 23', and by which the temperature of the air leaving the upper section 23' and of the bed 11' may be regulated.
Control of the plant represented by Figure 3, to make it respond to, or anticipate, changes in output demand are essentially as already described in respect of the plant represented in
Figure 1, and accordingly no more detailed description of it will be required here.
In either of the above-described embodiments of the invention, the unreduced combustion temperature, even at reduced loads, gives an improved overall thermodynamic and thermal efficiency for the plant as compared with variabletemperature conventional operation; and the ability to select and then maintain a single combustion temperature enables performance to be optimised for different qualities of coal, petroleum residuals or other fuels with varying ash and corrosion properties. The maintenance of a constant combustion temperature also eases the problems of chemically neutralising corrosive fuels and controlling the nature of exhaust emissions to atmosphere. Although the mass flow rate of gas through the PFBC is made to vary under varying pressure conditions, the volumetric flow rate varies scarcely at all and the fluidisation velocity within the PFBC is maintained almost constant at an optimum level under varying load conditions. This is because the pressure drop across the high pressure turbine 12 is sufficiently high for its swallowing capacity (defined as
where Mis the mass flow rate, T1 is the gas temperature at the turbine inlet and P1 the gas pressure at the turbine inlet) to reach a constant limiting value. The turbine is said to be "choked" in this condition. Sine T1 is constant and the volumetric flow rate is proportional to M/Pt, the fluidisation velocity of the gas through the fluidised bed is substantially constant.
Claims (20)
1. In power plant comprising a pressurised fluidised bed combustor operating at a controlled demand temperature, a high pressure gas turbine driven by the gaseous combustion products of said combustor, a low pressure gas turbine driven by the gas exhausted from the high pressure gas turbine, and an air compessor feeding said fluidised bed and driven by the high pressure gas turbine, a method of changing the total useful power output of the power plant wherein the relative power conversion in said high and low pressure turbines is adjusted in conjunction with the fuel feed rate to said combustor so as to keep the temperature in the combustor within predetermined safe limits and to achieve an equilibrium temperature within the combustor at the new power output which is substantially equal to said controlled demand temperature.
2. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the relative power conversion in the high and low pressure gas turbines is adjusted by adjusting the inter-turbine pressure.
3. A method as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 initiated by temporarily increasing or decreasing the fuel feed rate from that required to maintain said controlled demand temperature according to whether an increase or a decrease in useful power output is required.
4. A method as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 initiated by temporarily increasing or decreasing said demand temperature according to whether an increase or decrease in useful power output is required.
5. A method as claimed in Claim 3 or Claim 4, wherein the change in total useful power output is delayed by initially partially opening or closing an inlet guide vane of the low pressure gas turbine, so as to balance an increase or a decrease in the gas flow rate through said turbines as the case may be and to maintain the original total useful power output for a limited period.
6. A method as claimed in Claim 5 as dependent on Claim 3, wherein some of the gas from said combustor is initially diverted from the inlet of the high pressure gas turbine to the inlet of the low pressure gas turbine.
7. A method as claimed in Claim 3 or Claim 4, wherein said change in total useful power output is delayed by initially opening or closing an inlet guide vane of the low pressure gas turbine sufficiently to overcompensate for an initial increase or decrease in the gas flow rate through said turbines.
8. A method as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2,
initiated by opening an inlet vane of the low pressure turbine.
9. A method as claimed in Claim 8, wherein some of the gas from said combustor is diverted from the inlet of the high pressure gas turbine to the inlet of the low pressure gas turbine.
10. A method as claimed in any preceding
Claim wherein said pressurised fluidised bed combustor incorporates a thermodynamic fluid coolant loop for extracting heat from the combustor and driving a turbine, wherein said loop is controlled so as to maintain the temperature of the heated working fluid from said loop at a pre-set demand temperature during said change in total useful power output.
11. A method as claimed in Claim 10 wherein said thermodynamic fluid coolant loop incorporates a steam raising boiler and is controlled by a variable de-superheater.
12. A method as claimed in Claim 10 wherein said thermodynamic fluid coolant loop is an air loop connected between the outlet of said compressor and the inlet of said high pressure gas turbine and is controlled by bypass valve means.
13. A method as claimed in any preceding
Claim wherein the performance characteristics of said compressor are controlled in dependence upon the flow rate of the compressor so as to vary the surge line governing the compressor and thereby extend the range of permissible compressor flow rates.
14. A method as claimed in Claim 13 wherein said performance characteristics are controlled by varying the orientation of the compressor stator blading.
15. A method as claimed in Claim 14 wherein said orientation is controlled in dependence upon the compressor speed.
16. A method as claimed in Claim 13 wherein said performance characteristics are controlled by varying the degree of blowdown from one or more interstage points of the compressor.
17. A method as claimed in any preceding
Claim, wherein said power plant forms part of an electricity generating system.
18. In power plant substantially as described hereinabove with reference to Figure 1 or Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings, a method of changing the useful power output substantially as described hereinabove.
19. Power plant comprising a pressurised fluidised bed combustor provided with temperature sensing means, variable delivery fuel supply means, a high pressure gas turbine connected to a gas outlet of the pressurised fluidised bed combustor, a low pressure gas turbine whose inlet is connected to the outlet of the high pressure gas turbine, control means for varying the relative power output of said high and low pressure gas turbines, an air compressor drivingly connected to the low pressure turbine, the outlet of said compressor being connected to a compressed air inlet of the pressurised fluidised bed combustor, and further means connected to said temperature sensing means, control means and variable delivery fuel supply means for
isothermally adjusting the total useful power output of the power plant.
20. Power plant as claimed in Claim 18 wherein said control means is effective to vary the
inter-turbine pressure.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB08317930A GB2133839B (en) | 1982-09-27 | 1983-07-01 | Power plant comprising a pressurised fluidised bed combustor |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8227543 | 1982-09-27 | ||
GB08317930A GB2133839B (en) | 1982-09-27 | 1983-07-01 | Power plant comprising a pressurised fluidised bed combustor |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
GB8317930D0 GB8317930D0 (en) | 1983-08-03 |
GB2133839A true GB2133839A (en) | 1984-08-01 |
GB2133839B GB2133839B (en) | 1985-09-25 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
GB08317930A Expired GB2133839B (en) | 1982-09-27 | 1983-07-01 | Power plant comprising a pressurised fluidised bed combustor |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
GB (1) | GB2133839B (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0353374A1 (en) * | 1988-07-25 | 1990-02-07 | Abb Stal Ab | Gas turbine unit for combined production of electricity and heat and method for operating such unit |
EP0410118A1 (en) * | 1989-07-26 | 1991-01-30 | Deutsche Babcock Energie- Und Umwelttechnik Aktiengesellschaft | Combined cycle process |
EP0447122A1 (en) * | 1990-03-12 | 1991-09-18 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Pressurized fluidized bed combustion combined cycle power plant and method of operating the same |
ITCO20100029A1 (en) * | 2010-05-24 | 2011-11-25 | Nuovo Pignone Spa | METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR INPUT NOZZLES WITH VARIABLE GEOMETRY FOR USE IN TURBOESPANSORI |
US20220364999A1 (en) * | 2019-06-13 | 2022-11-17 | Rolls-Royce Plc | Computer-implemented methods for determining compressor operability |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB955298A (en) * | 1960-12-27 | 1964-04-15 | Chantiers De Bretagne Anciens | Improvements in or relating to power generating plant comprising a gas turbine |
GB2049816A (en) * | 1979-05-17 | 1980-12-31 | Curtiss Wright Corp | A Gas Turbine Power Plant having an Air-Cooled Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor |
GB2076062A (en) * | 1980-05-16 | 1981-11-25 | English Electric Co Ltd | Turbine power plant |
-
1983
- 1983-07-01 GB GB08317930A patent/GB2133839B/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB955298A (en) * | 1960-12-27 | 1964-04-15 | Chantiers De Bretagne Anciens | Improvements in or relating to power generating plant comprising a gas turbine |
GB2049816A (en) * | 1979-05-17 | 1980-12-31 | Curtiss Wright Corp | A Gas Turbine Power Plant having an Air-Cooled Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor |
GB2076062A (en) * | 1980-05-16 | 1981-11-25 | English Electric Co Ltd | Turbine power plant |
Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0353374A1 (en) * | 1988-07-25 | 1990-02-07 | Abb Stal Ab | Gas turbine unit for combined production of electricity and heat and method for operating such unit |
EP0410118A1 (en) * | 1989-07-26 | 1991-01-30 | Deutsche Babcock Energie- Und Umwelttechnik Aktiengesellschaft | Combined cycle process |
EP0447122A1 (en) * | 1990-03-12 | 1991-09-18 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Pressurized fluidized bed combustion combined cycle power plant and method of operating the same |
US5203159A (en) * | 1990-03-12 | 1993-04-20 | Hitachi Ltd. | Pressurized fluidized bed combustion combined cycle power plant and method of operating the same |
ITCO20100029A1 (en) * | 2010-05-24 | 2011-11-25 | Nuovo Pignone Spa | METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR INPUT NOZZLES WITH VARIABLE GEOMETRY FOR USE IN TURBOESPANSORI |
EP2390470A1 (en) * | 2010-05-24 | 2011-11-30 | Nuovo Pignone S.p.A. | Methods and systems for variable geometry inlets nozzles for use in turboexpanders |
CN102330574A (en) * | 2010-05-24 | 2012-01-25 | 诺沃皮尼奥内有限公司 | The method and system that is used for the geometry-variable inlet nozzle of turbo-expander |
US8882438B2 (en) | 2010-05-24 | 2014-11-11 | Nuovo Pignone S.P.A. | Methods and systems for variable geometry inlets nozzles for use in turboexpanders |
CN102330574B (en) * | 2010-05-24 | 2015-01-14 | 诺沃皮尼奥内有限公司 | Methods and systems for power generation |
RU2565679C2 (en) * | 2010-05-24 | 2015-10-20 | Нуово Пиньоне С.п.А. | Electric power generator and power generation process |
US20220364999A1 (en) * | 2019-06-13 | 2022-11-17 | Rolls-Royce Plc | Computer-implemented methods for determining compressor operability |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB8317930D0 (en) | 1983-08-03 |
GB2133839B (en) | 1985-09-25 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19970701 |