GB2120967A - Fluid supplying and discharging apparatus for use in vulcanizing machine - Google Patents
Fluid supplying and discharging apparatus for use in vulcanizing machine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2120967A GB2120967A GB08214275A GB8214275A GB2120967A GB 2120967 A GB2120967 A GB 2120967A GB 08214275 A GB08214275 A GB 08214275A GB 8214275 A GB8214275 A GB 8214275A GB 2120967 A GB2120967 A GB 2120967A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- tire
- vulcanizing machine
- bladder
- upper ring
- interior
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D30/00—Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
- B29D30/06—Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof (e.g. produced by casting, moulding, compression moulding, injection moulding, centrifugal casting)
- B29D30/0601—Vulcanising tyres; Vulcanising presses for tyres
- B29D30/0662—Accessories, details or auxiliary operations
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
- B29C35/16—Cooling
- B29C2035/1616—Cooling using liquids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C37/00—Component parts, details, accessories or auxiliary operations, not covered by group B29C33/00 or B29C35/00
- B29C2037/90—Measuring, controlling or regulating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
- B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
- B29C35/04—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould using liquids, gas or steam
- B29C35/041—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould using liquids, gas or steam using liquids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D30/00—Producing pneumatic or solid tyres or parts thereof
- B29D30/06—Pneumatic tyres or parts thereof (e.g. produced by casting, moulding, compression moulding, injection moulding, centrifugal casting)
- B29D30/0601—Vulcanising tyres; Vulcanising presses for tyres
- B29D30/0662—Accessories, details or auxiliary operations
- B29D2030/0666—Heating by using fluids
- B29D2030/0667—Circulating the fluids, e.g. introducing and removing them into and from the moulds; devices therefor
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
Abstract
A fluid supplying and discharging apparatus for use in a tire vulcanizing machine including an upper ring (3), a lower ring (1), a bladder (6) supported by the upper ring (3) and lower ring (1), and a center post (2). The fluid supplying and discharging apparatus comprises the upper ring having at least one supply and discharge through-hole (8) and the center post having a fluid supply and discharge passage (14) connected to the discharge through-hole (8). <IMAGE>
Description
SPECIFICATION
Fluid supplying and discharging apparatus for use in vulcanizing machine
The present invention generally relates to vulcanizing machines and more particularly, to a fluid supplying
and discharging apparatus for use in tire vulcanizing machines.
Conventionally, in tire vulcanizing machine having a central mechanism including a bladder, a center post,
an upper ring and a lower ring (well), for example, in an MHI type tire vulcanizing machine comprising a lower ring (well) 1, a center post 2 extending through the lower ring 1 upwardly, an upper ring 3. mounted on the upper end of the center post 2, and an AFV type bladder 6 supported by the lower ring 1 and upper ring 3
as shown in Figure 1, it has been so arranged that fluids such as hot water, steam, gas and cooling water are,
sequentially supplied into and discharged from the interior of a raw tire 9 through a bladder 6 by the use of a
supply pipe 7 and a discharge pipe 7' provided in the lower ring 1, so that the tire 9 may be subjected to vulcanization molding.The lower ring 1 substantially in the shape of a circular truncated cone, has an upper
surface 1' disposed in the interior of the tire 9 and a lower surface 1". The lower ring 1 further has a recess 5
formed on the upper surface 1' and the recess 3 has a bottom surface 1"'. The supply pipe 7 extends through.
the lower surface 1" to the upper surface 1' and the discharge pipe 7' extends through the lower surface 1" to the surface 1"'. The tire 9 is loaded in a metal mold 4 so as to be held between the bladder 6 and the metal
mold 4. It is to be noted here that the tire 9 comprises a tread portion 10 and a pair of sidewall portions 11 and
11' opposed to each other and contiguous to opposite ends of the tread portion 10.The conventional tire
vulcanizing machine shown in Figure 1, however, has the disadvantage that, since the supply pipe 7 and
discharge pipe 7' are provided in the lower ring 1 disposed at a central portion of the tire 9, for example,
supply of hot ater or cooling water into the interior of the tire 9 is retarded due to gases such as air, nitrogen
or steam remaining in an upper portion of the interior adjacent to the sidewall portion 11, or the portion
occupied by the residual gases is not heated or cooled sufficiently when the interior of the tire 9 has been
filled with hot water or cooling water, with the consequence that undesirable non-uniform vulcanization of
the tire 9 tends to take place.
Accordingly, the present invention sets out to provide an improved fluid supplying and discharging
apparatus for use in vulcanizing machines, and more particularly tire vulcanizing machines, in which gas is
exhausted from the interior of the tire rapidly and sufficiently so as to allow uniform heating and cooling of
the tires so that the tires may be vulcanized sufficiently, with substantial elimination of the disadvantages
inherent in conventional fluid supplying and discharging apparatuses of this kind.
The present invention also sets out to provide an improved fluid supplying and discharging apparatus of
the above described type which is simple in structure, highly reliable in actual use and can be readily
incorporated into tire vulcanizing machines and the like at low cost.
According to the present invention there is provided an elastomer product vulcanizing machine
comprising an upper ring, a bladder supported by said upper ring and the upper ring having at least one
passage for the supply and/or discharge of fluid provided in or on it and opening into the interior of the
bladder.
In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a tire vulcanizing machine
including an upper ring, a lower ring, a bladder supported by the upper ring and lower ring, and a center
post, the upper ring having at least one fluid supplying and/or discharging hole extending in a radial
direction thereof and provided in or on the upper ring, and the center post having a fluid supplying and/or
discharging passage with the passage of the center post.
In accordance with the present invention, residual gas in the interior of the tire or other elastomer product
can be exhausted therefrom efficiently so as to heat and cool the tire uniformly so that the tire may be vulcanized sufficiently.
The present invention is further described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying
drawings, in which;
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional fluid supplying and discharging apparatus for use in a tire vulcanizing machine, and
Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a fluid supplying and discharging apparatus of the present invention.
It is to be noted that like parts are designated by like reference numerals throughout the views of the
accompanying drawings.
Referring now to the drawings, there is shown in Figure 2, a tire vulcanizing machine K to which a fluid
supplying and discharging apparatus S according to the present invention may be applied. The tire vulcanizing machine K includes a lower ring 1, center post 2 upwardly extending through the lower ring 1, an
upper ring 3 mounted on the upper end of the center post 2 coxially with the lower ring 1, a bladder 6
supported by the lower ring 1 and the upper ring 3 so as to be fitted into the interior of a tire 9, and a metal
mold 4 accommodating the tire 9 therein so that the tire 9 may be held between the bladder 6 and the metal
mold 4.
As described earlier with reference to Figure 1, the tire comprises a tread portion 10 and a pair of sidewall
portions 11 and 11'. Likewise, a plurality of supply pipes 7 and discharge pipes 7' are provided in the lower
ring 1 and the supply pipes 7 extend through a lower surface 1 "to an upper surface 1', while the discharge
pipes 7' extend through the lower surface 1 "to a surface 1"' with the lower ring 1 being disposed at a central portion of the tire 9.
The upper ring 3 has a plurality of fluid supply and discharge through-holes 8 extending therethrough in a radial direction thereof so as to have openings at the circumference. It should be noted that the openings of the through-holes 8 are disposed more adjacent to the sidewall portion 11 than those of the supply pipes 7 and discharge pipes 7'. The number of the through-holes 8 may be reduced to one.
The center'post 2 is formed with a fluid supply and discharge passage 14 extending axially therethrough and connected to-the through-holes 8.
The fluid supplying and discharging apparatus S of the present invention is arranged as described above.
Accordingly, when the interior of the tire 9 has been filled with hot water (supplied from the supply pipes 7 formed in the lower ring 1) in a hot water process, air remaining in the bladder 6 can be rapidly and sufficiently exhausted or discharged through the through-holes 8. Furthermore, when the interior of the tire 9 has been filled with cooling water in a cooling water process following a gas process or a steam process, gas or steam remaining in the bladder6 can be efficiently exhausted therefrom through the through-holes 8.
Namely, since the openings of the through-holes 8 are disposed above the discharge pipes 7' and more adjacent tb the sidewall portion 11 than those of the discharge pipes 7', gas in the interior of the tire 9 can be exhausted therefrom rapidly and'sufficiently, so that inflow of hotwater or cooling water into the interior of the tire 9 can be performed efficiently and thus, the tire 9 can be heated or cooled uniformly.
When hot water or cooling water is circulated in the interior of the tire 9 after gas has been exhausted therefrom, the through-holes 8 can be used as supply and discharge pipes of the hot water orthe cooling water in addition to the conventional supply pipes 7. During the above-described supplying and discharging of the hot water or the cooling water, since the openings of the through-holes 8 of the upper ring 3 are disposed more adjacent to the sidewall portion 11 of the tire 9 than those of the conventional supply pipes 7 and discharge pipes 7' provided in the lower ring 1, smooth flow of fluid in the interior of the tire 9 can be achieved and thus, the tire 9 can be- heated and cooled uniformly.
It is to be noted that the through-holes 8 extending through the upper ring 3 in a radial direction thereof can be replaced by pipes such as steel pipes or copper pipes secured to one surface of the upper ring 3 by pipe clamps or welding. The pipes are advantageous in that they can be provided more easily, in working, than the through-holes 8.
Supply and discharge of hot water, cooling water, etc. by the use of the through-holes 8, supply pipes 7 and discharge pipes 7' are changed over by using automatic operation valves V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6 and V7 through sequence-control.
One example of changeover control of supply and discharge of thethrough-holes 8, supply pipes 7 and discharge pipes 7' in the case of a vulcanizing process composed of, e.g., a hot water process, a hot water circolatton process a cooling water process and a cooling water circulation process is shown in Figure 2 and
Table 1 below.
TABLE 1
Through-hole Supply pipe Discharge pipe
8 7 7'
When tire is being
filled with hot V5 open V1 open V6 closed
water
During circulation V3 open V1 open V6 open
of hot water
When hotwater process is com- V3 closed V1 closed V6 closed
pleted
When tire is being
filled with cool- V5 open V2 open V7 closed
ing water
During circulation
of cooling water V4 open V2 open V7 open
When cooling water
process is com- V4 closed V2 closed V7 closed
pleted
As is clear from the foregoing description, in a fluid supplying and discharging apparatus of the present invention for use in a tire vulcanizing machine, it is so arranged that a fluid supply and discharge passage formed in a center post is connected with a plurality of fluid supply and discharge through-holes provided in or on an upper ring. Accordingly, when the interior of the tire is being filled with hot water or cooling water, gas can be exhausted from the fluid supply and discharge through-holes through the fluid supply and discharge passage rapidly, so that inflow of hot water or cooling water into the interior of the tire can be performed efficiently and thus, the tire is heated or cooled uniformly.
When hot water or cooling water is circulated in the interior of the tire, the fluid supply and discharge through-holes can be used for supplying hot water or cooling water into the interior of the tire, so that the tire is heated or cooled more uniformly.
Furthermore, since the openings of the fluid supply and discharge through-holes are disposed more adjacent to one sidewall portion of the tire remote from the lower ring than those of supply pipes and discharge pipes provided in the lower ring of the tire vulcanizing machine, fluids flow in the interior of the tire uniformly and thus, the tire is heated or cooled more uniformly.
Moreover, when inert gas cannot be exhausted from the interior of the tire in the cooling water process, the residual gas is compressed as cooling water is supplied thereinto, so that pressure in the bladder increases, thereby, in some cases, producing a force greater than the tightening force of the vulcanizing press. In this case, the tire is not tightened sufficiently and thus, vulcanization of the tire is effected adversely.
However, in accordance with the present invention, such a disadvantage is eliminated and thus, the tire is vulcanized sufficiently through uniform heating and cooling thereof.
Although the present invention has been fully described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted here that various changes and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Claims (8)
1. An elastomer product vulcanizing machine comprising an upper ring, a bladder supported by said upper ring and the upper ring having at least one passage for the supply and/or discharge of fluid provided in or on it and opening into the interior of the bladder.
2. Avulcanizing machine as claimed in claim 1 further comprising center post having a passage connected to the or each pssage in or on the upper ring.
3. A vulcanizing machine as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the or each pssage in or on the upper ring extends radially thereof.
4. A vulcanizing machine as claimed in any one of the preceding claims further comprising a lower ring also supporting the bladder.
5. A vulcanizing machine as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the or each passage in or on the upper ring is connected to an automatic valve for controlling discharge,
the valve being arranged to be synchronously actuated upon the interior of the bladder being filled with hot water or cooling water so as to exhaust gas from the interior of the bladder.
6. A vulcanizing machine as claimed in claim 5, further including a passage for supplying heating or cooling water opening into the interior of the bladder generally at the bottom thereof, the passage being connnected to respective valves for controlling the supply of heating and cooling water.
7. A vulcanizing machine as claimed in ay one of the preceding claims for vulcanizing tires.
8. A vulcanizing machine substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to Figure 2 of the accompanying drawings.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08214275A GB2120967B (en) | 1982-05-17 | 1982-05-17 | Fluid supplying and discharging apparatus for use in vulcanizing machine |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08214275A GB2120967B (en) | 1982-05-17 | 1982-05-17 | Fluid supplying and discharging apparatus for use in vulcanizing machine |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2120967A true GB2120967A (en) | 1983-12-14 |
| GB2120967B GB2120967B (en) | 1986-05-14 |
Family
ID=10530395
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08214275A Expired GB2120967B (en) | 1982-05-17 | 1982-05-17 | Fluid supplying and discharging apparatus for use in vulcanizing machine |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| GB (1) | GB2120967B (en) |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0372921A2 (en) * | 1988-12-08 | 1990-06-13 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries Limited | Method for vulcanising elastomer products and apparatus therefor |
| EP0385477A2 (en) * | 1989-03-02 | 1990-09-05 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Drain ejector in a tire vulcanizing machine |
| US5020982A (en) * | 1987-12-29 | 1991-06-04 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries Limited | Apparatus for vulcanizing elastomer product |
| US5133914A (en) * | 1987-12-29 | 1992-07-28 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries Limited | Method for vulcanizing elastomer product |
| EP0578106A2 (en) * | 1992-07-01 | 1994-01-12 | Bridgestone Corporation | Method and curing mold for manufacturing road vehicle tires |
| US5378425A (en) * | 1990-11-30 | 1995-01-03 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. | Method for vulcanizing tire and apparatus therefor |
| EP1252997A2 (en) * | 2001-04-19 | 2002-10-30 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | A tire mold and a method of rapidly depressurizing the mold |
| CN103192474A (en) * | 2013-04-27 | 2013-07-10 | 北京化工大学 | Center mechanism of tire vulcanizing machine |
| EP3266599A1 (en) * | 2016-07-05 | 2018-01-10 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. | Tire vulcanizing apparatus and tire vulcanizing method |
| CN107825634A (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2018-03-23 | 中国化工集团曙光橡胶工业研究设计院有限公司 | A kind of water tire vulcanization device of the double curved mouthpieces of band |
| EP3299157A1 (en) * | 2016-09-26 | 2018-03-28 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. | Tire vulcanizing apparatus |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB791841A (en) * | 1956-01-30 | 1958-03-12 | Us Rubber Co | Improvements in apparatus for shaping pneumatic tyres |
| GB1131174A (en) * | 1966-05-17 | 1968-10-23 | Martha Guhr | Improvements in or relating to tyre vulcanising presses |
| GB1210880A (en) * | 1967-05-09 | 1970-11-04 | Sigurd Ingemann Olsen | Vulcanization presses for car tyres |
| GB1261916A (en) * | 1968-03-29 | 1972-01-26 | Dunlop Holdings Ltd | Method and apparatus for forming articles e.g. pneumatic tyres |
| GB1456762A (en) * | 1973-08-07 | 1976-11-24 | Bridgestone Tire Co Ltd | Flexible annular core used for the production of hollow toroidal rubber shells |
| GB2033825A (en) * | 1978-10-26 | 1980-05-29 | Goodyear Tire & Rubber | Tyre mould press |
-
1982
- 1982-05-17 GB GB08214275A patent/GB2120967B/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB791841A (en) * | 1956-01-30 | 1958-03-12 | Us Rubber Co | Improvements in apparatus for shaping pneumatic tyres |
| GB1131174A (en) * | 1966-05-17 | 1968-10-23 | Martha Guhr | Improvements in or relating to tyre vulcanising presses |
| GB1210880A (en) * | 1967-05-09 | 1970-11-04 | Sigurd Ingemann Olsen | Vulcanization presses for car tyres |
| GB1261916A (en) * | 1968-03-29 | 1972-01-26 | Dunlop Holdings Ltd | Method and apparatus for forming articles e.g. pneumatic tyres |
| GB1456762A (en) * | 1973-08-07 | 1976-11-24 | Bridgestone Tire Co Ltd | Flexible annular core used for the production of hollow toroidal rubber shells |
| GB2033825A (en) * | 1978-10-26 | 1980-05-29 | Goodyear Tire & Rubber | Tyre mould press |
Cited By (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5020982A (en) * | 1987-12-29 | 1991-06-04 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries Limited | Apparatus for vulcanizing elastomer product |
| US5133653A (en) * | 1987-12-29 | 1992-07-28 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries Limited | Apparatus for vulcanizing an elastomeric product utilizing a pressurizing and a heating medium |
| US5133914A (en) * | 1987-12-29 | 1992-07-28 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries Limited | Method for vulcanizing elastomer product |
| EP0372921A3 (en) * | 1988-12-08 | 1990-09-12 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries Limited | Method for vulcanising elastomer products and apparatus therefor |
| US5151242A (en) * | 1988-12-08 | 1992-09-29 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. | Method for vulcanizing elastomer products and apparatus therefor |
| EP0372921A2 (en) * | 1988-12-08 | 1990-06-13 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries Limited | Method for vulcanising elastomer products and apparatus therefor |
| EP0385477A2 (en) * | 1989-03-02 | 1990-09-05 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Drain ejector in a tire vulcanizing machine |
| EP0385477A3 (en) * | 1989-03-02 | 1992-10-28 | Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Drain ejector in a tire vulcanizing machine |
| US5378425A (en) * | 1990-11-30 | 1995-01-03 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. | Method for vulcanizing tire and apparatus therefor |
| EP0578106A2 (en) * | 1992-07-01 | 1994-01-12 | Bridgestone Corporation | Method and curing mold for manufacturing road vehicle tires |
| EP0578106A3 (en) * | 1992-07-01 | 1994-03-30 | Bridgestone Corp | |
| EP1252997A2 (en) * | 2001-04-19 | 2002-10-30 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | A tire mold and a method of rapidly depressurizing the mold |
| EP1252997A3 (en) * | 2001-04-19 | 2004-05-12 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | A tire mold and a method of rapidly depressurizing the mold |
| CN103192474A (en) * | 2013-04-27 | 2013-07-10 | 北京化工大学 | Center mechanism of tire vulcanizing machine |
| CN103192474B (en) * | 2013-04-27 | 2015-02-18 | 北京化工大学 | Center mechanism of tire vulcanizing machine |
| EP3266599A1 (en) * | 2016-07-05 | 2018-01-10 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. | Tire vulcanizing apparatus and tire vulcanizing method |
| EP3299157A1 (en) * | 2016-09-26 | 2018-03-28 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. | Tire vulcanizing apparatus |
| CN107825634A (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2018-03-23 | 中国化工集团曙光橡胶工业研究设计院有限公司 | A kind of water tire vulcanization device of the double curved mouthpieces of band |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2120967B (en) | 1986-05-14 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19980517 |