GB2114997A - Selectively removing basic nitrogen compounds from oils - Google Patents

Abstract

Hydrocarbon oil feedstock is mixed with an anhydrous non-polymeric Group IVb*, Group Vb, Group VIb, Group VIIb, nonnoble (iron group) metals of Group VIII, copper, zinc, cadmium, or mercury halide (except TiCl4 or FeCl3) or tetrafluoroborate, complexed with a non-aqueous polar solvent under conditions of agitation and mild heating whereby the basic nitrogen compounds (BNC) exchange with the polar solvent to complex with the above-recited metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate. The oil is then decanted to separate it from the metal halide and BNC complexes and the decantate washed with a polar solvent, which preferably includes water, and dried. The preferred polar solvent for the wash step is water. The anhydrous non-polymeric metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate-nonaqueous polar solvent complex can be used as such, or they can be impregnated onto a support material. * Periodic Table according to "The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", published by the Chemical Rubber Publishing Company, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Description

SPECIFICATION Method for selectively removing basic nitrogen compounds from lube oils using transition metal halides and transition metal tetrafluoroborates A method is disclosed for the selective removal of basic nitrogen compounds (BNC) from natural and synthetic hydrocarbon feedstocks, preferably petroleum feedstocks, most preferably lube and transformer oils, which method comprises mixing the feedstock oil with a nonaqueous solution of anhydrous nonpolymeric Group lVb*, Group Vb, Group Vlb, Group Vllb, the non-noble (iron group) metals of Group VIII, copper, zinc, cadmium and mercury halides (except TiC14 or FeCI3) or tetrafluoroborates, complexed with nonaqueous polar solvents under conditions of mild agitation and heating whereby the basic nitrogen compounds exchange with the polar solvent to complex with the above recited metal halides and metal tetrafluoroborates. The preferred halide is bromide, and the preferred polar solvent is methanol. The oil is then decanted to separate it from the metal halides: BNC complexes and the decantate washed in with a polar solvent, which preferably includes water, and dried. The basic nitrogen compound-metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate complex dissolves in the polar solvent, and that which is in the oil is removed by the polar solvent wash. The preferred polar solvent for the wash step is water. By the practice of this method, the basic nitrogen compound content of the oil is reduced by at least 90%.

The anhydrous nonpolymeric metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate-nonaqueous polar solvent complex can be used as such, or they can be impregnated onto a support material such as silica, alumina, silica-alumina, faujasite, kaolin, carbon, zeolite, coal, vermiculite, etc., and used as supported basic nitrogen compound complexation compositions. These supported materials can be regenerated after use by washing with polar solvents. They recover essentially ail of their complexation ability.

The reaction can be described in terms of the following formula: MXnQz+BNCeMXn(BNC)z+zQ (I) wherein M is the metal component selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, titanium, molybdenum, Group IVb, Group Vb, Group Vlb, Group Vllb, the non-noble (iron group) of Group VIII, copper, zinc, cadmium, mercury; X is a halide selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, or is tetrafluoroborate except that when M is titanium or iron, X cannot be chlorine; n is the number of X atoms satisfying the valence requirements of the metal at the oxidation state employed;Q is the complexed non-aqueous polar solvent; z is the number of nonaqueous polar solvent molecules and BNC is basic nitrogen compounds: wherein M is the metal component selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, titanium, molybdenum, Group IVb, Group Vb, Group Vlb, Group Vllb, the nonnoble (iron group) of Group VEIL, copper, zinc, cadmium, mercury; X is a halide selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, or is tetrafluoroborate; n is the number of X atoms satisfying the valence requirements of the metal at the oxidation state employed; Q is the complexed non-aqueous polar solvent; z is the number of nonaqueous polar solvent molecules and BNC is basic nitrogen compounds.

The metal M is preferably selected from the group consisting of nickel, chromium, vanadium, zinc, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, titanium, molybdenum, cadmium, and mercury. The preferred halide is bromide. The most preferred metal bromides are chromium tribromide, nickel dibromide, vanadium dibromide, zinc dibromide, and the copper, manganese, iron and cobalt bromides. These metal bromides are preferably complexed with a nonaqueous polar solvent selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, most preferably methanol.

Any oil which can be benefited by the removal of basic nitrogen compounds can be treated by the method of the instant invention. Natural and synthetic hydrocarbon feedstocks, such as those derived from coal, tar sands or oil shale, etc., can thus be processed. Typical of feedstocks which are processed are the petroleum oils destined for use as lubricating or transformer oils wherein the presence of basic nitrogen compounds is known to be a major cause of reduced oxidative stability. These oils need not be pretreated prior to this BNC removal process, since the process functions effectively in the presence of a broad spectrum of contaminants, including, for example, and not by way of limitation, N-methyl pyrrolidone, acids, ionic species, phenols, sulfates, etc.Polar compounds, other than BNC, also contribute to the oxidative instability of the oils and these too can be removed by use of the metal solution complexes wherein the polar compounds complex to the metal halides or metal tetrafluoroborates.

There is no limit on the amount of basic nitrogen compounds which can be efficiently removed by the instant process. Any quantity can be removed provided an effective concentration of metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate material is employed. Determination of what constitutes an effective * The Periodic Table groups used in this patent specification are those of the Periodic Table according to "The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", published by the Chemical Rubber Publishing Company, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

concentration of material is readily achieved by reference to Formula I above once the metal and its oxidation state are substituted into the formula. Depending upon the metal selected and its oxidation state as used, from 2 to 6 basic nitrogen compound molecules can be removed by complexation to one metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate molecule. Preferably, a stoichiometric amount of metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate (as determined by the metal oxidation state) is employed.

As previously stated, the metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate is employed in this process in the form of a complex with a nonaqueous polar solvent. The concentration of metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate, which may be effectively employed in the chosen solvent depends upon the choice of metal and is limited solely by the solubility of the metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate in the solvent. Typically, this ranges anywhere from about 0.1 gram material or less per milliliter solvent to 1.0 gram material or more per milliliter solvent. Higher concentrations of metal materials or greater volumes of complex solution are employed for oils more highly contaminated with basic nitrogen compounds.

The oils and metal solution complexes are mixed so as to obtain high surface contact between the oils and the metal solution complexes. This is typically achieved by mixing under conditions of agitation so as to insure complete mixing of the components and the resultant exchange of BNC with the polar solvent on the metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate. This agitation can be achieved by any of a variety of standard methods including mechanical stirring and bubbling gases, preferably inert gases such as N2 through the oil-metal solution complex combination.

These oil-metal solution complex combinations are subjected to mild heating on the order of a temperature between about 25 to 1200 C, preferably 50 to 1 000C, most preferably 50-800 C. This heating is employed so as to facilitate the exchange of the BNC for the polar solvent in the metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate as shown in Formula I.

The oil and metal solution complex are mixed and heated for a time sufficient to insure substantially complete exchange of the BNC and the polar solvent moiety. The oil is then decanted. The decantate is washed with polar solvent or water to remove any metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate BNC complex remaining in the oil. These complexes are soluble in the polar solvent or water. The wash solvent may be employed at any convenient temperature, preferably between 0-200 C. The volume of wash solvent is also, any convenient volume, typically 1-5 volumes was solvent per volume decantate.

The oil is dried under any convenient condition. The oil is found to have had its basic nitrogen compound content reduced by at least 90% by the practice of the instant process.

It must be noted that when the metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate materials complexed with the polar solvents are described, they are identified as being anhydrous, nonpolymeric materials; and the polar solvent is identified as being any polar solvent except water. Polymeric materials are to be avoided since their exchangeable sites are very limited and difficuit to gain access to. Further, polymeric metal halides are relatively insoluble in the solvents employed in the instant invention.

Similarly, the presence of water at the exchange sites in place of other polar solvents is to be avoided since water is exchanged only with extreme difficulty and only at temperatures high enough to adversely effect the quality of the oil and/or decompose the metal halide (see Table 7).

The anhydrous, nonpolymeric metal halides used in the instant invention are prepared by the electrochemical technique explained in detail in "Electrochemical Preparation of Anhydrous Halides of Transition Metals (Mn-Zn)" by J. J. Habeeb, L. Neilson and D. G. Tuck, Inorganic Chemistry, 1 7(2), 306 (1978).

Essentially, the anhydrous, nonpolymeric metal halides are prepared by preparing a solution of nonaqueous polar solvent and halogen, immersing a cathode of a material such as platinum, and an anode made of the desired metal in the solution and applying a current. The reaction is typically carried out under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen. After the reaction is stopped, the excess halogen is vented. Metal halide-polar solvent complexes are quite stable if stored under inert atmospheres.

The anhydrous, nonpolymeric metal halide and metal tetrafluoroborate-polar solvent, complexes can be employed as such in the instant process, or they can be deposited on a suitable inorganic refractory oxide or carbonaceous support and used as a regenerable supported BNC complexation material. Typical support materials include silica, alumina, natural and synthetic zeolites, carbon, faujasite, callcite, coal, etc.; preferably silica, alumina, and zeolites; most preferably silica and alumina.

These supported complexes are prepared by mixing the chosen support with a volume of metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate-nonaqueous polar solvent complex, heating the combination at from 50 to 1 000C under an inert atmosphere followed by drying at from 75 to 1 25 OC. The heating and drying steps can be accomplished as a single step. Care is taken not to drive off the complex polar solvent molecules. The dried combination is cooled, preferably in an inert atmosphere or under vacuum. The combination metal loading is not critical but will have a typical metal loading range of from 0.5 to 10% metal. Again, the higher the concentration, the more BNC can be removed employing a given volume of supported complex.

When these supported materials are used, the oil is contacted with them as by pouring and the BNC are removed by exchange with the nonaqueous polar solvent complexed with the metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate.

After the theoretical maximum volume of oil has been passed through the supported complex, oil passage is terminated; and the support complex regenerated by washing with acetone or any polar solvent (except water) at temperatures between about 25 to 750C, preferably at about 500C.

Supported complexes which are thus regenerated recover essentially all of their ability to remove BNC.

The following Examples are presented so as to help describe the invention and are not presented by way of limitation.

Examples Example 1 Removal of compounds containing basic nitrogen from lube oils by chromium tribromide 1 50 g of a refined transformer oil containing 46 ppm basic nitrogen was mixed with 8 g of methanol containing approximately 300 mg of chromium tribromide. The solution mixture was heated at 750C for 15 minutes with nitrogen gas bubbling (or stirring) at a rate of 50 cc/minute to ensure complete mixing. The oil sample was then decanted. The decantate was washed with cold water and dried by heating to 1 050C with a nitrogen flow of 250 cc/minute. The chromium complex had been extracted into the water layer.

The dried decanted oil had a basic nitrogen content of less than 4 ppm, a reduction of more than 90%. The benefit of removing these basic nitrogen components with CrBr3 is shown by the fact that the Rotary Bomb Life (ASTM D2 112) with 0.06 wt.% 2,6-ditertiarybutyl-para-cresol increased from 1 79 minutes for the untreated oil to 282 minutes for the treated oil.

Example 2 Removal of compounds containing basic nitrogen from lube oils by nickel dibromide 1 75 g of oil was mixed with 10 ml of methanol containing 300 mg of nickel dibromide. The solution mixture was heated to 800C for 1 5 minutes with stirring and nitrogen gas bubbling at a rate of 100 cc/minute. The oil sample was then decanted. The decantate was washed with cold water and dried by heating to 1 200C with nitrogen flow of 300 cc/minute. The nickel complex, a yellow solid, was collected and washed for identification. The degree of basic nitrogen compound removal is presented in Table 1.

Table 1 Basic nitrogen in ppm Before After Oil treatment treatment 60 Neutral 46 3 600 Neutral 81 9 Light raw distillate 111 6 Example 3 Removal of compounds containing basic nitrogen from lube oils by methanolated vanadium dibromide.

175 g of oil was mixed with 1 5 ml of methanol containing 300 mg of vanadium dibromide. The solution mixture was heated to 800C for 1 5 minutes with stirring and nitrogen gas bubbling at a rate of 100 cc/minute. The oil sample was then decanted. The decantate was washed with cold water and dried by heating to 1 700C with nitrogen flow of 400 cc/min. The vanadium complex, a thick dark brown solid, was treated with water to obtain pure basic nitrogen containing compounds for further investigations.The degree of basic nitrogen compound removal is presented in Table 2 Table 2 Basic nitrogen in ppm Before After Oil treatment treatment 60 Neutral 46 3 600 Neutral 81 7 Light raw distillate 11 1 1 The basic process essentially is the injection of vanadium bromide-methanol solution into oil followed by decantation of the oil and then water washing to remove the vanadium bromide complexes of basic nitrogen compounds. The process could also be applied to upgrade heavy crudes.

Example 4 Removal of compounds containing basic nitrogen from lube oils by zinc dibromide and copper bromides Zinc dibromide in methanol and copper bromides (a mixture of Cu(l) and Cu(ll) bromides) in methanol are powerful agents for the removal of these basic nitrogen compounds from a wide variety of lube oils-namely, 60 neutrals, 600 neutrals and raw distiliates--by forming water soluble complexes of zinc bromide and copper bromides.

In a typical experiment, 175 g of oil was mixed with 5-fold excess of metal bromides in methanol to basic nitrogen compounds. The solution mixture was heated to 800C for 10 minutes with stirring and nitrogen gas bubbling at a rate of 200 cc/minute. The oil sample was then decanted. The decantate was washed with warm water (60cm) and dried by heating to 1 200C with nitrogen flow of 700 cc/minute. The metal complexes, either as thick dark brown oil stuck to the walls of the reaction vessel or as brown solid. In both cases, metal complexes were collected for identification. The degree of basic nitrogen compound removal is presented in Table 3.

Table 3 Basic nitrogen content of oils in ppm Before Treated with Treated with Oil treatment ZnBr2 copper bromides 60 Neutral 46 1 4 600 Neutral 81 3 6 Light raw distillate 111 1 9 The benefit of removing basic nitrogen components with ZnBr2 is shown by the fact that the Rotary Bomb Life (ASTM D2 112) with 0.06 wt.% 2,6-ditertiarybutyl-paracresol increased from 1 79 minutes for the untreated 60 neutral oil to 263 minutes for the treated oil and with 0.3 wt.% 2,6ditertiarybutyl-para-cresol increased from 49 minutes for the untreated light Raw Distillates to 1 73 minutes for the treated oil.

The basic process for ZnBr2 and copper bromide treating is envisaged to be injection of the metal bromide-methanol solution into the oil followed by water washing to remove metal bromide basic nitrogen complexes.

Example 5 Removal of compounds containing basic nitrogen from lube oils by manganese, iron, and cobalt bromides In a typical experiment, 200 g of oil was mixed with a 5-fold excess of a metal bromide in methanol relative to basic nitrogen compound content. The mixture was heated to 800C for 10 minutes with stirring and nitrogen gas bubbling at a rate of 200 cc/minute. The oil was then decanted.

The decantate was washed with warm water (600C) and dried by heating to 1 200C with nitrogen flow of 700 cc/minute. The metal complexes, thick, dark brown (green in the case of cobalt bromide) oils stuck to the walls of the reaction vessel, were collected for identification. The degree of basic nitrogen compound removal is presented in Table 4.

Table 4 Basic nitrogen content of o11s in ppm Before Treated with Treated with Treated with 011 treatment MnBr2 FeBr2 CoBr2 60 Neutral 46 3 4 1 600 Neutral 81 6 3 2 Light raw distiliate 111 2 7 3 Example 6 Methanolated transition metal tetrafluoroborates are basic nitrogen scavengers In a typical experiment, 200 g of oil is mixed with 5-foid excess of metal tetrafluoroborate in methanol relative to basic nitrogen compounds. The solution mixture was heated to 800C for 10 minutes with stirring and nitrogen gas bubbling at a rate of 250 cc/minute. The oil sample was decanted and then filtered. The metal complexes, a thick, dark brown oil, were stuck to the walls of the reaction vessel. The degree to basic nitrogen compound removal is presented in Table 5.

Table 5 Basic nitrogen content of oils in ppm Before After Oil treatment treatment 100 Neutral 25 1 Light raw distillate 110 4 Example 7 Removal of compounds containing basic nitrogen from lube oils by silica gel impregnated with Ti(lll), V(ll), Cr(lll), Mo(ll). Mn(ll), Fe(ll), Co(ll), Ni(ll), Cu(ll) and Zn(ll) bromides.

Preparation of the impregnated silica gel was performed as follows. Methanolated complexes of the mentioned transition metal bromides were prepared by electrolysis. Samples of these complexes containing 1 to 3 g of metal were mixed with silica gel (different grades) and heated to 700C under nitrogen followed by drying at 1000C. The new absorbent was cooled in vacuum.

In a typical experiment, a 20 cm long and 2.5 cm diameter column was packed with 75 g impregnated silica gel. An unimpregnated silica gel column of the same dimensions was also used for comparison. Oil was poured through each of the columns which were kept at 80-90C C. The columns need not be maintained at these high temperatures, effective operation being achieved at lower temperatures. Higher temperatures were used to facilitate the rate of flow of high viscosity oils through the column.

Silica gel impregnated with the above-mentioned transition metal bromides are regenerated by washing with acetone at 500C after oil has been recovered. The degree of basic nitrogen compound removal is presented in Table 6.

Table 6 Column (I) Silica gel (blank) No. ofml of oil 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 Basic nitrogen (ppm) in recovered oil < 2 < 2 -5 14 16 21 25 Column FIIJ Impregnated silica gel with CrBr3 No. of ml of oil 250 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 Basic nitrogen (ppm) in recovered oil < 1 < 1 < 1 < 2 < 2 < 2 Column FIIIJ: Column Ul)-regen era ted No. ofml of oil 100 400 600 800 1200 1500 Basic nitrogen (ppm) in recovered oil < 2 < 2 < 2 < 2 2 2 Similar results may be obtained using the other metal bromide complexes.The benefit of removing basic nitrogen components by this method is shown by the fact that Rotary Bomb Life (ASTM D21 12) with 0.3 wt.% 2,6-ditertiarybutyl-para-cresol increased from 49 minutes for the untreated light Raw Distillates (110 ppm BNC) to 238 minutes after treatment (2 ppm BNC).

This method has an excellent potential in lube oil processing due to the fact that impregnated silica gel beds can be efficiently regenerated and reused for an indefinite number of cycles.

Example 8 In a typical experiment, 200 g of oil (60 neutral) containing 46 ppm BNC) was mixed with 400 mg TiCI4 in methanol. The mixture was heated to 800C for 10 minutes with stirring and nitrogen gas bubbling at a rate of 200 cc/minute. The oil was decanted. The decantate was washed with warm water (6O0C) and dried by heating to 1 200C with nitrogen gas flow of 700 cc/minute. BNC concentration before treatment was 46 ppm while after treatment BNC concentration was 7 ppm.

However, the Rotary Bomb Life (ASTM D2 112) with 0.06 wt.% 2,6-ditertiarybutyl-para-cresol decreased from 200 minutes before treatment to 86 minutes after treatment indicating that TiCI4, although removing BNC from oils, has deleterious effect on the treated oil. This may be due to the easy reduction of TiCI4 to TiC13 and the production of the highly reactive chlorine atom which acts as strong oxidizing agent in addition to Ti(iv) which is an oxidizing agent when it reduces to Ti(iii).

Elemental sulphur concentration was decreased from 0.24 wt.% before treatment to 0.1 wt.% after treatment. This indicates that TiC14 is non-selective coordinating compound. Removal of naturally occurring antioxidant sulphur compounds will also have a detrimental effect on oil.

On treating the oil with FeCI3 using exactly the same quantities of materials and procedure, similar results were observed.

After treatment Before treatment rFeCI3J BNC S% RBOTmin BNC S% RBOTmin 46 0.24 200 5 0.12 132 Example 9 In a typical experiment, 1 75 g of oil was mixed with 5-fold excess of metal bromides in water relative to basic nitrogen compounds content. The mixture was heated to (75-800C) for 10 minutes with stirring and nitrogen gas bubbling at a rate of 200 cc/minute. The oil was decanted. The decantate was washed with warm water (600 C) and dried by heating to 1 2O0C with nitrogen flow of 700 cc/minutes. Results are summarized in Table 7 which show that whereas BNC content dramatically decreases when using a nonaqueous solvent, only minimal reduction in BNC content is achieved when using water as the solvent.

Table 7 Before After treatment treatment Metal complex BN BN Example Oil (p pm) S% tppm) S% (Solvent) Temperature 1 60N 46 0.24 4 0.24 CrBr3 (methanol) 750C 2 60N 46 0.24 3 0.24 NiBr3 (methanol) 800C 1 60N 17.5 0.21 1.0 0.21 CrBr3 (methanol) 75-800C 5 600N 81 0.6 6.0 0.6 MnBr2 (methanol) 80 C 4 600N 81 0.6 3 0.6 ZnBr2 (methanol) 800C 6 100N 21 0.33 2 0.33 Zn(BF4)2 (methanol) 800C 6 Hydrofined 103 0.29 2 0.29 Zn(BF4)2 (methanol) 75-800C light raw distillate 1 Hydrofined 103 0.29 3 - CrBr3 (methanol) 75-800C light raw distillate 9 60N 46 0.24 34 - CrBr3 (H2O) 75-800C 9 60N 46 0.24 29 - FeBr2 (H20) 75-800C 9 HydrofinedLRD 103 0.29 81 - CrBr3 (H2O) 75-800C 9 60N 46 0.24 21 - CrBr3 (H2O) 140-1450C

Claims (13)

Claims

1. A method for removing basic nitrogen compounds (BNC) from a natural or synthetic hydrocarbon feedstock comprising mixing the feedstock under conditions of agitation and mild heating with a nonaqueous solution of (A) an anhydrous nonpolymeric halides of a metal selected from the metals of Group IVb, Group Vb, Group Vlb, Group Vllb, the non-noble Group VIII metals, copper, zinc, cadmium, and mercury except that when the metal is titanium or iron the halide may not be chlorine, or (B) an anhydrous nonpolymeric tetrafluoroborate of a metal selected from the metals of Group IVb, Group Vb, Group Vlb, Group Vllb, the non-noble Group VIII metals, copper, zinc, cadmium and mercury, which metal halides or metal tetrafluoroborates are complexed with nonaqueous polar solvents whereby the BNC exchange with the complexed nonaqueous polar solvents and themselves become complexed with the metal tetrafluoroborates.

2. The method of Claim 1 comprising the step of separating the feedstock from which basic nitrogen compounds have been removed from the metal halide or metal tetrafluoroborate-nonaqueous polar solvent complex with which the basic nitrogen compounds are now complexed by their exchange with the polar solvent, washing the separate feedstock with polar solvent and drying.

3. The method of Claim 1 or Claim 2 wherein the nonaqueous polar solvent is methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, preferably methanol.

4. The method of any one of Claims 1 to 3 wherein the metal halide or metal tetrafluoroboratenonaqueous polar solvent complex is impregnated onto a support material.

5. The method of Claim 4 wherein the supported metal halide or metal tetrafluoroboratenonaqueous polar solvent complex is regenerated after use by washing with nonaqueous polar solvent at a temperature of from 25 to 750C.

6. The method of any one of Claims 1 to 5 wherein the metal is selected from nickel, chromium, vanadium, zinc, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, titanium, molybdenum, cadmium and mercury.

7. The method of any one of Claims 1 to 6 wherein the metal halide is a metal bromide.

8. The method of Claim 7 wherein the metal bromide is selected from chromium tribromide, nickel dibromide, vanadium dibromide, zinc dibromide and the copper, manganese, iron and cobalt bromides.

9. The method of any one of Claims 1 to 8 wherein the mild heating is conducted at a temperature in the range of from 25 to 1 2O0C.

10. The method of any one of Claims 1 to 9 wherein the polar solvent wash employs water as the polar solvent.

11. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 10 substantially as hereinbefore described.

12. A method as in Claim 11 substantially as described with reference to the examples.

13. A hydrocarbon feedstock of reduced basic hydrogen compound content obtained by the method of any one of Claims 1 to 12.