GB2110569A - Method of protecting a catalyst in the exhaust-gas flow of an Otto- type engine against contamination by pollutant particle deposits - Google Patents
Method of protecting a catalyst in the exhaust-gas flow of an Otto- type engine against contamination by pollutant particle deposits Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2110569A GB2110569A GB08230485A GB8230485A GB2110569A GB 2110569 A GB2110569 A GB 2110569A GB 08230485 A GB08230485 A GB 08230485A GB 8230485 A GB8230485 A GB 8230485A GB 2110569 A GB2110569 A GB 2110569A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- exhaust
- particles
- gas flow
- otto
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000020030 perry Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007786 electrostatic charging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005686 electrostatic field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005367 electrostatic precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001473 noxious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
- F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03C3/00—Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
- B03C3/019—Post-treatment of gases
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/01—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust by means of electric or electrostatic separators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
- F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
- F01N3/2882—Catalytic reactors combined or associated with other devices, e.g. exhaust silencers or other exhaust purification devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2250/00—Combinations of different methods of purification
- F01N2250/02—Combinations of different methods of purification filtering and catalytic conversion
Abstract
A catalyst located in the exhaust- gas flow of an Otto-type engine is protected against contamination by pollutant particles, particularly lead particles, by charging the said polarity, preferably negatively. The particles charged upstream of the catalyst are thereby repelled from the catalyst surface and are not able to settle thereon, but are precipitated further along the exhaust. A high voltage of approximately 10 to 40 kV may be used for the charging.
Description
SPECIFICATION
Method of protecting a catalyst in the exhaustgas flow of an Otto-type engine against contamination by pollutant particle deposits
To reduce noxious components contained in exhaust gases of Otto-type internal-combustion engines, it is known to subject the exhaust-gas flow to catalytic after-burning, using exhaust-gas catalysts, or to regulate the composition of the fuel/air mixture, supplied to the engine, with the assistance of sensors, so-called A probes, which are disposed in the exhaust-gas flow and which also have a catalytically active zone and react to oxygen and unburned hydrocarbon content thereof.
However, when lead-containing fuels are used, in vehicle engines for example, the catalysts become deactivated within a short time by reason of pollutant particles in the exhaust gas, particularly lead particles but also sulphur or soot particles. The development of lead-resistant catalyst or the precipitation of lead particles from out of the exhaust-gas flow by means of filters has not yet resulted in desired success. Even with filters which are in themselves very efficient, particles previously precipitated are torn off from the filter surface when exhaust gas-speeds are high and when the filter is highly charged, Such particles then impair or damage the catalyst.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method by which the catalysts in the exhaustgas flow can be protected from contamination by pollutant particles.
According to the present invention, in a method of protecting a catalyst in the exhaust-gas flow of an Otto-type engine against contamination by pollutant-particle deposits, the pollutant particles and the catalyst surface are electrostatically charged in the same sense by a direct-current high-voltage, the charging of the said particles being effected upstream of the said surface with respect to the direction of flow of the exhaust gases.
As a result of the catalyst surface and pollutant particles being electrostatically charged in the same sense, the said particles are repelled from the said surface and are therefore not able to settle thereon.
Suitably, the pollutant particles are charged in the electrostatic field of a charging section upstream of the catalyst by means of a highvoltage power source in a manner similar to the method of charging employed for the direct current electrostatic precipitation of particles as described in detail, in for example Perry, Chemical
Engineers Handbook, McGraw-Hill 1973, pages 20-103 to 20--1 15. Advantageously the ionizing electric field is produced between a wire
electrode fitted concentrically in the exhaust pipe and the exhaust pipe, which acts as the counterelectrode. The wire electrode may be provided with bristles, spikes, barbs and the like to increase its effectiveness. In the case of exhaust pipes of larger diameters, it is possible to use a plurality of wire electrodes.The high voltage applied to the wire electrodes is suitably within a range of approximately 10 to 40 kV. Below 10 kV, the effect or action is insufficient and above 40 kV the risk of spark formation is increased considerably.
The length of the charging section should be such that all the particles are well charged, but without appreciable deposition of particles taking place, on the wall of the exhaust pipe, which acts as the counter-electrode. The length of the charging section depends upon the speed of the gas, the potential applied, the diameter of the exhaust pipe and mobility of the pollutant particles. It can be calculated by using the known formulae (for example, Perry, loc. cit).
Disposed immediately beyond the charging section, is the catalyst to which the same voltage is applied as to the wire electrode. The catalyst must be insulated from the exhaust pipe acting as the counter-electrode. The catalyst may be provided with a separate voltage supply. However, it is particularly simple to connect the wire electrode to the catalyst. in order that the build-up of an electric field on the catalyst surface may take place, the catalyst should be applied in a thin layer to an electrically conductive support, for example a steel-mesh or, particularly, a honeycomb-shaped steel framework.Alternatively the catalyst itself should possess sufficient electrical conductivity, which may, however, be provided or increased, if necessary, by the addition of electrically conductive materials, such as a noble or precious metal, copper, aluminium or the like to the catalyst substance.
After the charged pollutant particles, which
may contain not only lead, but also sulphur, or may comprise soot, have flowed past the similarly charged catalyst they will be electrostatically precipitated or deposited further on in the exhaust system. As a result of the shaking movements which occur during driving, the precipitated particles will be gradually shaken off from the wall of the exhaust pipe and pass into the open air together with the exhaust gas flow, so that clogging of the exhaust system is prevented.
Because the electrostatic charging of particles is dependent on temperature, the charging section is disposed, advantageously, at a position in the exhaust system at which the temperature of the exhaust gases does not exceed 8O00C, but the exhaust gases are also still hot enough to react to the exhaust-gas catalyst or to the A probe.
Preferably, the particles are negatively charged, as higher potentials may be attainable with negative charging. Ozone formation which may then occur has an additional positive influence on the odour and composition of the exhaust gases. With the method according to the invention, it is possible to ensure that virtually no pollutant.particles are deposited on the catalyst surface and the life of the catalyst is considerably lengthened.
EXAMPLE A stream of hot exhaust gases, having a temperature of 4500C and flowing from an internal combustion vehicle engine in which Ottotype fuel with a lead content of 0.1 5 g/l was consumed, was passed through an exhaust pipe having an internal diameter of 9 cm. The volume of the exhaust-gas flow was 1 50 m3/h, which corresponds to a driving speed of 100 km/h in the case of a medium-sized motor car. A wire of 0.2 cm diameter and 70 cm long being extended concentrically in the exhaust pipe was fitted in the said pipe. A d.c. voltage of 13 kV negative was applied to the wire, the pipe being at a potential of 0 V. The charging section had a length of 60 cm.
Immediately beyond the charging section, was the exhaust-gas catalyst consisting of a catalytically active layer on a honeycomb shaped steel framework. The catalyst was electrically insulated from the wall of the exhaust pipe and electrically connected to the voltage supply lead.
Whereas, without application of a charging voltage the catalyst became inactive after approximately 10 hours, with the voltage switched on no reduction in effectiveness became apparent with the voltage switched on, even after 30 hours when the experiment was terminated.
Claims (4)
1. A method of protecting a catalyst in the exhaust-gas flow of an Otto-type engine against contamination by pollutant-particle deposits, wherein pollutant particles and the catalyst surface are electrostatically charged in the same sense by a direct-current high-voltage, the charging of the said particles being effected upstream of the said surface with respect to the direction of flow of the exhaust gases.
2. A method according to Claim 1, wherein the said particles and surface are charged by means of a voltage of substantially 10,000 to 40,000 V.
3. A method according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the said particles and surface are negatively charged.
4. A method of protecting a catalyst in the exhaust-gas flow of an Otto-type engine against contamination by pollutant particle deposits substantially as hereinbefore described.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3142481A DE3142481C2 (en) | 1981-10-27 | 1981-10-27 | Process for protecting catalytic converters in the exhaust gas flow of gasoline engines from being poisoned by deposited pollutant particles |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB2110569A true GB2110569A (en) | 1983-06-22 |
| GB2110569B GB2110569B (en) | 1985-07-03 |
Family
ID=6144883
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB08230485A Expired GB2110569B (en) | 1981-10-27 | 1982-10-26 | A method of protecting a catalyst in the exhaust-gas flow of an otto-type engine against contamination by pollutant particle deposits |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| DE (1) | DE3142481C2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2515257A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2110569B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1157229B (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2229117A (en) * | 1989-02-10 | 1990-09-19 | Sviluppo Materiali Spa | "System for electrostatic removal of particulates from exhaust and flue gases" |
| US8539775B1 (en) | 2012-03-21 | 2013-09-24 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas turbine engines and systems and methods for removing particulate matter therefrom during operation |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3233461C2 (en) * | 1982-09-09 | 1984-07-05 | Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart | Electrostatic device to protect catalytic converters in the exhaust duct of gasoline engines from being poisoned by pollutant particles |
| DE3923640A1 (en) * | 1989-06-15 | 1990-12-20 | Asea Brown Boveri | Filtering out soot particles from IC engine exhaust gas flow - using existing and specified polarity conditioned retention power and/or related reaction with positive and negative charged filters |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3558286A (en) * | 1969-01-13 | 1971-01-26 | Gourdine Systems Inc | Electrogasdynamic precipitator with catalytic reaction |
| US3633337A (en) * | 1969-04-25 | 1972-01-11 | Cottrell Res Inc | Gas-handling method and apparatus |
| DE2139775A1 (en) * | 1971-08-09 | 1973-02-22 | Varta Ag | METHOD OF LEAD REMOVAL FROM THE EXHAUST GAS OF GASOLINE ENGINES |
-
1981
- 1981-10-27 DE DE3142481A patent/DE3142481C2/en not_active Expired
-
1982
- 1982-10-20 IT IT49318/82A patent/IT1157229B/en active
- 1982-10-25 FR FR8217790A patent/FR2515257A1/en active Pending
- 1982-10-26 GB GB08230485A patent/GB2110569B/en not_active Expired
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2229117A (en) * | 1989-02-10 | 1990-09-19 | Sviluppo Materiali Spa | "System for electrostatic removal of particulates from exhaust and flue gases" |
| GB2229117B (en) * | 1989-02-10 | 1994-02-16 | Sviluppo Materiali Spa | Electrostatic reduction of particulates in vehicle exhaust systems |
| US8539775B1 (en) | 2012-03-21 | 2013-09-24 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas turbine engines and systems and methods for removing particulate matter therefrom during operation |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3142481A1 (en) | 1983-05-11 |
| IT1157229B (en) | 1987-02-11 |
| FR2515257A1 (en) | 1983-04-29 |
| DE3142481C2 (en) | 1984-05-17 |
| GB2110569B (en) | 1985-07-03 |
| IT8249318A0 (en) | 1982-10-20 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |