GB2105453A - Production of solidified cooled bodies - Google Patents

Production of solidified cooled bodies Download PDF

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Publication number
GB2105453A
GB2105453A GB08220170A GB8220170A GB2105453A GB 2105453 A GB2105453 A GB 2105453A GB 08220170 A GB08220170 A GB 08220170A GB 8220170 A GB8220170 A GB 8220170A GB 2105453 A GB2105453 A GB 2105453A
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GB
United Kingdom
Prior art keywords
cryostat
supply
extrusion
cooling
freezing
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Granted
Application number
GB08220170A
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GB2105453B (en
Inventor
Rudolf Lang
Waldemar Amenda
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften eV
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Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften eV
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Publication of GB2105453A publication Critical patent/GB2105453A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of GB2105453B publication Critical patent/GB2105453B/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0005—Light or noble gases
    • F25J1/001—Hydrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
    • F17C3/02—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation
    • F17C3/08—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation by vacuum spaces, e.g. Dewar flask
    • F17C3/085—Cryostats
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/0062—Light or noble gases, mixtures thereof
    • F25J1/0067—Hydrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0221—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using the cold stored in an external cryogenic component in an open refrigeration loop
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0275—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines adapted for special use of the liquefaction unit, e.g. portable or transportable devices
    • F25J1/0276—Laboratory or other miniature devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
    • G21B1/11—Details
    • G21B1/19—Targets for producing thermonuclear fusion reactions, e.g. pellets for irradiation by laser or charged particle beams
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2270/00—Applications
    • F17C2270/05—Applications for industrial use
    • F17C2270/0509—"Dewar" vessels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
    • F25J2205/20—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using solidification of components
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Clinical Laboratory Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)

Abstract

Apparatus for producing hydrogen pellets for introduction into a plasma-physical equipment, fusion reactor or the like, comprises an extrusion cryostat T1 and a supply cryostat T2, the temperatures of which can be adjusted independently of each other. The solidified material is extruded from the extrusion cryostat T1 into the supply cryostat T2 at a relatively high temperature appropriate for extrusion, and the material is cooled in the supply cryostat to a lower temperature which is suitable for the ejection operation and which ensures high strength. The apparatus advantageously comprises a double ram 14 which is used as a whole for the extrusion and which incorporates a coaxially guided ejection ram of smaller diameter, by means of which the extruded material can be ejected from the supply cryostat at the required speed. The extruded material is prevented from freezing solid in the supply duct 76 of the supply cryostat T2 by a heating means which has a short time constant and by means of which the walls of the supply duct can be briefly heated up so as to enable the solidified material to be ejected efficiently without its being substantially heated up in the interior. <IMAGE>

Description

SPECIFICATION Production of solidified cooled bodies The present invention relates to apparatus for the production and controlled ejection of bodies made of a material solidifed by cooling, such as hydrogen.
For the purpose of refilling plasma and fusion machines, it has been proposed to solidify the required hydrogen by cooling and to introduce the so-obtained solid bodies ("hydrogen pellets") into the reaction chamber by means of high-speed centrifuges or other acceleration appliances (see, e.g., C. T. Chang et al "The Feasibility of Pellet Refuelling of a Fusion Reaction, Nuclear Fusion, Vol.
20, No. 2 (1980) and S. L. Milora "Review of Pellet Fuelling", Journal of Fusion Energy, Vol. 1, No. 1(1981)). In the case of larger fusion machines, a quasi-continuous topping-up over several seconds or longer is presumably necessary. However, the rapid preparation and acceleration of the hydrogen pellets constitutes an as yet unsolved problem.
Efforts have been made to solve this problem with the aid of rapid extrusion of solidified hydrogen. However, this method has proved to be unsatisfactory, since the extrusion cannot be carried out rapidly enough or on an adequately reproducible basis. Furthermore, the hydrogen pellets, in the form of small rods, produced by rapid extrusion of necessity exhibit little inherent stability because of the higher temperature. Since the introduction of the hydrogen pellets into a centrifuge can take place over only a short distance on account of the low aiming accuracy that is achievable, appreciable after-cooling by vaporization is not possible.
The object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide apparatus for the production and controlled ejection of bodies consisting of a material, such as hydrogen, that is solidified by cooling and at normal room temperature (200C) is fluid and, in particular, gaseous, which apparatus, irrespective of the extrusion process, permits a substantially free choice of temperature of the ejected solidified bodies, so that high inherent stability of the bodies and therefore reproducible ejection are ensured.
This object is achieved by apparatus for the production and controlled ejection of bodies made of a material solidified by cooling, which apparatus comprises a freezing cryostat including a chamber for solidifying the material and a feed means with an outlet nozzle for discharging the solidified material, and a supply cryostat having a supply duct for receiving the solid material emerging from the outlet nozzle the freezing cryostat and the supply cryostat each being provided with means to permit the respective temperatures therein to be set independently.
The apparatus of the invention enables the solidified material to be prepared in the form of small rods or pellets and at the rate and with the precision as regards time that are necessary for each particular material.
A preferred embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the invention will now be described in detail by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 shows, in a substantially diagrammatic representation, a section along the axis of a preferred embodiment of the present apparatus which is used for the production and controlled ejection of hydrogen pellets; Figure 2 illustrates, on a larger scale and somewhat more precisely, a section along the axis of part of the Figure 1 apparatus; Figure 3 is a view along the line Ill-Ill of Figure 2; Figure 4 is an axial section of a coaxial ram arrangement associated with the apparatus of Figure 1; Figure 5 is a cross-section along the line V-V of Figure 1;; Figure 6 shows, on a larger scale, a crosssectional view of a part of the Figure 5 arrangement; Figure 7 is a side view of a cooling rod incorporated in the Figure 1 apparatus; Figure 8 is an enlarged view of the cooling rod of Figure 7, partly in section and partly in fragmentary form; Figure 9 is a plan view of the cooling rod of Figure 8; Figure 10 is a cross-section along the line X-X of Figure 8; and Figure 11 is a cross-sectional view of the cooling rod prior to assembly.
The apparatus illustrated in the drawings comprises two cooling heads T1 and T2, which are arranged one behind the other along the same axis (Figure 1). To enable the two cooling heads to be set at different temperatures they are substantially thermally separated from each other.
The purpose of the apparatus illustrated in the drawings is to solidify gaseous hydrogen by cooling, to pass the solidified hydrogen into a supply chamber, to store the solid material and then, as required, to eject it rapidly and at the required time and in a precisely controlled manner as regards direction and speed. In practice, this calls for an operating temperature range of approximately 30K to 200 K. The cooling head T1, inclusive of the necessary radiation screens and auxiliary operating means, forms a freezing cryostat, which is designed as an extrusion cryostat in the preferred form of construction of the apparatus of the invention hereinafter described. The cooling head T2, together with the radiation screens and the auxiliary operating means, forms a supply cryostat.The extrusion cryostat, together with the means for securing it, the supply lines necessary for its operation and a flange 10 for connecting a vacuum vessel, constitutes one unit. The supply cryostat lies in a zone extending from an extrusion die 12 of the extrusion cryostat. Advantageously, the distance between the two cryostats is adjustable. The extrusion and ejection of the hydrogen pellets is carried out by means of a coaxial ram arrangement 14, which comprises an extrusion ram 1 6 and an ejection ram 18 (Figure 4). The extrusion ram 1 6 can be operated from the exterior by means of an actuating rod 20.The actuating rod 20 has an axial bore in which is arranged a second actuating rod 22 for operating the ejection ram 1 8. The actuating rods 20 and 22 may, in practice, by axially displaceable by drives not illustrated, e.g. electromagnetic drives.
The details of the construction of the illustrated apparatus are as follows: Attached to a connecting flange 10 is a tubular, vacuum-tight housing 24, from the end face of which a cylindrical attachment 26 extends into the housing. The cylindrical attachment 26 forms a cylindrical cavity having a bottom 28 to which the cooling head T1 is connected by means of a retaining tube 30. The actuating rod 20 for the extrusion ram 16 is moved in the attachment 26 by means of a flange 32 and is sealed off by a corrugated metal tube or a bellows 34, the respective ends of which are tightly connected to the attachement 26 and to the flange 32. The retaining tube 30 is connected to an inlet pipe 36 for the gaseous hydrogen. The lower part of the actuating rod 20, together with the coaxial ram arrangement, is guided in the retaining tube 30.
The lower end of the retaining tube 30 is connected in a vacuum-tight manner to a first cooling head element 38 of the cooling head T1.
Located at the upper end of the first cooling head element 38 is a first temperature measuring sensor 40. At its lower end, the cooling head element 38 has a laterally projecting flange 42, on the outer edge of which is fitted an inner radiation screen 44.
The cooling head T2 incorporates a second cooling head element 46, which is secured to the flange 42 by way of an adjustable connecting device having low thermal conductivity. The connecting device, illustrated in greater detail in Figure 2, comprises three bolts consisting of small stainless steel tubes, one of which, 47, can be seen in Figure 2. The connecting device also comprises a ring 48 which is carried by the bolts and is made of a plastics material of low thermal conductivity, such as polycarbonate, as well as three sets of stainless steel pointed fixing elements 50 whereby the second cooling head element 46 is clamped on to the insulating ring 48. The pointed fixing elements 50 also permit adjustment of the position of the second cooling head element 46 relative to the first cooling head element 38.
The exterior of the first cooling head element 38 carried a cooling coil 52 the intake of which is connected to a refrigerant input pipe 54. The discharge end of the cooling coil 52 is connected to a cooling coil 56 which is fitted to the interior of an outer radiation screen 58 and is connected at its discharge end to a refrigerant discharge pipe 60. A heating device 62 is also provided in the first cooling head element 38.
The second cooling head element 46 (Figure 2) contains a spiral cooling duct 64, the input end of which, remote from the extrusion die 12, is connected through a stainless steel tubular coil 66 to the coolant input pipe 54, whereas its discharge end (at the top in Figure 2) is connected through a second stainless steel tubular coil 68 to a second refrigerant discharge pipe 70. The connection between the cooling duct 64 and the tubular coils 66, 68, can be seen from Figure 2. Fitted at that end of the second cooling head element 46 remote from the extrusion die 12 is a cup-shaped inner radiation screen 72, the bottom of which has a central orifice, from the edge of which a cylindrical attachment 72a projects through a hole in the bottom of an outer radiation screen 58 surrounding the entire system.
Arranged in the interior of the second cooling head element 46 is a cooling rod 74 which will be described in detail by reference to Figures 7 to 11.
The cooling rod 74 forms a supply duct 76 which is of square cross-section and has a funnel-shaped input end 76a which faces and is aligned with the extrusion die 12; at its other end the supply duct 76 forms an ejection die 78 which is provided with a braking sleeve 80 (Figure 8). A temperature-measuring sensor 82 is connected to the cooling rod 74 near the ejection die 78. A further temperature-measuring sensor 84 is arranged on the flange-like widened end of the second cooling head element 46, to which the inner radiation screen 72 is connected.
As can be seen from Figures 7 to 11, the cooling rod 74 is of substantially rectangular cross-section. Its outer surface forms raised, striplike contact zones 86, which bear against the inner wall of the cooling head element 46 and are separated by milled, recessed zones 88. The rod 74 is made up of two parts (shown in Figure 11 prior to assembly), between which is brazed a sinusoidal heating coil 90 (Figure 10) consisting of an electrical encased heating conductor.
The braking sleeve 80 has an opening of circular cross-section, the diameter of which is somewhat smaller than the length of the sides of the supply duct 76 and which, when such length is 1.1 mm, may be 1.0 mm, for example.
A further temperature-measuring sensor 92 (Figure 1) is arranged at that end of the second cooling head element 46 that faces the cooling head T1.
The first cooling head element 38 forms a condensation chamber 39 which terminates in the extrusion die 1 2.
Mode of Operation The cryostats operate on the vapourization principle. The refrigerant, e.g. liquid helium, is first introduced through the refrigerant input pipe 54 into the cooling head T1 where it vaporizes, causes cooling and, due to the outer radiation screen 58 and by exploitation of the enthalpy of the helium gas, is moved on through the refrigerant discharge pipe 60. Part of the refrigerant supplied through the refrigerant input pipe 54 is used to cool the cooling head T2 and is discharged through the separate, second refrigerant discharge pipe 70. The throughput of refrigerant into the cooling heads T1 and T2 can be adjusted at the refrigerant outlet by means of metering valves 94 and 96 respectively in the discharge pipes.In addition, the cooling heads are provided with the electrical heating devices 62 and 90 respectively, with the aid of which the required temperatures can be finely regulated.
When the coaxial ram 14 is raised and the cooling head T1 is sufficiently cooled, the gaseous hydrogen is then condensed and solidified in the condensation chamber 39. The gaseous hydrogen is passed through the hot zone of the apparatus by means of the input pipe 36. If the condensation chamber 39 is filled with solid hydrogen, the coaxial ram, with the ejection ram 1 8 retracted, is applied to the solid hydrogen which is then slowly extruded in the form of a hydrogen pellet from the extrusion die 12 into the supply duct 76 of the second cooling head T2, suitable pressure and appropriate heating of the cooling head T1 being used for the purpose.If the cooling head T2 is then brought to a suitable supply temperature, which is lower than the extrusion temperature, the hydrogen pellets can be threaded into the supply duct 76 and can fill it over its entire length.
Following further heating-up of the cooling head T1 (expulsion or softening of the residual hydrogen in the condensation chamber 39), it becomes possible to introduce the ejection ram 1 8 slowly into the supply duct through the extrusion die 1 2. After adjustment of the temperature of the hydrogen pellet to a level suitable for its rapid ejection, the pellet is pushed out of the supply duct through the ejection die 78 by means of the ejection ram 18 and at the required speed, which operation may proceed continuously or intermittently.
The supply duct 76 is of square cross-section, so that in the ideal case, the cylindrical hydrogen pellet 98 (Figure 6) is in contact with the wall of the supply duct 76 only along four lines, so as to prevent, as far as possible, the pellet from freezing solidly on to the walls of the duct. Adhesion of the hydrogen pellet on the walls of the supply duct 76 may lead to deformation or destruction of the pellet, to inaccuracy in the timing of the movement and/or to blocking of the ejection ram 1 8. Such troubles are avoided by prompt electrical heating by means of the heating coil 90, so that ejection in an efficient manner is ensured.Heating involving a low time constant is achieved in that the cooling rod 74, forming the supply duct 76, has a low thermal capacity and, because of the relatively narrow contact zones 86, is in only limited thermal contact with the second cooling head element 46. As a result of th rapid response and brief period of operation of the heating system, it is possible to effect an increase in temperature only at those zones of the hydrogen pellet 98 that bear against the wall of the cooling duct 76 and adhere thereto, whereas the interior of the hydrogen pellet 98 remains as cold as possible, on account of the low thermal conductivity of hydrogen, and it therefore retains its inherent shape during the entire ejection period.
The inherent stability of the hydrogen pellets is of decisive importance because of the centrifugal forces that occur during their acceleration.
Movement of the condensed material from the freezing cryostat into the supply cryostat is not limited to the use of extrusion procedures involving a reduction of cross-section. The crosssection of the die 12 may, in factr, be the same as the cross-section of the chamber 35, so that the material solidified in this chamber is moved therefrom into the supply duct 78 without undergoing deformation. The described apparatus may therefore be simplified along the lines of pressing a column of D2 ice, refrigerated in the extrusion cryostat, into the supply cryostat by means of a simple ram and without change in cross-section, the D2 ice not freezing solid in this cryostat; the column can then be rapidly ejected by the simple ram without the need for rapid heating in the supply cryostat.
Adjustability of the distance between the extrusion cryostat and the supply cryostat (see Figure 2) is advantageous; it enables the temperature of the extruded pellet to be suited to that of the supply cryostat so as to prevent, as far as possible, freezing of the pellet onto the interior of the latter cryostat. The pellet, extruded at a relatively high temperature and consisting, for example, of D2, cools by vaporization until the equilibrium temperature, corresponding to the D2 partial pressure obtaining in the vacuum, is reached. This, of course, is only approximately so, but is more true the greater the distance between the pellet zone being threaded in, and the relatively hot extrusion die.
The adjustable distance between the extrusion cryostat and the supply cryostat thus performs a function similar to that of the linear guiding in the supply cryostat, i.e. the prevention, as far as possible, of adhesion by freezing.
The present apparatus can be used in all cases where it is required to effect rapid preparation of bodies made of a material which solidifies at low temperature. The apparatus of the invention is particularly suitable for the satisfactorily rapid charging of a high-speed centrifuge with bodies made of frozen hydrogen, particularly D2, in fusion machines.

Claims (9)

1. Apparatus for the production and controlled ejection of bodies made of a material solidified by cooling, which apparatus comprises a freezing cryostat including a chamber for solidifying the material and a feed means with an outlet nozzle for discharging the solidified material, and a supply cryostat having a supply duct for receiving the solid material emerging from the outlet nozzle the freezing cryostat and the supply cryostat each being provided with means to permit the respective temperatures therein to be set independently.
2. Apparatus according to Claim 1, wherein the freezing cryostat and the supply cryostat are connected to a means for supplying a fluid refrigerant, and the freezing cryostat and/or the supply cryostat is also provided with a heating device.
3. Apparatus according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the supply cryostat is secured by a thermally insulating holder to an end of the freezing cryostat facing the outlet nozzle.
4. Apparatus according to any one of Claims 1 to 3, wherein the feed means and the outlet nozzle of the freezing cryostat form an extrusion device.
5. Apparatus according to Claim 4, wherein the chamber of the freezing cryostat and the supply duct of the supply cryostat are arranged one behind the other on substantially the same axis, and a combined extrusion and ejection means is provided, said combined means comprising coaxial rams including an extrusion ram of greater diameter and, guided therein, an ejection ram of smaller diameter.
6. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding Claims, wherein the supply duct has a polygonal cross-section.
7. Apparatus according to Claim 6, wherein the cross-section is quadrilateral.
8. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding Claims, wherein the supply duct terminates in an ejection nozzle having a narrowed braking sleeve.
9. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding Claims, wherein the supply duct is formed by a cooling rod which is in limited thermal contact with a cooling head element of the supply cryostat, and a heating device of the supply cryostat is arranged in this cooling rod.
1 0. Apparatus for the production and controlled ejection of bodies made of a material solidified by cooling, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
GB8220170A 1981-07-14 1982-07-12 Production of solidified cooled bodies Expired GB2105453B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3127796A DE3127796C2 (en) 1981-07-14 1981-07-14 Device for producing and dispensing a body from a material that has solidified by cooling

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GB2105453A true GB2105453A (en) 1983-03-23
GB2105453B GB2105453B (en) 1985-01-16

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1988002175A1 (en) * 1986-09-08 1988-03-24 Forskningscenter Risø Method for the injection of fuel pills in a fusion plasma
US4904441A (en) * 1987-10-23 1990-02-27 Forskningscenter Riso Method of forming a pellet of condensed gas and a pellet injector for injecting the same into a reactor

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4017578A (en) * 1974-02-26 1977-04-12 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Energy Research And Development Administration Method for producing laser targets

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1988002175A1 (en) * 1986-09-08 1988-03-24 Forskningscenter Risø Method for the injection of fuel pills in a fusion plasma
US4904441A (en) * 1987-10-23 1990-02-27 Forskningscenter Riso Method of forming a pellet of condensed gas and a pellet injector for injecting the same into a reactor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3127796C2 (en) 1985-11-14
GB2105453B (en) 1985-01-16
DE3127796A1 (en) 1983-02-03

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