GB2098734A - Apparatus for ultrasonic imaging - Google Patents

Abstract

In ultrasonic imaging apparatus comprising a portable scanning module including a liquid-filled enclosure (51) having a window (52) through which a beam of ultrasonic energy from a transducer (80) scans a subject, the transducer is of an elliptical elongate configuration and the reflective scanner and scanning window are of elongate form in the direction of scan. The window is of rigid material and is inclined with respect to the beam. In one form, the scanning is effected by means of an oscillating reflector (70). In another form, the reflector is omitted, the ultrasonic energy from the transducer passing directly through the window (Figure 6, not shown) with scanning being effected by oscillation of the transducer. The focus may be changed in embodiments using a segmented transducer (80) in conjunction with variable delays (100) and phase control circuits (120). <IMAGE>

Description

(12)UK Patent Annile.atinn,,.,CR.- 2 nqR 7'A A ERRATUM_

SPECIFICATION NO 2098734A

Page 7, line 56, after drawings insert Claims (5 May 1982)

1. A portable scanning module for use with apparatus for ultrasonically imaging sections of a body by transniitting ultrasonic energy into the body and determining the characteristics of the ultrasonic energy reflected therefrom, the module comprising: a fluid-tight enclosure having a scanning wiqdow; a fluid contained in said enclosure; transducer means for providing a beam of ultrasonic energy and directing the beam through the said scanning window and for converting reflected ultrasonic energy to electrical signals; and means for scanning the said beam across the body along the plane of the slice of the body to be imaged; the periphery of the transducer means being elongate in the direction of the said scan, and narrower at its ends than at its central portion.

2. A module as defined by claim 1, wherein the transducer and the window each have a lengthto-width aspect ratio of at least two to one.

3. A module as defined by claim 2, wherein the window is inclined at an angle with respect to the normal to the ultrasound incident on the window.

4. A module as defined by clahn 1, 2 or 3, wherein said means for scanning said beam comprises a scanning reflector disposed in said fluid, said scanning reflector having an elongate reflecting surface which is elongate in the direction of elongation of the ultrasound beam incident thereon.

5. -Apparatus for ultrasonically imaging sections of a body by transmitting ultrasonic energy into the body and determining characteristics of the ultrasonic energy reflected therefrom, said apparatus including timing means for generating timing signals; means alternately operative to energise and to receive in response to the tiniing signals; display/record means synchronised with said timing signals for displaying andlor recording image-representative signals from the energising/receiving means; and a portable scanning module comprising: a fluid-tight enclosure having a scanning window; fluid means contained in said enclosure; transducer means for converting energy from said energising/ receiving means to a periodic ultrasonic energy beam, for directing the beam through the said scanning window and for converting reflected ultrasonic energy to electrical signals, and means for scanning the said beam across the body along the plane of the slice of the body to be imaged; the periphery of the transducer means being elongate in the direction of the said scan, and narrower at its ends than at its central portion.

6. Apparatus as defined by claim 5 wherein said transducer means and window each have a lengthto-width aspect ratio of at least two to one.

7. Apparatus as defined by claim 5 or 6, wherein said means for scanning said beam comprises a scanning reflector disposed in said fluid means, said scanning reflector having an elongated reflecting surface which is elongated in the direction of elongation of the ultrasound beam incident thereon, said scanning reflector having a width at its longitudinal center which is greater than the width at its longitudinal ends.

8. Apparatus as defined by claim 5 or 6, wherein said transducer means is pivotally mounted in said fluid means on an axis substantially perpendicular to its length, and wherein said means for scanning said beam comprises means for oscillating said transducer means.

9. Apparatus as defined by claim 7, wherein said scanning reflector is pivotally mounted in said fluid means on an axis substantially perpendicular to its length, and wherein said means for scanning said beam includes means for oscillating said reflector.

10. Apparatus as defined by clairn7 or 9, wherein said -reflective scanner has a generally elliptical periphery.

1 ie n a itra,as- 9 e- dj vari- 14M n Go N) 0 (D C0 -.i W 4:5 (12)UK Patent Application,,,, GB (11) 2 098 734A 11. A module or apparatus as defined by claim 4, 6 or 8, wherein said transducer means has a generally elliptical periphery.

12. Apparatus for ultrasonically investigating a slice of a body to obtain an image thereof, comprising: means for generating an energising signal; transducer means coupled to the said energising means for generating a beam of ultrasonic energy; a focusing lens for focusing said beam, said lens having a thickness defined by a surface of revolution around the axis of the beam; and means for scanning the said beam across the body along the plane of the slice of the body to be imaged; the periphery of the transducer means being elongate in the direction of the said scan, and narrower at its ends than at its central portion; whereby the spot resulting from the focused ultrasonic beam is elongated in a direction normal to the direction of scan; and means for converting ultrasound reflected from said body into an electrical representation of said slice of the body.

13. Apparatus as defined by claim 12, wherein the transducer means has a length-to-width aspect ratio of at least two to one.

14. Apparatus as defined by claim 12 or 13, wherein the periphery of the transducer means has a generally elliptical shape.

15. Apparatus as defined by claim 12,13 or 14, wherein said means for scanning said ultrasonic beam comprises a scanning reflector spaced from said transducer means.

16. Apparatus as defined by claim 15 wherein said scanning reflector has an elongate reflecting surface which is elongate in the direction corresponding to the direction of elongation of the ultrasonic beam incident thereon.

17. Apparatus as defined by claim 15 or 16, wherein the transducer means and reflector are disposed in a fluid-containing housing having a window adapted for placement next to said body, wherein said reflector is disposed in the fluid in the ultrasound path between the transducer means and the window, and wherein the window is elongated in the scan direction of the ultrasound beam incident thereon.

18. Apparatus as defined by any of claims 12 to 17, wherein said focusing lens has an elongate periphery which conforms in shape to the periphery of said transducer means.

19. Apparatus in accordance with any of claims 12 to 18, wherein the focusing lens is coupled to the transducer means.

20. Apparatus as defined by claim 12, 13 or 14, wherein said transducermeans is pivotally mounted, on an axis substantially perpendicular to its length, in a fluid-containing housing, said housing having a window opposing said transducer and adapted for placement next to said body, and wherein said means for scanning said ultrasonic beam comprises means for mechanically oscillating said transducer means.

21. Apparatus in accordance with claim 15, 16 or 17, wherein the scanning reflector causes the beam to be deflected through a constant angle of substantially 1500, the beam then doubling back past the transducer means.

22. A portable scanning module for use in apparatus for ultrasonic imaging substantially as herein described with reference to Figures 6 to 9 of the accompanying drawings.

THE PATENT OFFICE Bas 9462517 1 GB 2 098 734 A 1 SPECIFICATION

Apparatus for ultrasonic imaging This invention relates to ultrasonic system, and more particularly, to apparatus for imaging sections of a body by transmitting ultrasonic energy into the body and determining the characteristics of the ultrasonic energy reflected therefrom.

In recent years ultrasonic techniques have become more prevalent in clinical diagnosis. Such techniques have been utilised for some time in the field of obstetrics, neurology and cardiology, and are becoming increasingly important in the visualisation of a number of different body portions, for example the scanning of breasts to detect tumours.

Various fundamental factors have given rise to the increased use of ultrasonic techniques. Ultrasound differs from other forms of radiation in its interaction with living systems in that it has the nature of a mechanical wave. Accordingly, information is available from its use which is of a different nature than that obtained by other methods and it is found to be complementary to other diagnostic methods, such as those employing X-rays. Also the risk of tissue damage using ultrasound appears to be much less than the apparent risk associated with ionising radiations such as X-rays.

The majority of diagnostic techniques using ultra- sound are based on the pulse-echo method wherein pulses of ultrasonic energy are periodically generated by a suitable piezoelectric transducer such as a lead zirconate-titanate ceramic. Each short pulse of ultrasonic energy is focused to a narrow beam which is transmitted into the patient's body wherein it eventually encounters interfaces between various different structures of the body. When there is a characteristic impedance mismatch at an interface, a portion of the ultrasonic energy is reflected at the boundary back toward the transducer. After generation of the pulse, the transducer operates in a "listening" mode wherein it converts received reflected energy or "echoes" from the body back into electrical signals. The time of arrival of these echoes depends on the ranges of the interfaces encountered and the propagation velocity of the ultrasound. Also, the amplitude of the echo is indicative of the reflection properties of the interface and, accordingly, of the nature of the characteristic structures forming the interface.

There are various ways in which the information in the received echoes can be usefully presented. In one common technique, the electrical signal representative of detected echoes are amplified and applied to the vertical deflection plates of a cathode ray display. The output of a time-base generator is applied to the horizontal defection plates. Continuous repetition of the pulse/echo process in synchronism with the time-base signals produces a continuous display, called an "A-scan", in which time is proportional to range, and deflections in the vertical direction represent the presence of interfaces. The height of these vertical deflections is representative of echo strength.

Another common form of display is the so-called "B-scan" wherein the echo information is of a form more similar to conventional television display; i.e., the received echo signals are utilized to modulate the brightness of the display at each point scanned.

This type of display is found especially useful when the ultrasonic energy is scanned transverse the body so that individual "ranging" information yields individual scan lines on the display, and successive transverse positions are utilized to obtain successive scan lines on the display. The two-dimensional B-scan technique yields a cross-sectional picture in the plane of the scan, and the resultant display can be viewed directly or recorded photographically or on magnetic tape.

While successes have been achieved in the field of ultrasonic imaging, there are a number of problems which need to be overcome in obtaining high quality ultrasonic images in a convenient, reliable and cost- effective manner. Regarding problems which have been partially overcome, it is known, for example, that ultrasound is almost totally reflected at interfaces with gas. This has led to the use of coupling through a fluid such as water or the use of a direct- contact type of transducer. The latter techni- que may give rise to problems when attempting to image structures such as arteries which may be only a few millimeters below the skin surface, the contact imaging causing aberrations in the nearfield of the transducer. Coupling through a fluid offers advan- tage over direct-contact in this respect, but leads to various design probems and cumbersome generally non-portable structures which are inconvenientto use, especially when attempting to registerthem accurately on a patient. Some techniques involve immersing the patient in water or obtaining appropriate contact of the body part with a bulky water tank wall.

The need to scan the ultrasonic beam in two dimensions gives rise to problems of bulkiness and difficulty of handling in the scanning unit. In the U.S. Patent No. 4,084, 582, there is disclosed a type of apparatus which provides improved convenience as compared to most water coupled imaging techniques. The apparatus disclosed therein has a console which typically includes a timing signal generator, energizing and receiving circuitry, and a display/ recorder for displaying and/or recording imagerepresentative electronic signals. A portable scanning module, suitable for being hand held, has a fluid-tight enclosure having a scanning window formed of a flexible material. A transducer in the portable scanning module converts energy from the energizing circuitry to ultrasonic energy and also converts received ultrasound echoes back into elec- trical signals which are coupled to the receiver circuitry. A focusing lens is coupled to the transducer, and a fluid, such as water, fills the portable scanning module in the region between the focusing lens and the scanning window. A reflective scanner is disposed in the fluid, and the driving motor, energized in synchronism with the timing signals, drives the reflective scanner in periodic fashion.

A scanning module of the type disclosed in the above-mentioned patent is advantageous in that it is portable and relatively light and easy to handle as 2 GB 2 098 734 A 2 compared to other prior art scanners known to applicant. However, it would be most advantageous to develop a portable ultrasonic scanning module which is smaller, lighter, easier to handle and use, requires less mechanical drive power, and is other wise operationally advantageous as compared to prior art scanners.

It is an object of the present invention to improve upon existing ultrasonic scanners, and especially ultrasonic scanners of the portable hand-held type.

The present invention consists in a portable scanning module, for use with apparatus for ultraso nically imaging sections of a body by transmitting ultrasonic energy into the body and determining the characteristics of the ultrasonic energy reflected thereform, the module comprising: a fluid-tight enclosure having a scanning window; a fluid con tained in said enclosure; transducer means for providing a beam of ultrasonic energy and directing the beam through the said scanning window and for 85 converting reflected ultrasonic energy to electrical signal; and means for scanning the said beam across the body along the plane of the slice of the body to be imaged; the periphery of the transducer being elongate in the direction of said scan, and narrower at its ends than at its central portion.

A feature of the present invention is that the ultrasound-generating transducer is elongated along the direction of the scan and has, for example, a generally elliptical shape. The result is a scanned focused spot which is elongated in a direction normal to the direction of scan. The thickness of the investigated "slice" is therefore substantially larger (preferably at least twice as large) than a resolution element in the direction of scan. Means are also provided for converting the ultrasound reflected from the body into an electrical representation of the slice of the body. Typically, although not necessarily, conversion of the reflected from the body into an electrical representation of the slice of the body.

Typically, although not necessarily, conversion of the reflected ultrasound back into an electrical signal is achieved using the same transducer, and receiver electronics are employed to convert these signals into a form suitable for display, such as a television- 110 type display.

The present invention is preferably practiced as an equipment which includes a console and a portable scanning module. The console typically houses electronics and a display, and the portable scanning module is suitable for being hand held and comprises a fluid-tight fluid-containing enclosure having a window that is placed in contact with the body being examined. The scanning module house, among otherthings, the transducer, focusing means, an energizer/receiver coupled to the transducer, and means for effecting a mechanical scan of the beam through the scanning window. Typically, known systems employed a flexible windowwhich hopeful- ly conformed in shape to the body being examined to avoid liquidlair interfaces that might undesirably reflect ultrasound. In the present invention, preferably, a relatively narrow elongate scanning window is employed. This window configuration allows use of a relatively rigid window material since good contact with the body can be achieved over the window surface.

In one form of the invention, the transducer is pivotally mounted in the fluid-containing module and the means for scanning the ultrasonic beam is a motor for mechanically oscillating the transducer. The elongate, generally elliptical configuration of the transducer renders its moment of inertia in the fluid sufficiently small that it can be mechanically oscillated without undue power being required, and with a substantial reduction in power as compared to that which would be required for a conventional transducershape.

In another form of the invention described in copending British Patent Application Nos. 7910640 (No. 2017302A) the transducer is mounted at a stationary position in the fluid-containing module, and the means for scanning the ultrasonic beam is. a scanning reflector spaced from the transducer. In this embodiment, the scanning reflector preferably has an elongate reflecting surface which is elongated in the direction corresponding to the direction of elongation of the ultrasound beam incident thereon. Again, this shape of the reflector is advan- tageous in that it has a relatively low moment of inertia about its axis and is relatively easy to drive in the fluid.

In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the window through which scanning is effected is inclined at an angle with respect to the normal to the ultrasound incident thereon. This incline tends to cause any ultrasound that is undesirably internally reflected from the windowto miss the transducer. In this embodiment, an absorbing medium, such as syntactic foam, is disposed on a wall in the module to absorb ultrasound internally reflected from the inclinedwindow.

In the form of the invention having a reflective scanner, a significant feature is thatthe reflective scanner is located at about the rear of the scanning module enclosure and substantially faces the window thereof. The transducer is mounted in the enclosure frontwardly of the reflective scanner with an ultrasound- emitting face of the transducer facing the reflective scanner and being oriented with respect to the reflective scanner such that an ultrasound beam reflected by the reflective scanner as between the transducer and the window subtends an angle at the reflective scanner of less than about forty-five degrees. The angle of the ultrasound beam subtended atthe reflective scanner is preferably aboutthirty degrees. Generally, if the ultrasound impinges on a surface at an angle too close to the normal (i.e. , at an angle less than the -critical angle"), a substantial portion of the ultrasound energy will pass through the surface. In orderto have virtually all of the ultrasound energy which impinges upon the scanner be reflected therefrom, it is necessary to have the ultrasound impinge upon the reflective scanner at an angle which is at least as great as the critical angle. Applicant has found that sapphire (aluminum oxide) on the surface of the reflective scanner gives rise to a critical angle of about fourteen degrees and allows utilization of a transducer position which makes better use of the 3 GB 2 098 734 A 3 volume of fluid in the enclosure and leads to a smaller, lighter, and easier to handler scanning module. Beryllium also results in a small critical angle, but its toxicity renders it less desirable to work with. A further alternative is to employ a reflective scanner having a trapped gas layer, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,084,582. As described therein, the liquid/gas interface at the reflector surface ensures total reflection regardless of the beam arrival angle.

As will become clear, the relatively acute angle (with respect to the normal) at which the beam impinges on the reflective scanner means that the beam can be made to effectively "double bacC past itself during its excursion through the scanning module.

Various considerations, including minimizing artifacts which might otherwise be produced by reflection of ultrasound from the skin and then off the transducer, dictate a certain minimum distance from the transducer to the object being scanned. Using the present invention, distance considerations are met while still employing a relatively small and compact scanning module.

Further features and advantages of the invention will become more readily apparent from the follow- ing detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 illustrates the operation of a scanning apparatus which employs the improvements of the invention.

Figure 2 is an elevation perspective view of an embodiment of the scanning module of the Figure 1 apparatus.

Figure 3 shows a cross-sectional view of the scanning module of Figure 2 as taken through a section defined by arrows 3-3, along with diagrams of portions of circuitry therein and in the accompanying console.

Figure 4 illustrates the scan of the beam from the transducer and reflector of the scanning module of Figure 2.

Figure 5 is a simplified diagram which illustrates how the configuration of the disclosed embodiment permits use of a shorter reflective scanner.

Figure 6 is an elevational perspective view of another embodiment of a scanning module in accordance with the invention.

Figure 7 shows a cross-sectional view of the scanning module of Figure 6 as taken through a section defined by arrows 7-7, along with diagrams of portions of circuitry therein and in an accompany- 115 ing console.

Figure 8 illustrates the scan of the beam from the transducer of the scanning module of Figure 7.

Figure 9 illustrates the transducer, lens and back- ing layer of the scanning module of Figure 6.

Referring to Figure 1, there is shown an illustration of a scanning apparatus which employs improvements of the invention. A console 10 is provided with a display 11 which may typically be a cathode ray tube television-type display, and a suitable control panel. A video tape recorder or suitable photographic means may also be included in the console. The console will also typically house power supplies and portions of the timing and processing circuitry of the system, to be described. A portable scanning module or probe 50 (shown in Figure 2) is coupled to the console by cable 48. The scanning module has a window 52 at one end thereof through which an investigating ultrasound beam is emitted and a reflected beam is received. During operation of the apparatus, the scanning module 50 is hand held to position the window 52 over a part of the body to be imaged. For example, in Figure 1 the scanning module is positioned such that a cross-section through a breast will be obtained. Imaging of other sections through the breast or other portions of the body is readily attained by moving the probe to the desired position and orientation, the relative orientation of the scanning window determining the angle of the cross-section taken.

Referring to Figure 3, there is shown a crosssectional view of a portion of the scanning module or probe 50 along with diagrams of portions of the circuitry therein and in console 10 used in conjunc- tion therewith. A fluid-tight enclosure 51, which may be formed of a sturdy plastic, has scanning window 52 at the front end thereof. The enclosure 51 is filled with a suitable fluid 57, for example, water. In the present embodiment the scanning window 52 is relatively flat and may be formed of any suitable material, for example, methyl methacrylate or nylon. A reflective scanner 70, which is flat in the present embodiment but which may be curved to provide focusing if desired, is positioned at the approximate rear of the enclosure 51 and substantially faces the window 52. The scanner 70 is mounted on a shaft 71 which passes through a suitable seal and is connected to an electric motor 72 which is mounted in a recess in enclosure 51 and is driven to provide the desired oscillatory motion of scanner 70, as depicted by curved two-head arrow 73.

An ultrasonic transducer 80, which has a configuration described further hereinbelow, is mounted in a compartment 59 of enclosure 51, the transducer being mounted relatively frontwardly of reflective scanner 70 in the module 50 with the ultrasoundemitting face of the transducer generally facing rearwardly in the module 50 and being directed toward the reflective scanner 70. The transducer 80 is positioned such that the ultrasound beam which it emits is reflected by the scanner 70 to double back past transducer 80 before passing through the window 52. In particular, the transducer 80 is positioned such that the ultrasound beam emitted therefrom and reflected toward the window 52 (or conversely the beam reflected by the body 5 being investigated back through the window 52 and to the transducer 80) subtends an angle at the reflective scanner or less than about forty-five degrees. Prefer- ably, this angle, which is represented in Figure 3 by the angle a of the central ray of an ultrasound beam 7, subtends an angle at the reflector 70 of about thirty degrees. The scanner 70 preferably has a reflective surface formed of a material which results in a relatively small critical angle so that the beam impinging almost directly on the reflector surface will not pass through the reflector. A sapphire surface on the reflector 70, disposed in water 57, has a critical angle of about fourteen degrees (as deter- mined by the relative indices of refraction of ultra- 4 GB 2 098 734 A 4 sound as between sapphire and water), so the relative positions and orientations of the transducer, reflector, and window in the scanning module 50 are selected to ensure that the beam impinging upon the reflector 70 from either direction will be at an angle which exceeds the critical angle. It is seen that this arrangement makes particularly efficient use of the volume of fluid 57 in the module 50 since the beam 7 is effectively -doubling back- past the transducer and experiencing a relatively large travel distance through a relatively small volume of water. A beryllium surface also results in a small critical angle, but its toxicity renders it less desirable to work with. Afurther alternative is to employ a reflective scanner having a trapped gas layer, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,084,582. As described therein, the liquid/gas interface at the reflector surface ensures total reflection regardless of the beam arrival angle.

A pulser/receiver circuit 130 alternatively provides energizing pulses to and receives echo signals from the transducer 80. As used herein, the term pulserl receiver is intended to include any combined or separate circuits for producing the energizing sig nais for the transducer and receiving echo signals therefrom. If dynamic focusing is employed, the transducer 80 may be segmented and the pulserl receiver circuitry 130 may be coupled to the seg ments of transducer 80 via variable delay circuitry 100, shown in dashed line. The pulser/receiver circuitry 130 and the variable delay circuitry 100 (if present) are typically, although not necessarily, located in the scanning module 50, for example, within the compartment 59. The receiver portion of circuit 130 is coupled through an amplifier 140 to display 11 and to recorder 160, which may be any -suitable recording, memory, andfor photographic means, for example, a video tape recorder. If desired, gain control circuitry including an interac tive gain compensation (1GW) capability, as repre sented by the block 141, can be employed. Interac tive gain compensation techniques are described indetail in the U.S. Patent No. 4,043,181. This circuitry compensates the amplitude of later arriving signals for attenuation experienced during passage through body tissue and losses due to prior reflections.

Accordingly, if an IGC capability is employed, the amplifier 140 may be used as a gain control amplifier under control of an IGC signal from circuit 141.

Timing circuitry 170 generates timing signals which synchronize operation of the system. the timing signals being coupled to pulser/receiver 130 and also to sweep circuitry 180 which generates the signals that control the oscillations of scanner 70 and the vertical and horizontal sync signals for the display 11 and recorder 160. If dynamic focusing is employed, as described in U.S. Patent No. 4084582, the timing signals may also be coupled to phase control circuitry 120 which produces signals that control the variation of the delays in variable delay circuit 100.

Also, a lens 90, which typically has a relatively flat surface bonded to the transducer and a curved concave surface which provides axially symmetric focusing, is preferably employed in the scanning module 50. The lens may be formed of a plastic material with the material being selected in accord- 130 ance with the principle set forth in U.S. Patent No. 3,958,559. As disclosed in that patent, by selecting the lens material in accordance with specified parameters, "apodization" is achieved; i.e., undesired side lobes, caused by factors such as finite transducer size, are minimized. Further, as disclosed in the referenced patent, the lens may have a generally elliptical contour to attain advantageous characteristics. If desired, however, alternative means of focus- ing can be employed, such as electronic focusing using a segmented transducer, or providing curvature in the transducer or reflector surface.

Operation of the system is as follows: Upon command from the timing circuits the pulser in circuitry 130 generates pulses which excite the transducer 80, the segments of transducer 80 being excited via variable delay circuitry 100, under control of phase control circuitry, when dynamic focusing is employed. (As is known in the art, the depth of focus can be varied electronically in a dynamically focused system by imparting predetermined delays or phase changes to diffferent segments of the transducer 80. In such case the ultrasound pulse is typically launched with the variable delay circuitry set so that the transmitted beam is focused at a point which is between the center of the field and the deepest point within the body at which an image is being sought.) The beam of ultrasound resulting from pulsing the transducer is reflected by reflector70 through the window 52 and into the body 5.The timing circuitry now causes the pulser/receiver 130 to switch into a "receive" or "listen" mode. (if dynamic focusing is employed, a cycle of the phase control circuitry 120 is activated). Now, as the ultrasound echoes are received from the body via window 52 and reflected off scanner 70 toward transducer 80, the transducer serves to convert the received ultrasound energy into electrical signals. (Again, for a dynamic focusing implementation, the transducer segments serve to convert the received ultrasonic energy into electrical signals which are combined in proper phase relationship for focusing on particular reflection origination points in the range of depths being investigated.) For a two-dimensional "B-scan" display, a sweep over the range of depth corresponds to a horizontal scanline of the display, so the timing signals from circuitry 170 synchronize the horizontal sync of the display such that the active portion of one scanline of the display corresponds to the time of arrival of echoes from a given range within the body 5, typically from the patient's skin up to a fixed preselected depth in the body. The second dimension of the desired cross-sectional image is attained by the slower mechanical scan of reflective scanner 70 which is synchronized with the vertical sweep rate of the display and recorder by the sweep circuitry 180. The received signals are coupled through amplifier 140 to display 11 wherein the received signals modulate the brightness of the scanning raster to obtain the desired cross-sectional image, with each scanline of the display representing a depth echo profile of the bodyfor a particular angular orientation of the scanner70. The received signals are also recorded on the video tape recorder 160.

GB 2 098 734 A 5 Figure 4 illustrates the nature of the scan of beam 7, indicated bythe motion of the scanning spot 8 along dashed line 8A. In accordance with a feature of the invention, the transducer 80 preferably has a generally elliptical shape and is elongated along the direction of scan. The transducer length-to-width aspect ratio is preferably at least two to one. The dashed lines on the transducer represent its segmentation in the event electronic (e.g. dynamic) focusing is employed. The focusing lens 90 (Figure 3) has a thickness which is axially symmetric, generally either spherical or an ellipsoid of revolution. As above stated, the lens is preferably elliptical in circumference to conform to the shape of the transducer. It will be understood that alternative means of focusing can be employed, such as by electronic focusing using a segmented transducer or by providing suitable curvature in the transducer or reflector surface. In such case, the focusing should be axially symmetrical over the transducer area. After focusing, the resultant spot 8 is elongated in a direction normal to the direction of scan, since the diffraction limit in the transducer elongation direction is smaller than the diffraction limit in the direction orthogonal thereto. The thickness of the investigated "slice" is therefore substantially larger (preferably at least twice as large) as a resolution element in the direction of scan. The reflector 70 can also be of elongated generally elliptical shape, as shown in Figure 4. The torque required to drive the reflector is strongly dependent upon its size and mass. The generally elliptical shape of the mirror is advantageous in that it requires less powerto drive as compared to a larger more symmetrical mirror.

Also, the "folded bacC configuration allows use of a 100 - mirror having a reduced size as compared, for example, to a system wherein the beam is reflected at about a right angle. This results in an even further reduction in required drive power. The simplified diagram of Figure 5 illustrates the principle. It is seen 105 geometrically that the reflector 70' (which deflects the incident beam at a right angle to focus W) is necessarily longer by a factor of V2-than the reflector 70 which reflects the beam directly back toward focus 8.

In accordance with a further feature of the invention, the window 52 is inclined at an angle, for example, an angle of the order of 10% with respect to the normal to the ultrasound incident thereon (see Figure 3). This incline tends to cause any ultrasound that is undesirably reflected from the window (which can advantageously formed of a relatively rigid material) to miss the transducer. An absorbing medium 55, which may, for example, by syntactic foam, is disposed in the path of internally reflected ultrasound, represented in Figure 3 by the dotted line 53. In the illustrated embodiment the window is inclined toward the top of module 50 and the absorbing medium 55 is disposed on the top inner surface of enclosure 51.

Referring to Figures 6 and 7, there is shown a scanning module 50' in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention and which can be utilized in conjunction with a console 10 in the manner of scanning module 50 of Figure 1. The scanning module 50' has a window Wat one end thereof through which the investigating ultrasound beam is emitted and the reflected beam received. In Figure 7, there is shown a cross-sectional view of a portion of the scanning module or probe 50' along with diagrams of portions of the circuitry therein and in console 10 (Figure 1) used in conjunction therewith. Afluid-tight enclosure 5V, again formed of a sturdy plastic, has scanning window 52' at the front end thereof. The enclosure 51' is filled with a fluid 57'. Ultrasonic transducer 80' is pivotally mounted on a shaft 7V. The shaft 71' passes through a suitable seal in enclosure 51 where it is coupled to a motor 72', typically a small electric motor, which is mounted on the outside of fluid-tight enclosure 51' and is suitably driven to provide oscillatory motion of transducer 80'. The motor 72' may be mounted in a shoulder formed on the enclosure 5V, as shown in the Figure, and provided with a cover to avoid irregularity in the outer shape of scanning module 50'. As seen in Figure 8, the transducer 80' is elongated along the direction of scan, the transducer having a generally elliptical shape, as previously described, with length-to-width aspect ratio of pre- ferably at leasttwo to one. In the present embodiment, a focusing lens 85' (Figure 9), of the type previously described, is bonded to the front of the transducer 80'.

In the present embodiment a backing layer 87' is bonded to the rear surface of transducer 80', and this backing layer is mounted on shaft 71' so that the backing layer, transducer, and lens can oscillate in the manner indicated by arrow 89' of Figures 8 and 9. Figure 8 illustrates the nature of the scan of the beam, indicated by the motion of the scanning spot 8' along dashed line 8X. After focusing by lens 85' (Figure 9), which is bonded to transducer 80' and preferably conforms circumferentially in shape thereto, the resultant spot 8' is elongated in a direction normal to the direction of scan, since the diffraction limit in the transducer elongationd direction is smaller than the diffraction limit in the direction orthogonal thereto. As in the previous embodiment, the thickness of the investigated "slice" is therefore substantially larger (preferably at least twice as large) as a resolution element in the direction of scan.

Pulser/receiver circuit 130' alternately provides energizing pulses to and receives echo signals from the transducer 80'. If dynamic focusing is employed, the transducer 80 may be segmented, as illustrated by the lines 80A' in Figure 8, and the pulser/receiver circuitry 130' may be coupled to the segments of transducer 80'via variable delay circuitry 100', shown in dashed line. The pulser/receiver circuitry 130 and the variable delay circuitry 100 (if present) are typically, although not necessarily, located in the scanning module 50', for example, within the region defined by a cover 135'which may be secured to the fluid-tight enclosure 51' by any suitable means. The receiver portion of circuit 130 is coupled through an amplifier 140'to display 1 V and to recorder 160'. Gain control circuitry 140' and 141' can be provided, as in the Figure 3 embodiment. Timing circuitry 195' generates timing signals which synchronize opera- 6 GB 2 098 734 A 6 tion of the system, the timing signals being coupled to pulser/receiver 130' and also to sweep circuitry 196' which generates the signals that control the oscillatory action caused by motor 72' and the vertical and horizontal sync signals for the display 11' and recorder 160'. If dynamic focusing is em ployed, as described in U.S. Patent No. 4084582, the timing signals may also be coupled to phase control circuitry 120'which produces signals that control the variation of the delays in variable delay circuit 100'.

Operation of the system of Figure 7 is similar to that of the Figure 3 system, except that in this case the transducer itself is oscillated, rather than a reflective scanner. The torque required to drive the transducer (along with backing and lens in this embodiment) is strongly dependent upon its size and mass. and an advantage of the present configur ation, as compared to conventional transducer shapes, is the reduction in power needed to drive the transducer. This allows a configuration as set forth in Figures 6 and 7, wherein the transducer is directly oscillated in the fluid.

As in the prior embodiment, window 52' is preferably inclined at an angle which tends to cause any ultrasound that is undesirably reflected from the 90 window to miss the transducer and be absorbed by absorbing medium 55'.

The invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, but variations within the spirit and scope of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art. For example, some of the circuitry of the console may be housed in the scanning module, if desired, or vice versa, the basic considera tion being the desire to maintain portability of the module while still minimizing the noise susceptibility of low-level signals passing through cables between the scanning module and the con sole.

Claims (22)

1. A portable scanning module for use with apparatus for ultrasonically imaging sections of a body by transmitting ultrasonic energy into the body and determining the characteristics of the ultrasonic energy reflected therefrom, the module comprising:

a fluid-tight enclosure having a scanning window; a fluid contained in said enclosure; transducer means for providing a beam of ultrasonic energy and directing the beam through the said scanning win dow and for converting reflected ultrasonic energy to electrical signals; and means for scanning the said beam across the body along the plane of the slice of the body to be imaged; the periphery of the transducer being elongate in the direction of the said 120 scan, and narrower at its ends that at its central portion.

2. A module as defined by claim 1, wherein the transducer and the window each have a length-to width aspect ratio of at least two to one.

3. A module as defined by claim 2, wherein the window is inclined at an angle with respect to the normal to the ultrasound incident on the window.

4. A module as defined byclaim 1, 2 or3, wherein said means for scanning said beam corn- prises a scanning reflector disposed in said fluid, said scanning reflector having an elongate reflecting surface which is elongate in the direction of elongation of the ultrasound beam incident thereon.

5. Apparatus for ultrasonically imaging sections of a body by transmitting ultrasonic energy into the body and determining characteristics of the ultrasonic energy reflected therefrom, said apparatus including timing means for generating timing signals; means alternately operative to energize and to receive in response to the timing signals; display/ record means synchronized with said timing signals for displaying andlor recording Imagerepresentative signals from the energizing/receiving means; and a portable scanning module comprising: a fluid-tight enclosure having a scanning window; fluid means contained in said enclosure; transducer means for converting energy from said energizing/receiving means to a periodic ultrasonic energy beam and for converting reflected ultrasonic energy to electrical signals, said transducer means having an elongate configuration in the plane perpendicular to the beam emitted therefrom, said configuration having a width at its longitudinal center that is greater than the width at its longitudinal ends; and means for scanning said beam across said body along the plane of the slice of the body to be imaged.

6. Apparatus as defined by claim 5 wherein said transducer means and window each have a lengthto-width aspect ratio of at least two to one.

7. Apparatus as defined by claim 5 or6, wherein said means for scanning said beam comprises a scanning reflector disposed in said fluid means, said scanning reflector having an elongated reflecting surface which is elongated in the direction of elongation of the ultrasound beam incident thereon, said scanning reflector having a width at its longitudinal center which is greater than the width at its longitudinal ends.

8. Apparatus as defined by claim 5 or 6, wherein said transducer means is pivotally mounted in said fluid means on an axis substantially perpendicularto its length, and wherein said means for scanning said beam comprises means for oscillating said transducer.

9. Apparatus as defined by claim 7, wherein said scanning reflector is pivotally mounted in said fluid means on an axis substantially perpendicular to its length, and wherein said means for scanning said beam includes means for oscillating said reflector.

10. Apparatus as defined by claim 7 or 9, wherein said reflective scanner has a generally elliptical periphery.

11. A module or apparatus as defined by claim 4, 6 or 8, wherein said transducer means has a generally elliptical periphery.

12. Apparatus for ultrasonically investigating a slice of a body to obtain an image thereof, compris- ing: means for generating an energizing signal; a transducer coupled to said energizing means for generating a beam of ultrasonic energy; a focusing lens for focusing said beam, said lens having a thickness defined by a surface of revolution around the axis of the beam, means scanning said beam A f 7 GB 2 098 734 A 7 across said body along the plane of the slice of the body to be imaged; said transducer having a periphery which is elongated along the direction of said scan, whereby the spot resulting from the focused ultrasonic beam is elongated in a direction normal to the direction of scan; and means for converting ultrasound reflected from said body into an electrical representation of said slice of the body.

13. Apparatus as defined by claim 12, wherein said transducer has a length-to-width aspect ratio of at least two to one.

14. Apparatus as defined by claim 12 or 13, wherein the circumference of said transducer has a generally elliptical shape.

15. Apparatus as defined by claims 12,13 or 14, wherein said means for scanning said ultrasonic beam comprises a scanning reflector spaced from said transducer.

16. Apparatus as defined by claim 15 wherein said scanning reflector has an elongated reflecting surface which is elongate in the direction corresponding to the direction of elongation of the ultrasonic beam incident thereon.

17. Apparatus as defined by claim 15 or 16, wherein said transducer and reflector are disposed in a fluid-containing housing having a window adapted for placement next to said body, wherein said reflector is disposed in the fluid in the ultrasound path between said transducer and said win- dow, and wherein said window is elongated in the scan direction of the ultrasound beam incident thereon.

18. Apparatus as defined by any of claims 12to 17, wherein said focusing lens has an elongate periphery which conforms in shape to the periphery of said transducer.

19. Apparatus in accordance with any of claims 12 to 18, wherein the focusing lens is coupled to the transducer.

20. Apparatus as defined by claim 12,13 or 14, wherein said transducer is pivotally mounted, on an axis substantially perpendicularto its length, in a fluid-containing housing, said housing having a window opposing said transducer and adapted for placement next to said body, and wherein said means for scanning said ultrasonic beam comprises means for mechanically oscillating said transducer.

21. Apparatus in accordance with claim 15,16 or 17, wherein the scanning reflector causes the beam to be deflected through a constant angle of substantially 1500, the beam then doubling back past the transducer.

22. A portable scanning module for use in apparatus for ultrasonic imaging substantially as herein described with reference to Figures 6 to 9 of the accompanying drawings.

Printed for Her Majesty's stationery office, by Croydon Printing company limited, Croydon, Surrey, 1982. Published by The Patent Office, 25 Southampton Buildings, London, WC2A lAY, from which copies may be obtained.